02009nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245011700055210006900172260001600241300001400257490000800271520132200279653001401601653001701615653003301632653001501665100001601680700002201696856008501718       2017                        eng d  a0024-406600aHearing sensitivity is more relevant to acoustic conspicuousness than to mechanical constraints in crambid moths0 aHearing sensitivity is more relevant to acoustic conspicuousness  cMay-08-2017  a174 - 1840 v1213 a<p>Moths evolved tympanal hearing organs to detect the echolocation calls of predatory bats. Moths&rsquo; auditory responses have been examined mainly for their sensitivity to the frequencies of bat cries: tympanate moths are basically tuned to the call frequencies of sympatric bats. Here, we add the finding that hearing sensitivity to &lsquo;pulse duration&rsquo; in cram- bid moths is also affected by predation pressure from echolocating bats. Analysis of interspecific variation showed that minimum auditory thresholds had a significantly negative relationship with the forewing surface area, that is, acoustic conspicuousness to bat sonar, but no relationship with head width, which was assumed to correlate with tympanal organ size. Auditory thresholds increased as pulses shortened in the 1&ndash;10 ms duration range, and conspic- uous moths with larger wing areas had lower thresholds than smaller moths. By contrast, &lsquo;intraspecific&rsquo; variation, within a single population of the lurcerne moth, revealed no relationship between forewing area and any auditory characteristics. Moth hearing adapts to the echolocation pulse duration of sympatric bat communities, suggesting that evolutionary modification of hearing sensitivity is related to acoustic conspicuousness based on moth wing area.</p>
10aarms race10aecholocation10apredator–prey interactions10aultrasound1 aNakano, Ryo1 aMason, Andrew, C.  uhttps://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/blw02901376nas a2200133   4500008004100000245007400041210006900115300001400184490000800198520092600206100002601132700002001158856006401178       1994                        eng d00aSound production and hearing in the pyralid moth Symmoracma minoralis0 aSound production and hearing in the pyralid moth Symmoracma mino  a101–1110 v1873 a<p>Males of the moth Symmoracma minoralis (Snellen) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Nymphulinae) were observed producing a high-intensity calling song (95 dB SPL at a distance of 10 cm) with a complex amplitude and frequency modulation (peaks of carrier frequency at 60 and 120 kHz). This sound is produced by a hitherto unknown type of sound organ located in the last abdominal (genital) segment, which may act as a tymbal. The observed directionality of sound output is probably achieved by means of a hollow cone surrounding the sound organ. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that the tympanal organs of S. minoralis are most sensitive in the frequency range from 50 to at least 100 kHz, which is distinctly higher than the minimum threshold levels in most other moths yet examined. The origin of genital sound production is discussed with respect to abdominal pheromone glands and pheromone-releasing movements.</p>
1 aHeller, Klaus-Gerhard1 aKrahe, Rüdiger  uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/187/1/101.full.pdf