@article {58375, title = {Traps for Collecting Live Euphasiopteryx depleta (Diptera: Tachinidae) at a Sound Source}, year = {1988}, doi = {10.2307/3495023}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3495023?origin=crossref}, author = {Fowler, H. G.} } @article {58373, title = {Temporal patterns of parasitoid fly ( Ormia ochracea) attraction to field cricket song ( Gryllus integer)}, year = {1996}, abstract = {

Female flies, Ormia ochracea (Diptera, Tachinidae), orient to the calling song of the field cricket Gryllus integer (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) and deposit larvae that burrow into and consume the cricket host. Selection pressure from O. ochracea has probably been important in the evolution of male cricket songs and mating behaviour in G. integer and other cricket species. Tape-recorded G. integer calling song was broadcast to study the temporal rate of attraction of O. ochracea. Flies became phonotactic to cricket song approximately at sunset, and the highest level of attraction was observed in the following hours of the evening. Fly phonotaxis decreased in the hours immediately preceding sunrise and no flies were attracted during daylight hours. More male G. integer call at sunrise and in the preceding hours than earlier in the evening, perhaps in response to the lower probability of attracting O. ochracea.

}, doi = {10.1139/z96-046}, url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/z96-046}, author = {Cade, William H. and Ciceran, Mark and Murray, Anne-Marie} } @article {58367, title = {The biology of the phonotactic parasitoid, Homotrixa sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae), and its impact on the survival of male Sciarasaga quadrata (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) in the field}, year = {1995}, abstract = {

1. Unlike most parasitoids, tachinid flies of the tribe Ormiini use sound to locate their hosts. Although thought to exert selection pressure on their host\&$\#$39;s calling behaviour, little is known about the biology of ormiines. Accordingly, this study reports the biology and impact of the ormiine Hornotrixa sp. upon calling males of the univoltine bushcricket Sciarasaga quadrata Rentz in south-western Australia.

2.\ Populations of adult S.quadrata were monitored in the field over two successive calling seasons. Females, which do not call, were not parasitized by Hornotrixa sp., but the risk of parasitism for males increased as the 3-month calling season progressed. Parasitism did not commence until c. 2 weeks into the calling season, but by the end of the season up to 87\% of surviving males were parasitized.

3.\ Parasitized males lived for 14 days and were found singing until their penultimate evening before death in the field. Unparasitized males lived on average 69 days and a maximum of 119 days.

4.\ Multiparasitism of hosts was common, with up to sixteen fly larvae found within parasitized males. The number of fly larvae within hosts significantly increased at the end of the season. However, successful emergence of fly larvae from hosts, as well as pupal size, significantly decreased as more than one fly larva developed within the host.

5.\ Homotrixa sp. has a long pupal duration of 30\–31 days at 20\°C. As a consequence, only one complete fly generation, which overwinters in the pupal stage, is likely within each host generation.

6.\ No evidence for differential (size-bias) mortality by Homotrixa sp. on male S.quadrata was found. The size of parasitized and unparasitized males collected in the field was not significantly different.

7.\ It is concluded that Homotrixa sp. is a significant mortality factor acting on the survival of adult male S.quadrata.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2311.1995.tb00435.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1995.tb00435.xhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111\%2Fj.1365-2311.1995.tb00435.x}, author = {ALLEN, GEOFF R.} } @article {58356, title = {Bushcricket song structure and predation by the acoustically orienting parasitoid fly Therobia leonidei (Diptera: Tachinidae: Ormiini)}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

Males of most bushcricket species produce acoustic advertisement signals to attract females for mating. These signals can also increase conspicuousness to predators. In the genus Poecilimon (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae) males are attacked by the parasitoid fly Therobia leonidei (Diptera: Tachinidae: Ormiini) which locates males by their calls. In Greece T.leonidei parasitizes several Poecilimon species with different song structures: we examined whether host choice is related to song structure by comparing parasitism rates in two closely related Poecilimon species. One of these species produces monosyllabic songs, the songs of the other species being polysyllabic. The tachinid fly parasitized the polysyllabic species to a greater extent. We demonstrate in a field-experiment that this preference for the polysyllabic species does not depend on local adaptations of the fly. The most probable explanation for the preference of the fly for the polysyllabic singing species seems to be better detection of longer songs. This result is discussed in the context of male song evolution.

}, keywords = {acoustic communication, Host-parasitoid relationship, Ormiini, Orthoptera, Tettigonoidea}, doi = {10.1007/s002650050488}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s002650050488}, author = {Lehmann, Gerlind U. C. and HELLER, KLAUS-GERHARD} } @article {57634, title = {The ability of the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea to distinguish sounds in the vertical plane}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

The parasitic fly Ormia ochracea localizes its host, field crickets, by homing in on their calling song. Previous phonotactic studies indicate that their sound localization ability in azimuth is extraordinarily acute, but the fly\’s ability to localize the elevation of sound sources has not been tested to date. Here we show that in a freely-walking closed-loop Y-maze task elevational performance is well above chance, but slightly below the fly\’s performance in azimuth. Immobilizing the head or the halteres (sensory organs of balance) slightly lowered elevational discrimination, but performance was still well above chance. Because ormiine ears are thought to be symmetric and the pure-tone models of a cricket\’s call used in these experiments contained little to no spectral bandwidth, additional studies will be needed to elucidate the underlying cues. Nonetheless, it is clear that while walking, Ormia flies are capable of distinguishing sound sources that differ only in elevation.

}, doi = {10.1121/1.2225936}, url = {http://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.2225936}, author = {Arthur, Ben J. and Ronald R. Hoy} } @article {57617, title = {The start of phonotactic walking in the fly Ormia ochracea: a kinematic study}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Ormia ochracea (Diptera, Tachinidae) are acoustic parasitoids of crickets that have one of the most directionally sensitive auditory systems known. We studied dynamic characteristics of walking phonotaxis in these flies in response to variations in sound source azimuth, and compared phonotaxis of flies in freely walking conditions to tethered flies walking on a treadmill. Motor patterns at the initiation of phonotaxis are not stereotyped even for similar stimulus conditions. Flies respond to directional sound sources by walking in a tight curve that combines rotation and forward translation until they are oriented towards the source direction, then continue on a straight path. Translational velocity accelerates throughout the duration of the stimulus then decelerates following stimulus offset. In contrast, rotational velocity accelerates and then decelerates within the duration of the stimulus such that flies have completed the rotational component of the response and reached\ their final heading before the end of the stimulus. Rotational velocity is the only response parameter that varies systematically with sound source direction (azimuth). Differences in the amplitude of rotational velocity as a function of source azimuth determine the directional orientation of phonotactic responses. The relationship between rotational velocity and source azimuth is similar to a neural measure of auditory directionality (interaural latency). There were some differences between freely walking and tethered conditions, although both showed qualitatively similar responses. Flies accelerated more slowly and attained lower maximum velocities on the treadmill, consistent with the greater inertia of the treadmill sphere relative to the flies. Also, flies tended to continue walking longer on the treadmill following cessation of the stimulus.

}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.01926}, url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.01926}, author = {Mason, A. C. and Norman Lee and Oshinsky, Michael L.} } @article {57601, title = {Auditory Sensitivity of an Acoustic Parasitoid (Emblemasoma sp., Sarcophagidae, Diptera) and the Calling Behavior of Potential Hosts}, journal = {Brain, Behavior and Evolution}, volume = {72}, year = {2008}, month = {Jan-01-2008}, pages = {16 - 26}, abstract = {

Using field broadcasts of model male calling songs, we tested whether Tibicen pruinosa and T. chloromera (Homoptera: Cicadidae) are candidate hosts for acoustic parasitoid flies. The model calling song of T. pruinosa attracted 90\% of the flies (Sarcophagidae: Emblemasoma sp.; all larvapositing females) when broadcast simultaneously with the model T. chloromera song, a phonotactic bias reconfirmed in single song playbacks. In paired broadcasts of model T. pruinosa songs with different relative amplitudes (3 dB or 6 dB), significantly more flies were attracted to the more powerful song, a result consistent with the responses predicted by a model proposed by Forrest and Raspet [1994]. Using intracellular recordings and dye injections, we characterized the sensitivity of auditory units in sound-trapped flies. Intracellular recordings from six auditory units (5 interneurons, 1 afferent) revealed best sensitivity for frequencies near 3-4 kHz, matching the predominant spectral components of the calling songs of both species of cicada. Interestingly, although flies could be attracted to T. pruinosa broadcasts throughout the day, hourly censuses of singing males revealed that calling occurred exclusively at dusk. Furthermore, the duration of the dusk chorus in T. pruinosa was significantly shorter than the midday chorus of the less attractive song of T. chloromera. We propose that the tight temporal aggregation of the dusk chorus time could function to reduce risk from attracted parasitoids.

}, keywords = {Chorus, Cicada, cricket, Diel Behavior, Emblemasoma, frequency tuning, interneuron, Ormia, parasitoid, phonotaxis, Tibicen}, issn = {0006-8977}, doi = {10.1159/000139458}, url = {https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/139458}, author = {Farris, H.E. and Oshinsky, M.L. and Forrest, T.G. and Ronald R. Hoy} } @article {57579, title = {Seasonal variation in abundance and diversity of eavesdropping frog-biting midges (Diptera, Corethrellidae) in a neotropical rainforest}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

In the tropics, precipitation patterns result in seasonal fluctuations in the abundance and distribution of plant and animal species. Tropical predators and parasites are therefore faced with seasonal changes in prey and host availability.
2. This study investigates the seasonal interaction among a specialised ectoparasite, eavesdropping frog-biting midges (Corethrella spp.), and their anuran hosts, examining how the abundance and diversity of the frog-biting midge community fluctuate between the rainy (host abundant) and dry (host sparse) seasons.
3. Midges were captured in both the rainy and dry seasons using acoustic playbacks of calls from a common frog species that breeds during the rainy season, the t\úngara frog (Engystomops, Physalaemus, pustulosus). During the dry season t\úngara frog choruses are absent. To explore seasonal shifts in host preference or changes in the midge community due to host specificity, midges were also captured using playbacks of calls from a frog that breeds during the dry season, the pug-nosed tree frog (Smilisca sila).
4. While the overall abundance of midges decreased in the dry season, only slight differences in the relative abundance between midge species were found. These results suggest that midge populations can shift between hosts as they become available across seasons, allowing adult populations of frog-biting midges to persist year-round. To overcome the challenge of detecting and localising different host species, it is proposed that frog-biting midges have evolved a generalised acoustic template, allowing them to respond to a broad range of available hosts, regardless of seasonal host composition.

}, keywords = {Corethrella, Engystomops pustulosus, frog-biting midges, phenology, Smilisca sila, tropical seasonality}, doi = {10.1111/een.12492}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/een.12492}, author = {Legett, Henry D. and BARANOV, VIKTOR A. and Ximena E. Bernal} } @inbook {57555, title = {Be loved, be prey, be eaten}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

Animal communication is one of the most fundamental of all social behaviors. It modulates interactions among neighbors and strangers, siblings and parents, and individuals and their prospective mates. One of the most fundamental functions of communication is to enhance the sender\’s conspicuousness, to cause the sender to stand out against the background so it can be detected by the receiver. This is a challenge for signals that function over long distances, such as those that function in territorial advertisement and mate attraction, because signal intensity and fidelity decrease with distance from the sender. At longer distances a signal is less likely to be above the receiver\’s threshold for detection and recognition, and it is also more likely to be masked by noise as the intensity of noise at the receiver is independent of its distance from the sender.

Another type of noise is generated by conspecifics signaling in the same channel. We may perceive a chorus of frogs or insects as a melodious, even co- operative unit. But to members of the chorus the calls of their neighbors are every bit as deleterious to their own call\’s ability to be detected as is environ- mental noise. There is also \“noise\” within the perceptual systems of the receiver that ameliorates signal detection. One example is habituation. Upon continual exposure to a signal, an animal will tend to ignore it, and some of the animal\’s neurons will cease to fire. Another type of perceptual noise is incremental forgetting of a signal once it is perceived. Some signals are more\ memorable than others, surviving longer in the receiver\’s memory. The importance of conspecific noise and perceptual noise is usually less appreciated in animal communication studies than is environmental noise.

Selection often will favor senders to produce communication signals that stand out against these three types of background noise. Conspicuousness is accomplished in a variety of ways. In the acoustic domain animals can use fre- quency bands that contain less noise; they can call longer, at a faster rate, or at a higher amplitude; they can call during periods when others are silent; and they can produce calls that are more complex. Visual signals can stand out more against background when their spectral properties and spatial patterns differ from those in the background, when colors are brighter and patterns are more complex, and when motion patterns associated with the signal, such as push-up displays in lizards, are different than the pattern of background movement, such as vegetation being blow in the wind (e.g., Fleishman, 1992). Increasing signal complexity in both the acoustic and visual domains can to some extent remedy the receiver habituating to and forgetting a signal. There is less known about how chemical, tactile, and electrical signals can enhance contrast with the background.

In a survey of preferences for sexual signals, Michael Ryan and Anne Keddy-Hector (1992) showed that across modalities prospective mates tended to prefer sexual signals that were greater in magnitude: longer and louder, faster and brighter, more complex and with more background contrast. Although there were numerous cases in which prospective mates preferred signals that were near the population mean, there were few cases in which there was a preference for signals of lesser magnitude. A simple rule of thumb for sexual signals is that more is better. Selection for signal efficacy, however, creates a dilemma for the sender: the curse of unintended receivers. In general, each signal has evolved under selection to communi- cate with a specific intended receiver. In the case of sexual advertisement sig- nals, the intended receivers are prospective mates, usually female conspecifics. Other receivers can also detect and respond to signals even if there was no selection on the sender to communicate with them. We refer to these receivers as eavesdroppers or unintended receivers. It is important to note that the terms intended and unintended should not imply intention- ality but instead refer to hypotheses about the selection forces that favored the evolution of these signals. With few exceptions, senders and receivers do not communicate in a private channel. The world is populated by unin- tended receivers, eavesdroppers who are attendant to the signals of senders, often to the demise of senders. In this chapter we explore the tension that exists in sexual communication systems between being conspicuous to\ potential mates and attracting eavesdroppers, between being loved, being prey, and being eaten.

}, author = {Rachel A. Page and Michael J. Ryan and Ximena E. Bernal} } @article {57403, title = {Physiology of the Auditory Afferents in an Acoustic Parasitoid Fly}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

The fly, Ormia ochracea, possess a novel auditory organ, which allows it to detect airborne sounds. The mechanical coupling of its pair of tympanal membranes provides the basis for a unique means of sensing the direction of a sound source. In this study, we characterized the neuroanatomy, frequency tuning, and neurophysiological response properties of the acoustic afferents. Our experiments demonstrate that the fly\&$\#$39;s nervous system is able to encode and localize the direction of a sound source, although the binaural auditory cues available in the acoustic sound field are miniscule. Almost all of the acoustic afferents recorded in this study responded to short and long sound pulses with a phasic burst of one to four action potentials. A few afferents responded tonically for the duration of the sound stimulus. A prominent class of afferents responds to suprathreshold stimuli with only a single spike discharge, independent of stimulus level, frequency, or duration. We also tested the response of the afferents to speakers separated by 180\° along the azimuth of the fly. We found that the afferent responses have a shorter latency because of ipsilateral stimulation. This could be a temporal code of the direction of a sound source. The threshold frequency tuning for the afferents revealed a range of sensitivities to the frequency of the cricket host\&$\#$39;s calling song frequency. The difference in the number of afferents above threshold on either side of the animal is a population code, which can also be used for sound localization.

}, keywords = {arthropod, directional hearing, mechanical coupling, parasitoid, population coding, time coding}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-16-07254.2002}, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-16-07254.2002https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-16-07254.2002}, author = {Oshinsky, Michael L.} } @article {57399, title = {Discovery of an acoustically locating parasitoid with a potential role in divergence of song types among sympatric populations of the bush cricket Mecopoda elongata}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

The bush cricket Mecopoda elongata provides a striking example of sympatric intraspecific divergence in mating signals. Five completely dis- tinct song types are found in various parapatric and sympatric locations in South India. While there is convincing evidence that population diver- gence in M. elongata is being maintained as a result of divergence in acous- tic signals, cuticular chemical profiles, and genital characters, the causes of the evolution of such divergence in the first place are unknown. We describe the discovery of a tachinid parasitoid with an orthopteroid hear- ing mechanism affecting M. elongata. This parasitoid may have a role in driving the extraordinary divergence that had occurred among M. elongata song types. Over two years we sampled individuals of three sympatric song types in the wild and retained individuals in captivity to reveal rates of parasitization. We found that all three song types were infected with the parasitoid but that there were significant differences among song types in their probability of being infected. The probability of tachinid parasitiza- tion also differed between the two sampling periods. Therefore, it is pos- sible that parasitoid infection plays a role in song type divergence among sympatric bush cricket populations.

}, keywords = {cryptic species, katydid, speciation, Tachinidae}, doi = {10.3897/jor.28.34115}, url = {https://jor.pensoft.net/article/34115/}, author = {Dutta, Rochishnu and Reddy, Manjunatha and Tregenza, Tom} } @article {53145, title = {Male size and mating success in Drosophila melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura under field conditions}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {35}, year = {1987}, month = {Jan-04-1987}, pages = {468 - 476}, abstract = {

Wild mating male D. melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura were larger than randomly sampled males. That this was due to size and not a confounding effect of age was confirmed by release experiments with D. melanogaster of standard age; larger males were at a mating advantage with virgin and inseminated females. In both species larger males delivered more courtship and in D. pseudoobscura they won more aggressive encounters. These results on Drosophila in the field confirm and extend those previously obtained in the laboratory.

}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80272-5}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347287802725}, author = {Partridge, Linda and Hoffmann, Ary and Jones, J.S.} } @article {53144, title = {Acoustic courtship signals in the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew)}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {32}, year = {1984}, month = {Jan-11-1984}, pages = {1011 - 1016}, abstract = {

Male Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) produce two sounds in sexual contexts, calling songs and precopulatory songs. Calling song occurs during pheromone release from territories within leks and consists of repeated bursts of sound (pulse trains). Virgin female A. suspensa became more active in the presence of recorded calling songs. Activity during the broadcast of a heterospecific song did not differ from movement during periods of silence. A conspecific song typical of smaller males, i.e. conspicuous for its long periods between pulse trains, also failed to elicit more activity by virgin females than silence. Mated females were most active during silences. Unmated males had no obvious reaction to sound. Calling songs are apparently sexually important communications which females discriminate among and may use as cues for locating and/or choosing between mates. Precopulatory song is produced by mounted males just before and during the early stages of copulation. Males that did not produce such songs remained coupled for shorter periods, perhaps passing fewer sperm. Wingless (muted) males were more likely to complete aedeagal insertion if a recorded precopulatory song was broadcast. Calling song played at the same level (90 dB) had no significant effect on the acceptance of males, nor did precopulatory song at a lower SPL (52dB). Precopulatory song may be used to display male vigour to choosing females.

}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80214-6}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347284802146}, author = {Sivinski, J. and Burk, T. and Webb, J.C.} } @article {53069, title = {Rapid divergence of courtship song in the face of neutral genetic homogeneity in the cactophilic fly Drosophila buzzatii}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-08-2019}, abstract = {

A wide spectrum of song complexity has been documented in a broad range of animal taxa. However, the underlying processes shaping acoustic differences are still poorly understood. Empirical and theoretical studies suggest that different song parameters may be subject to different tempos and modes of evolution, resulting in a complex combination of stabilizing and directional selection that change among populations and through time. Nonetheless, the contribution of genetic drift to acoustic divergence is largely unexplored. In this study, we used the QST\–FST approach to investigate the relative role of selective and neutral processes in the evolution of courtship song in the cactophilic fly Drosophila buzzatii. We quantified variation in courtship song among 12 populations using flies reared under common-garden conditions. We found among-population divergence in courtship song parameters, but genetic homogeneity and no population structure. Using both mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers, we found evidence consistent with a role for directional selection causing song divergence. We discuss the statistical difficulties of detecting stabilizing selection as opposed to directional selection in our data. The role of song parameters in mate recognition and mate choice, and the role of sexual selection in song elaboration are also discussed.

}, keywords = {common-garden, divergent selection, microsatellites, mtDNA, QST{\textendash}FST}, issn = {0024-4066}, doi = {10.1093/biolinnean/bly108}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/bly108/5073117}, author = {Iglesias, Patricia P and Soto, Ignacio M and Soto, Eduardo M and Calder{\'o}n, Luciano and Hurtado, Juan and Hasson, Esteban} } @article {52759, title = {The evolutionary convergence of hearing in a parasitoid fly and its cricket host}, journal = {Science}, volume = {258}, year = {1992}, month = {Jan-11-1993}, pages = {1135 - 1137}, abstract = {

Parasitism is a widespread and diverse life strategy that connects species throughout the animal kingdom. Female parasitoid flies of the genus Ormia must find a specific cricket host on which to deposit their parasitic maggots. To reproduce, female flies must perform the same task as female crickets: find a singing male cricket. These flies have evolved a unique hearing organ that allows them to detect and locate singing male crickets. Through evolutionary convergence, these flies possess a hearing organ that much more resembles a cricket\&$\#$39;s ear than a typical fly\&$\#$39;s ear, allowing these parasitoids to take advantage of the sensory ecological niche of their host.

}, issn = {0036-8075}, doi = {10.1126/science.1439820}, url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1439820https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1126/science.1439820}, author = {Daniel Robert and Amoroso, J and Ronald R. Hoy} } @article {52758, title = {Acoustically Orienting Parasitoids: Fly Phonotaxis to Cricket Song}, journal = {Science}, volume = {190}, year = {1975}, month = {Feb-12-1977}, pages = {1312 - 1313}, issn = {0036-8075}, doi = {10.1126/science.190.4221.1312}, url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.190.4221.1312https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1126/science.190.4221.1312}, author = {William H. Cade} } @article {52754, title = {Convergent song preferences between female field crickets and acoustically orienting parasitoid flies}, journal = {Behavioral Ecology}, volume = {7}, year = {1996}, month = {Jan-01-1996}, pages = {279 - 285}, abstract = {

Traits that increase the attractiveness of males to females often make them more conspicuous to predators. In the field cricket (Gryllus lineaticeps), males are attacked by parasitoid tachinid flies (Ormia ochracea) that locate males through their calls. Female flies larviposit on crickets and the larvae burrow into and feed on the cricket, killing the cricket upon emergence. To determine whether traits preferred by females increase a male\&$\#$39;s risk of attracting a predator, I examined the effect of variation in male singing behavior on mate and predator attraction. Both female crickets and female flies preferred male calling songs with higher chirp rates, longer chirp durations, and higher chirp amplitudes. In addition, both female crickets and female flies preferred male calling songs with higher chirp rates and longer chirp durations, even when these songs were of lower amplitude. These results suggest that sexual selection by female choice will favor the evolution of higher chirp rates and longer chirp durations. However, call types that increase a male\&$\#$39;s attractiveness to females also appear to increase a male\&$\#$39;s risk of attracting parasitoids. Sexual and natural selection appear to have opposing effects on the evolution of male singing behavior in this species.

}, issn = {1045-2249}, doi = {10.1093/beheco/7.3.279}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/beheco/7.3.279}, author = {William E. Wagner} } @article {52726, title = {ACOUSTICAL COMMUNICATION BY LIPARA LUCENS (DIPTERA, CHLOROPIDAE)}, journal = {Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, volume = {11}, year = {1968}, month = {Jan-12-1968}, pages = {397 - 402}, abstract = {

Males of Lipara lucens Mg, living on stems of Common Reed (Phragmites communis Trin.) emit acoustical signals perceived at a distance by a female fly sitting on the same reed stem as vibration of the substrate. Virgin females respond to these signals by vibrating, which in turn elicits searching behaviour in the male fly. It is suggested that this behaviour reduces the time required to find a partner, because a reed stem needs only be visited briefly to ascertain whether a receptive female is present.

}, doi = {10.1111/eea.1968.11.issue-410.1111/j.1570-7458.1968.tb02069.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/eea.1968.11.issue-4}, author = {MOOK, J. H. and Christina G. Bruggemann} } @article {52579, title = {Mate choice intensifies motor signalling in Drosophila}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {133}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-11-2017}, pages = {169 - 187}, abstract = {

Mate choice has the potential to act on the evolution of motor performance via its direct influence on motor sexual signals. However, studies demonstrating this are rare. Here, we performed an in-depth analysis of Drosophila pseudoobscura courtship song rate, a motor signal under mate choice in this species, and analysed the response of this signal to sexual selection manipulation using experimental evolution. We show that manipulating the opportunity for sexual selection led to changes in song production rate and singing endurance, with males from the polyandrous populations producing faster song rates over longer time periods than males from monogamous populations. We also show that song rate was correlated with estimates of overall courtship vigour. Our results suggest that the action of mate choice on a motor signal has affected male motor performance displayed during courtship. We consider potential selective benefits associated with changes in motor performance, including condition- dependent signalling, and discuss the implications of these results for the study of motor signals un- der sexual selection.

}, keywords = {courtship song, Drosophila pseudoobscura, experimental evolution, interpulse interval, mate choice, motor performance, sexual selection}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.09.014}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347217303019}, author = {Debelle, Allan and Courtiol, Alexandre and Ritchie, Michael G. and Snook, Rhonda R.} } @article {47912, title = {Female Field Crickets Incur Increased Parasitism Risk When Near Preferred Song}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {5}, year = {2010}, month = {Sep-03-2010}, pages = {e9592}, abstract = {

Female animals often prefer males with conspicuous traits because these males provide direct or indirect benefits. Conspicuous male traits, however, can attract predators. This not only increases the risk of predation for conspicuous males but also for the females that prefer them. In the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps, males that produce preferred song types provide females with greater material benefits, but they are also more likely to attract lethal parasitoid flies. First, we conducted a field experiment that tested the hypothesis that females have a greater risk of fly parasitism when in association with preferred high chirp rate males. Females were nearly twice as likely to be parasitized when caged with high chirp rate song than when caged with low chirp rate song. Females may thus be forced to trade off the quality of the benefits they receive from mating with preferred males and the risk of being killed by a predator when near these males. Second, we assessed female parasitism rates in a natural population. Up to 6\% of the females were parasitized in field samples. Because the females we collected could have become parasitized had they not been collected, this provides a minimum estimate of the female parasitism rate in the field. In a laboratory study, we found no difference in the proportion of time parasitized and unparasitized females spent hiding under shelters; thus, differences in activity patterns do not appear to have biased our estimate of female parasitism rates. Overall, our results suggest that female association costs have the potential to shape the evolution of female mating preferences.

}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.000959210.1371/journal.pone.0009592.g00110.1371/journal.pone.0009592.g002}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009592}, author = {Martin, Cassandra M. and William E. Wagner} } @article {47908, title = {Behavioural specialization among populations of the acoustically orienting parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea utilizing different cricket species as hosts}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {73}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan-01-2007}, pages = {99 - 104}, abstract = {

Tightly coupled evolutionary associations between parasites and their hosts are well known. What is less well characterized is the behavioural specialization of parasites that exploit different hosts in different parts of the parasite\’s geographical range. Here we examine behavioural specialization among populations of a parasitoid fly, Ormia ochracea, that exploit different host species of crickets in different parts of the fly\’s range. We conducted a field experiment to compare phonotactic attraction of flies from Florida, Texas, California and Hawaii (U.S.A.) to the songs of their local host species of cricket versus their attraction to the songs of species of crickets utilized as hosts elsewhere within the flies\’ range. We found strong behavioural specialization of fly populations, with preferential phonotaxis towards the song of the local host species of cricket. These results suggest strong behavioural specialization of flies, but that specialization does not constrain or preclude the rapid adoption of novel hosts.

}, keywords = {acoustic communication, behavioural specialization, diptera-orthoptera coevolution, eavesdropping, host selection, Ormia ochracea, parasitoid fly}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.07.005}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347206003939}, author = {Gray, David A. and Banuelos, Christina and Sean E. Walker and William H. Cade and Zuk, Marlene} } @article {47781, title = {Host song selection by an acoustically orienting parasitoid fly exploiting a multispecies assemblage of cricket hosts}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {81}, year = {2011}, month = {Jan-04-2011}, pages = {851 - 858}, abstract = {

Specialization by predators, parasites and parasitoids is often viewed as adaptive because specialization will usually increase search efficiency for suitable hosts (prey). Although many studies have documented interspecific variation in the degree of host specialization, few studies have examined intraspecific variation in specialization among different populations exploiting different numbers of hosts, and even fewer have specifically examined variation in behavioural specialization. Here we examine the acoustic preferences of a parasitoid fly, Ormia ochracea, which attacks several Gryllus species of field crickets by using the male cricket song to locate hosts. All previous studies with this system have examined fly song preferences in populations of flies that primarily exploit a single host species of cricket. Here we tested a population of flies that naturally parasitizes multiple cricket species. We found significant interspecific host song preferences; however, as predicted, the strength of preference was reduced compared to single-host populations of flies. We also examined fly song selection for intraspecific variants of two of the cricket host species; flies showed significant preference for intraspecific song variants of one of the two cricket species. Our results demonstrate that the degree of behavioural specialization, in a very highly specialized fly, nevertheless shows interpopulation variation consistent with the numbers of host species utilized.

}, keywords = {Gryllus, Ormia ochracea, parasitoid, specialization, variation}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.01.024}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347211000273}, author = {Sakaguchi, Kelly M. and Gray, David A.} } @article {47651, title = {Mosquito Detection with Neural Networks: The Buzz of Deep Learning}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

Many real-world time-series analysis problems are charac- terised by scarce data. Solutions typically rely on hand-crafted features extracted from the time or frequency domain allied with classification or regression engines which condition on this (often low-dimensional) fea- ture vector. The huge advances enjoyed by many application domains in recent years have been fuelled by the use of deep learning architectures trained on large data sets. This paper presents an application of deep learning for acoustic event detection in a challenging, data-scarce, real- world problem. Our candidate challenge is to accurately detect the pres- ence of a mosquito from its acoustic signature. We develop convolutional neural networks (CNNs) operating on wavelet transformations of audio recordings. Furthermore, we interrogate the network\’s predictive power by visualising statistics of network-excitatory samples. These visualisa- tions offer a deep insight into the relative informativeness of components in the detection problem. We include comparisons with conventional clas- sifiers, conditioned on both hand-tuned and generic features, to stress the strength of automatic deep feature learning. Detection is achieved with performance metrics significantly surpassing those of existing al- gorithmic methods, as well as marginally exceeding those attained by individual human experts. The data and software related to this paper are available at http://humbug.ac.uk/kiskin2017/.

}, author = {Ivan Kiskin and Bernardo P{\'e}rez Orozco and Theo Windebank and Davide Zilli and Marianne Sinka and Kathy Willis and Stephen Roberts} } @article {47293, title = {Biomechanics: The aerodynamics buzz from mosquitoes}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {544}, year = {2017}, month = {Feb-02-20172261}, pages = {40 - 41}, issn = {0028-0836}, doi = {10.1038/nature21904}, url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature21904}, author = {Miller, Laura A.} } @article {17250, title = {Regularity versus irregularity in specific songs of closely-related drosophilid flies}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {271}, year = {1978}, month = {Feb-02-1978}, pages = {442 - 444}, abstract = {

The songs of most insect species are stereotyped and show regular rhythms which can be readily defined and described. In such cases, closely related species produce songs which differ in rhythmic structure, carrier frequency, or combinations of these parameters. We have examined the songs produced during courtship of the sibling drosophilid fly species Zaprionus tuberculatus, Z. sepsoides and Z. mascariensis which are known from morphometric and chromosomal evidence to be closely related. Drosophilid songs are produced by wing beating and normally consist of a regular series of similar mono- or polycyclic sound pulses with carrier frequencies of 150 to 500 Hz and pulse periods of 8 to 250 ms (for review, see ref. 9). Some species produce more than one type of song, and the pulsed song may be interrupted by protracted bursts of constant frequency tone.

}, issn = {0028-0836}, doi = {10.1038/271442a0}, url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/271442a0}, author = {H. C. Bennet-Clark and Y. Leroy} } @article {17246, title = {Acoustic observation of Aedes diantaeus males during pairing}, volume = {20}, year = {1986}, pages = {351-355}, chapter = {351}, abstract = {

The reaction of males of Aedes diantaeus to different auditory stimuli was studied in natural environment during swarming and under laboratory conditions. The males were attrcated by 250-420 Hz that corresponds to the main frequencies of flight tones of sympatric females and the range of sensitivity of the male Johnston\&$\#$39;s organs. Behavioural data show that in natural environemnt swarming males are attracted by flying conspecific and heterospecific females rather than by dead or immobilized females. Contact with heterospecific females always ended in parting misquitos while contact with cospecific females resulted in pairing. Thus, sarwming males of Aedes diantaeus localize females by their flight tones but recognisze the females of their own species in contact.

}, author = {S. G. Apasov and R. D. Zhantiev and N. A. Tamarina and M. V. Federova} } @article {17211, title = {Do the song pulses of Drosophila show cyclic fluctuations?}, journal = {Trends Ecol Evol}, volume = {5}, year = {1990}, month = {1990 Mar}, pages = {93-7}, abstract = {

Following analysis of the song of two Drosophila species, Kyriacou and Hall in 1980 described a rhythmic variation in the intervals between sound pulses. This rhythmicity was species specific and various mutants also showed characteristic song-period rhythmicity. Recent attempts by Ewing and by Crossley to confirm the existence of the rhythms, using essentially similar methods, have failed; Kyriacou and Hall have since ascribed these failures to differences in technique and methods of measurement between them and their critics, and re-affirm that the rhythmicity they described exists. In view of the controversy surrounding the existence of song-period rhythmicity, a body of work on the genetics of this behaviour must be viewed with caution.

}, issn = {0169-5347}, doi = {10.1016/0169-5347(90)90238-9}, author = {H. C. Bennet-Clark} } @article {16646, title = {Mosquito ( Aedes aegypti) flight tones: Frequency, harmonicity, spherical spreading, and phase relationships}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {135}, year = {2014}, month = {Jan-02-2014}, pages = {933 - 941}, issn = {0001-4966}, doi = {10.1121/1.4861233}, url = {http://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.4861233}, author = {Arthur, Benjamin J. and Emr, Kevin S. and Wyttenbach, Robert A.} }