02476nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245009800055210006900153260001600222300001400238490000700252520200700259856007602266 1961 eng d a0005-795900aAggressiveness, Territoriality, and Sexual Behavior in Field Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)0 aAggressiveness Territoriality and Sexual Behavior in Field Crick cJan-01-1961 a130 - 2230 v173 a

Most contacts between adult male field crickets involve aggressive behavior by one or both individuals and terminate with the obvious retreat of one individual. Aggressive behavior consists of one or more of several actions: in mild encounters there is either rearing of the forebody, lashing of the antennae, and shaking of the body, or else rearing of the hind body, kicking with the hind legs, and shaking of the body; in intense encounters, antennal lashing and rearing of the forebody are followed by spreading the mandibles, stridulating distinctively, rushing forward, sparring with the forelegs, butting with the head, and grappling, wrestling, or biting with the mandibles. A male is often flipped back or thrown sideways, but mutilation as a result of fighting is rare, and only in the most intense encounters is the winner determined by what seems to be superior strength or fighting ability. The outcomes of most encounters are determined by the relative tenacity of the two males, and the intensity of aggression exhibited is correlated with the length of the fight, continued aggressive activity developing into increasingly severe combat until one male finally retreats. Groups of adult male field crickets caged in small arenas form essentially linear dominance hierarchies which are stable for short periods of time and which can be described in terms of several characteristics: (1) each male dominates all or nearly all of his encounters with males below him in the hierarchy, (2) the total number of encounters by individual males decreases gradually toward the bottom of the hierarchy, (3) the intensity of aggression exhibited during encounters decreases more or less gradually toward the bottom of the hierarchy and the numbers of no-decision and no-aggression encounters and actively homosexual contacts increase, and (4) encounters between males which rank next to each other are usually more intense than encounters between males which are far apart in the hierarchy.

 uhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/10.1163/156853961x0004201261nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245006800054210006400122260001600186300001400202490000700216520077200223100002200995700002001017856006601037 1992 eng d a0003347200aThe quantitative genetics of sound production in Gryllus firmus0 aquantitative genetics of sound production in Gryllus firmus cJan-11-1992 a823 - 8320 v443 a

The species-specific calling songs of male cricket are used by females for species recognition and mate choice. Heritability of variation of morphological structures involved in song production, components of the calling song, and body size were estimated for the cricket Gryllus firmus. The heritabilities of morphological structures range from 0·42 to 0·73, while those of the song components range from 0·10 to 0·35. Comparison between sire and dam components suggests that there may be non-additive and/or maternal effects. As a result of the low correlation between body size and song components, it is unlikely that female G. firmus use the calling song to assess male body size or wing morph (micropterous or macropterous).

1 aWebb, Karen, Lynn1 aRoff, Derek, A. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334720580578001872nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245011900054210006900173260001600242300001600258490000700274520132800281100002001609700002001629856006501649 1995 eng d a0003347200aFitness differences associated with calling behaviour in the two wing morphs of male sand crickets, Gryllus firmus0 aFitness differences associated with calling behaviour in the two cJan-01-1995 a1475 - 14810 v503 a

Alternate morphologies exist in a wide range of species. A commonly encountered dimorphism in insects is wing dimorphism, in which one morph is winged (macropterous=LW) and flight-capable while the other has reduced wings (micropterous=SW) and cannot fly. Gryllus firmus is a wing-dimorphic cricket found in the southeastern U.S.A. Although trade-offs associated with wing dimorphism are well established in female crickets, no such trade-offs have been demonstrated in male crickets. Differences between morphs in male G. firmus in the likelihood of attracting a female were tested in the laboratory using a simple T-maze where females chose between an LW male and an SW male. Time spent caling for each male was recorded on the sixth day of adult life. SW males were more likely to attract a female and spent more time calling than LW males. A logistic regression of female choice against the absolute proportional difference in calling time between males revealed that, as the difference in calling time between males increased, the likelihood of a female choosing the longer-calling male also increased. Therefore it is concluded that there is a trade-off between macroptery and the likelihood of attracting a female, and that it may be a primary factor in the maintenance of wing dimorphism in male G. firmus.

1 aCrnokrak, Peter1 aRoff, Derek, A. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/000334729580004202330nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245008500055210006900140260001300209300001100222490000700233520169200240653001201932653002201944653001201966653001201978653002701990653001002017100001802027700001402045856004102059 1966 eng d a0022-094900aThe neuromuscular mechanism of stridulation in crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae).0 aneuromuscular mechanism of stridulation in crickets Orthoptera G c1966 Aug a151-640 v453 a

Study of the insect neuromuscular system appears very promising as a means of
explaining behaviour in terms of cellular operation. The relatively small number of
neurons, the ganglionic nature of the nervous system, the simplicity of the neuro-
muscular arrangement, and the repetitiveness of behavioural sequences all lend them-
selves to a solution of this problem. As a result, an increasing number of investigators
have been turning their attention to insects and especially to the large orthopterans.
Recently, Ewing & Hoyle (1965) and Huber (1965) reported on muscle activity
underlying sound production in crickets. The acoustic behaviour is well understood
(Alexander, 1961) and in the genera Gryllus, Acheta and Gryllodes communication is
mediated by three basic songs composed of three types of pulses. While working
independently on this system at the University of Cologne (W.K.) and the University
of Michigan (D.B.) using various Gryllus species, we found a number of basic
differences between the muscle activity in our crickets and that reported by Ewing
& Hoyle (1965) for Acheta domesticus. These two genera, Gryllus and Acheta, are so
nearly identical that they are distinguished solely by differences in the male genitalia
(Chopard, 1961). The present paper constitutes a survey of muscle activity patterns
producing stridulation in four species of field crickets. Since the work of the two
authors was carried out independently, non-overlapping experiments will be initialled
to indicate the investigator.

10aAnimals10aElectrophysiology10ainsects10amuscles10aneuromuscular junction10asound1 aBentley, D, R1 aKutsch, W uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/da/node/17213