02569nas a2200241 4500008004100000022002500041245013000066210006900196260001600265520177700281100001902058700002402077700002102101700001902122700001602141700001402157700002202171700001902193700002002212700003002232700002402262856004102286 2022 eng d a0023-852X, 1531-499500aAcoustic Screening of the “Wet voice”: Proof of Concept in an ex vivo Canine Laryngeal Model0 aAcoustic Screening of the Wet voice Proof of Concept in an iex v cDec-19-20223 a

Background
Current protocols for bedside swallow evaluation have high rates of false negative results. Though experts are not consistently able to screen for aspiration risk by assessing vocal quality, there is emerging evidence that vocal acoustic parameters are significantly different in patients at risk of aspiration. Herein, we aimed to determine whether the presence of material on the vocal folds in an excised canine laryngeal model may have an impact on acoustic and aerodynamic measures.

Methods
Two ex vivo canine larynges were tested. Three liquids of different viscosities (1:100 diluted glycerin, pure glycerin, and honey-thick Varibar) were placed on the vocal folds at a constant volume. Acoustic and aerodynamic measures were obtained in both adducted and abducted vocal fold configurations. Intraglottal high-speed imaging was used to approximate the maximum divergence angle of the larynges in the studied conditions and examine its relationship to vocal efficiency (VE) and acoustic measures.

Results
In glottic insufficiency conditions only, we found that several acoustic parameters could predict the presence of material on the vocal folds. Based on the combination of the aerodynamic and acoustic data, we found that decreased spectral energy in the higher harmonics was associated with decreased VE in the presence of material on the vocal folds and/or glottic insufficiency.

Conclusion
Decreased spectral energy in the higher harmonics of the voice was found to be a potential biomarker of swallowing dysfunction, as it correlates with decreased vocal efficiency due to material on the vocal folds and/or glottic insufficiency, both of which are known risk factors for aspiration.

1 aRameau, Anaïs1 aAndreadis, Katerina1 aGanesan, Vinayak1 aLachs, Mark, S1 aRosen, Tony1 aWang, Fei1 aMaddox, Alexandra1 aKlinck, Holger1 aKhosla, Sid, M.1 ade Luzan, Charles, Farbos1 aMadhusudhana, Shyam uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.3052502118nas a2200193 4500008004100000022002500041245011100066210006900177260001600246300000900262520146700271100002501738700002501763700002001788700002001808700002601828700001801854856005201872 2022 eng d a0952-4622, 2165-058600aIn-air acoustic repertoire and associated behaviour of wild juvenile crabeater seals during rehabilitation0 aInair acoustic repertoire and associated behaviour of wild juven cAug-18-2022 a1-233 a

In-air sounds of pinnipeds are important for interactions with conspecifics and threat displays. However, little is known about the in-air acoustic repertoire and associated behaviour of crabeater seals Lobodon carcinophaga. We investigated the in-air acoustic repertoire and associated behaviour of two male and one female wild juvenile crabeater seals that beached separately, and were rehabilitated in Durban and Gqeberha, South Africa. In-air sounds were visually identified and categorised into five classes validated via random forest model classification: brief, intermediate, and long moan calls, croaks, and hisses. Hisses were common (n = 25,105 sounds from 136 hrs of acoustic recordings) and detected during heightened arousal states and interactions with animal care staff and a conspecific. Furthermore, hisses were also recorded in low arousal states during exhalation. Moan calls (n = 241) were only detected from two of the three seals. During rehabilitation, the female seal ceased producing moan calls and later produced a series of croaks (n = 204). Acoustic characteristics of in-air moan calls differed from published underwater moan calls according to duration, minimum, and maximum frequencies, and pulse repetition rate. Our study shows that the in-air acoustic repertoire and associated behaviour of these Antarctic seals are dynamic, vary inter-individually and are context dependent.

1 aShabangu, Fannie, W.1 aHofmeyr, G., J. Greg1 aProbert, Rachel1 aConnan, Maëlle1 aBuhrmann, Corrine, A.1 aGridley, Tess uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09524622.2022.210814501876nas a2200193 4500008004100000245012500041210006900166520117200235653003101407653002001438653001901458653001801477100002901495700002601524700002701550700001901577700002001596856006601616 2021 eng d00aLimited vocal compensation for elevated ambient noise in bearded seals: implications for an industrializing Arctic Ocean0 aLimited vocal compensation for elevated ambient noise in bearded3 a

Vocalizing animals have several strategies to compensate for elevated ambient noise. These behaviours evolved under historical conditions, but compensation limits are quickly being reached in the Anthropocene. Acoustic communication is essential to male bearded seals that vocalize for courtship and defending territories. As Arctic sea ice declines, industrial activities and associated anthropogenic noise are likely to increase. Documenting how seals respond to noise and identifying naturally occurring behavioural thresholds would indicate either their resilience or vulnerability to changing soundscapes. We investigated whether male bearded seals modified call amplitudes in response to changing ambient noise levels. Vocalizing seals increased their call amplitudes until ambient noise levels reached an observable threshold, above which call source levels stopped increasing. The presence of a threshold indicates limited noise compensation for seals, which still renders them vulnerable to acoustic masking of vocal signals. This behavioural threshold and response to noise is critical for developing management plans for an industrializing Arctic.

10abearded seal advertisement10achanging Arctic10aLombard effect10anoise impacts1 aFournet, Michelle, E. H.1 aSilvestri, Margherita1 aClark, Christopher, W.1 aKlinck, Holger1 aRice, Aaron, N. uhttps://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2020.271202089nas a2200145 4500008004100000245010700041210006900148520147500217653001501692653002101707653002901728653002801757100002201785856013601807 2020 eng d00aObservations on mechanisms and phenomena underlying underwater and surface vocalisations of grey seals0 aObservations on mechanisms and phenomena underlying underwater a3 a

Air and water constitute acoustic propagation media with very different physical properties. Consequently, mechanisms for air- and water-borne sound generation observed in terrestrial and aquatic animals are also significantly different. Notwithstanding, some amphibious species are capable of making efficient use of their vocal tracts in both environments. The present study investi- gates such a phenomenon on the example of grey seals Halichoerus grypus. Grey seals vocalise both underwater and above the water surface emitting variety of sounds. Both kinds of vocalisations were recorded using microphones and hydrophones, and analysed for their acoustic parameters which could be related to the underlying generation mechanisms. Also, video with synchronised underwater audio recordings were captured, allowing to link the acoustic phe- nomena with specific behaviour of the animals. The vocalisations are categorised into three groups based on differences in acoustic characteristics. Temporal and spectral parameters of the sounds belonging to each group are determined and discussed in terms of potential underlying generation mechanisms. Based on the adopted criteria surface vocalisations do not constitute a separate group but are categorised together with other tonal sounds pro- duced underwater. Other two vocalisation groups include pulsed sounds with different bandwidths, duration times, repetition rates and associated behavioural signatures.

10aGrey seals10asound production10aunderwater vocalisations10avocalisation mechanisms1 aNowak, Lukasz, J. uhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09524622.2020.1851298https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09524622.2020.185129801979nas a2200205 4500008004100000245015500041210006900196520123200265653002701497653001801524653001901542653001001561653001801571100002501589700002901614700002401643700001901667700002101686856006601707 2020 eng d00aAcoustically advertising male harbour seals in southeast Alaska do not make biologically relevant acoustic adjustments in the presence of vessel noise0 aAcoustically advertising male harbour seals in southeast Alaska 3 a

Aquatically breeding harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) males use underwater vocalizations during the breeding season to establish underwater territories, defend territories against intruder males, and possibly to attract females. Vessel noise overlaps in frequency with these vocalizations and could negatively impact breeding success by limiting communication space. In this study, we investigated whether harbour seals employed anti-masking strategies to maintain communication in the presence of vessel noise in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska. Harbour seals in this location did not sufficiently adjust source levels or acoustic parameters of vocalizations to compensate for acoustic masking. Instead, for every 1 dB increase in ambient noise, signal excess decreased by 0.84 dB, indicating a reduction in communication space when vessels passed. We suggest that harbour seals may already be acoustically advertising at or near a biologically maximal sound level and therefore lack the ability to increase call amplitude to adjust to changes in their acoustic environment. This may have significant implications for this aquatically breeding pinniped, particularly for populations in high noise regions.

10aacoustic communication10aharbour seals10amarine mammals10aNoise10avocalizations1 aMatthews, Leanna, P.1 aFournet, Michelle, E. H.1 aGabriele, Christine1 aKlinck, Holger1 aParks, Susan, E. uhttps://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2019.079502178nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245009300055210006900148260001600217520146300233100001601696700002101712700002401733700002701757700001601784700002601800700002601826700002001852700002601872856006201898 2019 eng d a0824-046900aSeasonal variation in Arctic marine mammal acoustic detection in the northern Bering Sea0 aSeasonal variation in Arctic marine mammal acoustic detection in cDec-12-20203 a

Declines in Arctic sea ice cover are influencing the distribution of protected endemic marine mammals, many of which are important for local Indigenous Peoples, and increasing the presence of potentially disruptive industrial activities. Due to increasing conservation concerns, we conducted the first year‐round acoustic monitoring of waters off Gambell and Savoonga (St. Lawrence Island, Alaska), and in the Bering Strait to quantify vocalizing presence of bowhead whales, belugas, walruses, bearded seals, and ribbon seals. Bottom‐mounted archival acoustic recorders collected data for up to 10 months per deployment between 2012 and 2016. Spectrograms were analyzed for species‐typical vocalizations, and daily detection rates and presence/absence were calculated. Generalized additive models were used to model call presence as a function of time‐of‐year, sea surface temperature, and sea ice concentration. We identified seasonality in call presence for all species, corroborating previous acoustic and distribution studies, and identified finer‐scale spatiotemporal distribution via occurrence of call presence between different monitoring sites. Time‐of‐year was the strongest significant effect on call presence for all species. These data provide important information on Arctic endemic species' spatiotemporal distributions in biologically and culturally important areas within a rapidly changing Arctic region.

1 aChou, Emily1 aAntunes, Ricardo1 aSardelis, Stephanie1 aStafford, Kathleen, M.1 aWest, Leigh1 aSpagnoli, Christopher1 aSouthall, Brandon, L.1 aRobards, Martin1 aRosenbaum, Howard, C. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mms.1265801993nas a2200145 4500008004100000245011600041210006900157520145700226100002601683700002001709700002001729700002401749700002301773856005101796 2019 eng d00aHigh-amplitude vocalizations of male northern elephant seals and associated ambient noise on a breeding rookery0 aHighamplitude vocalizations of male northern elephant seals and 3 a

Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) are massive, land-breeding marine mammals that produce loud, stereotyped calls during annual breeding seasons. To determine vocalization source levels emitted by competing males on a mainland breeding rookery, aerial calls were measured on-axis at 1 m from adult males using three different sound pressure level metrics. Time-averaged (1 min) ambient noise was also measured under variable environmental and social conditions. Results indicate that male northern elephant seals emit high amplitude airborne calls with little variation in call amplitude. Mean source levels ranged from 98 to 114 dB re: 20 μPa [root-mean-square (rms) -fast], 102–116 dB re: 20 μPa (rms-impulse), and 120–131 dB re: 20 μPa (peak) and average standard deviations for all metrics were <2.3 dB. Further, these seal rookeries exhibit high variability in ambient noise (in terms of both spectrum and amplitude) from biotic and environmental sources. Finally, males sampled did not adjust call amplitude to compensate for higher background noise levels and thus did not exhibit a Lombard effect. These findings reinforce the view that the remarkable vocalizations of male northern elephant seals serve as rigid and powerful signals that convey individual identity within noisy breeding colonies rather than as honest indicators of size, status, or motivation.

1 aSouthall, Brandon, L.1 aCasey, Caroline1 aHolt, Marla, M.1 aInsley, Stephen, J.1 aReichmuth, Colleen uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.513942202470nas a2200181 4500008004100000245008100041210006900122520187500191653002002066653002502086653002002111653001302131653002702144100001402171700001902185700001702204856006702221 2009 eng d00aResponses of neurons in the cat primary auditory cortex to sequential sounds0 aResponses of neurons in the cat primary auditory cortex to seque3 a

In the natural acoustic environment sounds fre- quently arrive at the two ears in quick succession. The re- sponses of a cortical neuron to acoustic stimuli can be dra- matically altered, usually suppressed, by a preceding sound. The purpose of this study was to determine if the binaural interaction evoked by a preceding sound is involved in sub- sequent suppressive interactions observed in auditory cor- tex neurons. Responses of neurons in the primary auditory cortex (AI) exhibiting binaural suppressive interactions (EO/I) were studied in barbiturate-anesthetized cats. For the major- ity (72.5%) of EO/I neurons studied, the response to a mon- aural contralateral stimulus was suppressed by a preceding monaural contralateral stimulus, but was not changed by a preceding monaural ipsilateral stimulus. For this subset of EO/I neurons, when a monaural contralateral stimulus was preceded by a binaural stimulus, the level of both the ipsilat- eral and the contralateral component of the binaural stimulus influenced the response to the subsequent monaural con- tralateral stimulus. When the contralateral level of the binau- ral stimulus was constant, increasing its ipsilateral level de- creased the suppression of the response to the subsequent monaural contralateral stimulus. When the ipsilateral level of the binaural stimulus was constant, increasing its contralat- eral level increased the suppression of the response to the subsequent monaural contralateral stimulus. These results demonstrate that the sequential inhibition of responses of AI neurons is a function of the product of a preceding binaural interaction. The magnitude of the response to the contralateral stimulus is related to, but not determined by the magnitude of the response to the preceding binaural stimulus. Possible mechanisms of this sequential interaction are discussed.

10aauditory cortex10abinaural interaction10aforward masking10amonaural10asequential interaction1 aZhang, J.1 aNakamoto, K.T.1 aKitzes, L.M. uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030645220900575203379nas a2200361 4500008004100000245017400041210006900215520225800284653001202542653001202554653001302566653002602579653002202605653001102627653001302638653001202651653001302663653002102676653001502697653001802712653001602730100001702746700002202763700002402785700002602809700001702835700001802852700002202870700001902892700002302911700002102934856006202955 2019 eng d00aSavannah roars: The vocal anatomy and the impressive rutting calls of male impala (Aepyceros melampus) – highlighting the acoustic correlates of a mobile larynx0 aSavannah roars The vocal anatomy and the impressive rutting call3 a

A retractable larynx and adaptations of the vocal folds in the males of several polygynous ruminants serve for the production of rutting calls that acoustically announce larger than actual body size to both rival males and potential female mates. Here, such features of the vocal tract and of the sound source are documented in another species. We investigated the vocal anatomy and laryngeal mobility including its acoustical effects during the rutting vocal display of free‐ranging male impala (Aepyceros melampus melampus) in Namibia. Male impala produced bouts of rutting calls (consisting of oral roars and interspersed explosive nasal snorts) in a low‐stretch posture while guarding a rutting territory or harem. For the duration of the roars, male impala retracted the larynx from its high resting position to a low mid‐neck position involving an extensible pharynx and a resilient connection between the hyoid apparatus and the larynx. Maximal larynx retraction was 108 mm based on estimates in video single frames. This was in good concordance with 91‐mm vocal tract elongation calculated on the basis of differences in formant dispersion between roar portions produced with the larynx still ascended and those produced with maximally retracted larynx. Judged by their morphological traits, the larynx‐retracting muscles of male impala are homologous to those of other larynx‐retracting ruminants. In contrast, the large and massive vocal keels are evolutionary novelties arising by fusion and linear arrangement of the arytenoid cartilage and the canonical vocal fold. These bulky and histologically complex vocal keels produced a low fundamental frequency of 50 Hz. Impala is another ruminant species in which the males are capable of larynx retraction. In addition, male impala vocal folds are spectacularly specialized compared with domestic bovids, allowing the production of impressive, low‐frequency roaring vocalizations as a significant part of their rutting behaviour. Our study expands knowledge on the evolutionary variation of vocal fold morphology in mammals, suggesting that the structure of the mammalian sound source is not always human‐like and should be considered in acoustic analysis and modelling.

10aBovidae10aFelidae10aformants10afundamental frequency10alarynx retraction10amammal10apolygyny10aroaring10aruminant10asexual selection10avocal fold10avocal posture10avocal tract1 aFrey, Roland1 aVolodin, Ilya, A.1 aVolodina, Elena, V.1 aEfremova, Kseniya, O.1 aMenges, Vera1 aPortas, Ruben1 aMelzheimer, Jörg1 aFritsch, Guido1 aGerlach, Christina1 aDörnberg, Katja uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/joa.1311401218nas a2200169 4500008004100000020002200041245005200063210005200115520064600167653002200813653003000835653005700865100002300922700002700945700002100972856005500993 2019 eng d a978-3-030-30733-200aPhonetic Variation in Cat–Human Communication0 aPhonetic Variation in Cat–Human Communication3 a

In this chapter, the phonetic variation of the vocal communication between domestic cats and humans is summarised and described, based on previous research as well as more recent studies and observations. Emphasis lies on classifying and describing the different vocalisation types of the cat using phonetic methods and terminology. The articulation, phonetic transcription and acoustic patterns of the most common vocalisation types are described. In addition, the segments (vowel and consonants), the prosody (the tone, intonation, rhythm and dynamics) of cat sounds as well as human perception of cat vocalisations is summarised.

10aCat vocalisations10aCat–human communication10aPhonetic description and transcription of cat sounds1 aPastorinho, Ramiro1 aSousa, Ana, Catarina A1 aSchötz, Susanne uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-30734-901790nas a2200133 4500008004100000245012300041210006900164520129100233100002301524700002301547700001801570700001701588856005101605 2019 eng d00aLong-term evidence of noise-induced permanent threshold shift in a harbor seal ( Phoca vitulina )0 aLongterm evidence of noiseinduced permanent threshold shift in a3 a

In psychophysical studies of noise-induced hearing loss with marine mammals, exposure conditions are often titrated from levels of no effect to those that induce significant but recoverable loss of auditory sensitivity [temporary threshold shift (TTS)]. To examine TTS from mid-frequency noise, a harbor seal was exposed to a 4.1-kHz underwater tone that was incrementally increased in sound pressure level (SPL) and duration. The seal's hearing was evaluated at the exposure frequency and one-half octave higher (5.8 kHz) to identify the noise parameters associated with TTS onset. No reliable TTS was measured with increasing sound exposure level until the second exposure to a 60-s fatiguing tone of 181 dB re 1 μPa SPL (sound exposure level 199 dB re 1 μPa2s), after which an unexpectedly large threshold shift (>47 dB) was observed. While hearing at 4.1 kHz recovered within 48 h, there was a permanent threshold shift of at least 8 dB at 5.8 kHz. This hearing loss was evident for more than ten years. Furthermore, a residual threshold shift of 11 dB was detected one octave above the tonal exposure, at 8.2 kHz. This hearing loss persisted for more than two years prior to full recovery.

1 aReichmuth, Colleen1 aSills, Jillian, M.1 aMulsow, Jason1 aGhoul, Asila uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.512937901140nas a2200121 4500008004100000245014000041210006900181520066500250100001900915700002600934700001700960856004100977 2019 eng d00aAdaptation of British Standards to Identify Construction Site Activity Noise Sources with the Potential to Cause Stress to Giant Pandas0 aAdaptation of British Standards to Identify Construction Site Ac3 a

Giant pandas have a broader hearing range than humans and have higher sensitivity in different frequency bands. Giant pandas are known to become stressed when subjected to undesirable noise, therefore noise which humans may deem unobtrusive has the potential to cause stress in giant pandas. As giant panda breeding programmes are taking place in zoos throughout the world it is important to understand the impact that anthropogenic noise has on these mammals and how it affects their wellbeing. This paper discusses the adaptation from international standards on noise to appropriately address the impact from construction site noise on giant pandas.

1 aSNAITH, Murray1 aRODRIGUEZ, Alessandro1 aMARMO, Brett uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/es/node/5741802363nas a2200205 4500008004100000245011100041210006900152520173000221653001201951653001601963653001501979653001401994653001602008653001502024653001202039100002202051700002602073700001702099856004102116 2019 eng d00aSeparation-related behaviour indicates the effect of functional breed selection in dogs (Canis familiaris)0 aSeparationrelated behaviour indicates the effect of functional b3 a

The domestication of dogs resulted in several fundamental behavioural changes as compared to their closest wild living relative, the wolf. While these characteristics are considered to be fairly robust across dogs, dog breeds themselves manifest apparently strong behavioural differences. Thus far the functional roots of breed-specific behaviours are still less understood and supported by empirical research. We hypothesized that historical selection for the level of working interaction intimacy with their handlers, may have resulted in the fundamental differences between the main working dog types and their behavioural reactions when separated from their owner. In our study, dogs from breeds that were originally selected for either cooperative or independent work tasks, were tested in a short outdoor separation test. We included dogs with and without owner-reported separation-related disorder (SRD) to both groups. We found that SRD-status and the breed type were in significant association with various stress related behaviours during separation from the owner. Dogs from cooperative working breeds with SRD barked more frequently, meanwhile barking was less prevalent in independent breeds and also in cooperative breeds without owner-reported SRD symptoms. General movement (showing the dogs’ intention to follow or find the disappearing, then absent owner) was uniformly strongest in cooperative dogs with SRD. Whining appeared most frequently in dogs with SRD, regardless to the breed type. These are the first results that support a functional evolutionary framework behind the association of particular dog breeds with the extent of their stressful reactions to separation from their owner.

10aBarking10acooperation10aDog breeds10aevolution10aFrustration10aSeparation10aWhining1 aPongrácz, Péter1 aGómez, Sara, Alvarez1 aLenkei, Rita uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/es/node/5741702169nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245010400055210006900159260001600228300001100244490000600255520132100261653002501582653001501607653001101622653001501633653002301648653001501671100002701686700002401713700002801737700002501765856012501790 2019 eng d a2054-570300aPawsitively sad: pet-owners are more sensitive to negative emotion in animal distress vocalizations0 aPawsitively sad petowners are more sensitive to negative emotion cJun-08-2021 a1815550 v63 a

Pets have numerous, effective methods to communicate with their human hosts. Perhaps most conspicuous of these are distress vocalizations: in cats, the ‘miaow’ and in dogs, the ‘whine’ or ‘whimper’. We compared a sample of young adults who owned cats and or dogs (‘pet-owners’ n = 264) and who did not (n=297) on their ratings of the valence of animal distress vocalizations, taken from a standardized database of sounds. We also examined these participants’ self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression, and their scores on a measure of interpersonal relationship functioning. Pet-owners rated the animal distress vocalizations as sadder than adults who did not own a pet. Cat-owners specifically gave the most negative ratings of cat miaows compared with other participants, but were no different in their ratings of other sounds. Dog sounds were rated more negatively overall, in fact as negatively as human baby cries. Pet-owning adults (cat only, dog only, both) were not significantly different from adults with no pets on symptoms of depression, anxiety or on self- reported interpersonal relationship functioning. We suggest that pet ownership is associated with greater sensitivity to negative emotion in cat and dog distress vocalizations.

10aanimal vocalizations10acat miaows10acrying10adog whines10aemotion perception10apet-owners1 aParsons, Christine, E.1 aLeBeau, Richard, T.1 aKringelbach, Morten, L.1 aYoung, Katherine, S. uhttps://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.181555https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsos.18155501858nas a2200205 4500008004100000245012500041210006900166300001200235490000700247520120800254653001301462653001701475653002501492653001201517653001601529100002401545700002101569700002101590856004101611 2018 eng d00aSeasonal Differences in Howling Response of Golden Jackals Canis aureus L., 1758 (Mammalia: Canidae) in Eastern Bulgaria0 aSeasonal Differences in Howling Response of Golden Jackals Canis a539-5450 v173 a

The howling in golden jackals has a complex structure and is mostly used for territorial interactions. Due to the recent expansion of the golden jackal in Europe and the well-known fact that jackals respond to a playback howl, the bioacoustic stimulation has become an important method for data collection related to the jackal population density. This article describes changes in golden jackal response to a pre-recorded howl on a monthly basis throughout a monitoring period of one year. The study area was set in Eastern Bulgaria, in regions with already known high jackal population density. Data were collected from two transects located in different areas (Northeast and Southeast Bulgaria). The highest number of answers to the broadcasted howls was detected during June and July in Southeast Bulgaria and during July and August in Northeast Bulgaria. During these peaks, group-answers were registered mainly and the single individual-answers were very few or lacking. Based on jackal’s ecology and biology, the results suggest that the howling response corresponds more to interactions between territorial groups rather than to com- munication signals during the breading season.

10aBulgaria10aCanis aureus10agolden jackal survey10ahowling10aseasonality1 aAcosta-Pankov, Ilya1 aSpassov, Nikolai1 aBanea, Ovidiu, C uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/es/node/5352001914nas a2200193 4500008004100000245005800041210005800099260001600157490000600173520137300179100002001552700001501572700001701587700001701604700001601621700002001637700001801657856004501675 2017 eng d00aBody size and vocalization in primates and carnivores0 aBody size and vocalization in primates and carnivores cJan-12-20170 v73 a

A fundamental assumption in bioacoustics is that large animals tend to produce vocalizations with lower frequencies than small animals. This inverse relationship between body size and vocalization frequencies is widely considered to be foundational in animal communication, with prominent theories arguing that it played a critical role in the evolution of vocal communication, in both production and perception. A major shortcoming of these theories is that they lack a solid empirical foundation: rigorous comparisons between body size and vocalization frequencies remain scarce, particularly among mammals. We address this issue here in a study of body size and vocalization frequencies conducted across 91 mammalian species, covering most of the size range in the orders Primates (n = 50; ~0.11–120 Kg) and Carnivora (n = 41; ~0.14–250 Kg). We employed a novel procedure designed to capture spectral variability and standardize frequency measurement of vocalization data across species. The results unequivocally demonstrate strong inverse relationships between body size and vocalization frequencies in primates and carnivores, filling a long-standing gap in mammalian bioacoustics and providing an empirical foundation for theories on the adaptive function of call frequency in animal communication.

1 aBowling, D., L.1 aGarcia, M.1 aDunn, J., C.1 aRuprecht, R.1 aStewart, A.1 aFrommolt, K.-H.1 aFitch, W., T. uhttp://www.nature.com/articles/srep4107001876nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001300041245008800054210006900142260001600211520104000227653001401267653002601281653001901307653001801326653002001344653001701364100002001381700003601401856023301437 2018 eng d a0376635700aEvidence of individual discrimination in the maned wolf long-distance extended-bark0 aEvidence of individual discrimination in the maned wolf longdist cJan-12-20183 a

The acoustic channel is an efficient long-distance signalling system that may be especially effective for animals moving in the dark in a vast home range. The maned wolf’s extended-bark is a long-range vocalization that functions as a mechanism to increase spatial distance among conspecifics as well as to enable pair-mate reunion. Individual variations in this vocalization have been reported, but the possibility that they can be perceived and used by the species has never been tested. In our study, we used ABAB playback experiments to test if captive maned wolves could perceive individual variations. We ran 19 playback sessions with ten different subjects from six different zoos. After discarding nine sessions that did not fulfil minimal experimental conditions, in all except two of the ten valid trials, the subjects responded with displaying Oriented Attention. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that the maned wolf is capable of discriminating among extended-barks of different individuals.

10aacoustics10aChrysocyon brachyurus10adiscrimination10aindividuality10apsychoacoustics10avocalization1 aFlora, Balieiro1 aPatrícia, Ferreira, Monticelli uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376635718301906https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0376635718301906?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0376635718301906?httpAccept=text/plain02359nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001300041245010800054210007100162260001600233300001400249490000800263520137300271653002701644653002301671653002601694653002901720653001301749653002101762100001901783700002601802700002101828700002301849856023301872 2018 eng d a0003347200aMultimodal mother–offspring recognition: the relative importance of sensory cues in a colonial mammal0 aMultimodal mother–offspring recognition the relative importance  cJan-12-2018 a135 - 1420 v1463 a

Animals often employ multiple sensory modalities for communication and recognition; however, the combination of sensory cues used by individuals in given contexts will vary. Although mother–offspring recognition has been widely investigated and is known to be a multimodal process in gregarious mammal species, there is a dearth of information about the interactions between various sensory cues. Here we show how acoustic, olfactory and visual cues are used in a synergistic way in Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea, mother–offspring recognition. We interpret the results using a cost–benefit perspective to disentangle the evolutionary pressures on each component of this communication system. Although olfactory cues can convey individual identity information it was their presence, not their congruency, that prompted female sniffs. We found that calls needed to be from the female's own pup for the identification process to be successful, with the information encoded in acoustic cues overriding that of olfactory cues. Despite each sensory cue accurately conveying identity information when presented in isolation, in a multimodal setting their importance, function or role may change and seems to be driven by the costs and benefits of obtaining information resulting from the constraints imposed by the active space of cues.

10aindividual recognition10amaternal behaviour10amother-offspring cues10amultimodal communication10apinniped10asensory channels1 aWierucka, Kaja1 aPitcher, Benjamin, J.1 aHarcourt, Robert1 aCharrier, Isabelle uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347218303208https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0003347218303208?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0003347218303208?httpAccept=text/plain02336nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245005600054210005500110260001600165520166900181100002001850700003101870700002201901700002201923856023301945 2018 eng d a0960982200aVocal Turn-Taking in Meerkat Group Calling Sessions0 aVocal TurnTaking in Meerkat Group Calling Sessions cJan-11-20183 a

Coordination is a fundamental aspect of social living, underlying processes ranging from the maintenance of group cohesion to the avoidance of competition. Coordination can manifest as synchronization, where individuals perform the same action at the same time but can also take the form of anti-synchronization or turn-taking. Turn-taking has mainly been studied in the context of the development of language [1] due to the fact that it is a universal feature in all languages and has been found to appear early in infancy [2, 3]. Recently, turn-taking has received attention in animal communication research [4, 5, 6, 7] as a potential foundation on which social communication was formed [1, 3]. In this study, we describe turn-taking in group-wide vocal interactions of meerkats (Suricata suricatta) during low-conflict sunning behavior, which is accompanied by the production of specific “sunning calls.” We show that sunning-call production is socially stimulated and that at the group level, meerkats avoid overlap, thus fulfilling a key principle of turn-taking [8]. Through observational data and playback experiments, we show that these group-level patterns arise from two individual-level rules: call inhibition over short timescales, which prevents mutual interference, and call excitation over longer timescales, which stimulates further group calling. These simple rules suggest that hierarchy formation and turn allocation are not required for achieving group-wide coordination of communication. We also suggest that the potential bonding function of turn-taking shown in humans might have similar effects in animal interactions.

1 aDemartsev, Vlad1 aStrandburg-Peshkin, Ariana1 aRuffner, Michaela1 aManser, Marta, B. uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982218312910https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0960982218312910?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0960982218312910?httpAccept=text/plain02068nas a2200193 4500008004100000245011100041210007300152260001000225520137100235653001601606653003501622653001701657653003001674653002801704100002001732700002501752700003501777856006201812 2018 eng d00aPré-processamento de sinais acústicos para análise e caracterização de vocalizações de lobos-guará0 aPréprocessamento de sinais acústicos para análise e caracterizaç bGaloa3 a

The possibility of automatic species identification through their communication acoustic signals opens new possibilities for the study of behavior and the preservation of biodiversity. Although commercially available, automated analysis tools still lack success in terms of outcome and accuracy. The success of an automated method requires the validation of a process sequencing strategy aiming at the determination of vocal acoustic parameters in the middle of a complex soundscape. A challenge in this regard lies in the extraction of noise from field recordings, which sometimes makes difficult the correct interpretation of acoustic parameters. In this study, we explore a combination of signal pre-processing steps to extract the noise of recordings of roar bark vocalizations of maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) in recordings made by a digital recorder sampled at 44.1 kHz with 16-bit resolution, using processing tools of the software Audiosculpt 3.2.7 by IRCAM. The procedure involved a sequence of steps: selection of the best audios and file segmentation; loudness normalization; identification and removal of noise zones. The results include processing over 10 hours of field recording with the production of a body of more than 131 vocalizations, under conditions suitable for the individual characterization analysis that will be done next.

10aAudiosculpt10aautomatic individual detection10abioacoustics10abiodiversity conservation10asound signal processing1 aFerreira, Bruna1 aFaria, Régis, Rossi1 aMonticelli, Patricia, Ferreira uhttps://proceedings.science/proceedings/113/_papers/8715901896nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245012700055210006900182260001600251300001600267490000800283520131900291100002301610700001901633700002301652856005101675 2018 eng d a0001-496600aThe production and reception of underwater sound in Hawaiian monk seals ( Neomonachus schauinslandi )0 aproduction and reception of underwater sound in Hawaiian monk se cJan-09-2018 a1741 - 17410 v1443 a

The endangered Hawaiian monk seal is a primitive phocid (true) seal endemic to the tropical Hawaiian Islands. At present, there is a lack of substantive bioacoustic information available for this species, with no formal descriptions of underwater vocalizations and limited data concerning underwater hearing. To address these knowledge gaps, we are working to better understand species-typical auditory capabilities and sound production by thoroughly evaluating a single individual living in human care. A mature male monk seal was trained to perform an auditory go/no-go signal detection task in water. Detection thresholds were measured for narrowband tones across the frequency range of hearing to generate a full underwater audiogram. Additionally, an acoustic recorder was placed in this monk seal’s living enclosure for a full year, enabling characterization of his underwater repertoire and seasonal trends in vocal behavior. This study presents the first examination of underwater vocalizations in Hawaiian monk seals, provides insight into the perceptual abilities of this species and the evolution of underwater hearing within the phocid lineage, and enables improved assessments of noise effects on these vulnerable seals. [Work supported by Navy’s Living Marine Resources Program.]

1 aSills, Jillian, M.1 aParnell, Kirby1 aReichmuth, Colleen uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.506772302270nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001300041245006800054210006600122260001600188300001200204490000800216520157400224100002301798700002401821700002201845856023301867 2018 eng d a0003347200aWolf howls encode both sender- and context-specific information0 aWolf howls encode both sender and contextspecific information cJan-11-2018 a59 - 660 v1453 a

Loud, long-distance calls serve varied functions across animal species including marking territory, attracting mates and signalling one's identity. Here, we examined the types of sender- and context-specific information encoded in the howls of captive timber wolves, Canis lupus. We analysed 913 howls from nine individuals across three packs and investigated whether howl structure varied consistently as a function of phenotypic factors (age class, sex, pack and identity of the caller) in addition to the context in which the call was produced: specifically, whether the call was produced in a ‘spontaneous’ context just after sunrise or was ‘elicited’ by the absence of a group member. Calls were correctly classified by individual identity and production context, but not by any other factors. Principal components analyses indicated that individual differences were primarily associated with frequency-based measures, whereas acoustic variation between production contexts was associated with a variety of frequency-, intensity- and energy-based measures. Recognition of individual differences in vocalizations is likely to be important for navigating social relationships in wolves and further work is required to determine which life history factors may shape these individual differences. Differences resulting from production context are suggestive that these howl variants may serve different functions. The extent to which these individual and contextual differences are understood by receivers remains an open question.

1 aWatson, Stuart, K.1 aTownsend, Simon, W.1 aRange, Friederike uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347218302756https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0003347218302756?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0003347218302756?httpAccept=text/plain02594nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001300041245004000054210004000094260001600134300001400150490000800164520199400172653002102166653001202187653002502199653001902224653002402243100001902267700002402286856006602310 2017 eng d a0003347200aCall concatenation in wild meerkats0 aCall concatenation in wild meerkats cJan-12-2017 a257 - 2690 v1343 a

Repertoire size, frequently determined by the number of discrete call types, has been used to assess vocal complexity in animals. However, species can also increase their communicative complexity by using graded signals or by combining individual calls. Animal call sequences can be divided into two main categories, each subdivided into two classes: repetitions, with either an unlimited or finite number of iterations of the same call type, and mixed call combinations, composed of two or more graded or discrete call types. Social contexts involve a wide range of behaviours and, unlike predation contexts, can be associated with both positive and negative emotions. Therefore, interactions linked to social contexts may place additional demands on an animal's communicative system and lead to the use of call com- binations. We systematically documented call combinations produced by wild meerkats, Suricata sur- icatta, a highly social carnivore, in social contexts in their natural habitat. We observed 12 distinct call combinations belonging to all four classes of combination, produced in all the observed behavioural contexts. Four combinations were each produced in a specific context whereas the remaining eight were produced in several contexts, albeit in different proportions. The broad use of combinations suggests that they represent a non-negligible part of meerkat social communication and that they can be used in flexible ways across various behavioural contexts. Comparison with combinations produced in predation contexts indicated that social call combinations are more varied in number of classes and structural complexity than the former, perhaps due to the greater variety of social contexts. However, in meerkats, combinations of functionally referential calls have been documented in predation but not social contexts, suggesting that both social and predation pressures may play a role in the evolution of combinatoriality in animal communication.

10acall combination10ameerkat10anatural observations10asocial context10avocal communication1 aCollier, Katie1 aTownsend, Simon, W. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721630346302337nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001300041245009700054210006900151260001600220300001200236490000800248520152600256653002201782653001901804653001601823653002101839653001801860653002801878653001401906653002001920100001901940700002401959700002201983856006602005 2017 eng d a0003347200aDwarf mongooses use sex and identity cues in isolation calls to discriminate between callers0 aDwarf mongooses use sex and identity cues in isolation calls to  cJan-05-2017 a23 - 310 v1273 a

The information transmitted by acoustic signals has attracted much scientific interest in recent years. However, isolation calls, which are long-distance vocalizations used by lost group members to reunite with their social group, have been surprisingly neglected. These calls assist in maintaining group cohesion and are thus particularly important in species that depend on the group for survival or reproduction such as cooperative breeders. Our study therefore examined the information transmitted by the isolation vocalization in a wild cooperatively breeding carnivore: the dwarf mongoose, Helogale parvula. We ran an acoustic analysis for informative cues within isolation calls, and conducted a series of playback experiments to identify whether mongooses could discriminate between callers based on these cues. The acoustic structure of dwarf mongoose isolation vocalizations contained information concerning the caller's identity, sex and potentially also group membership. Target mongooses discriminated between callers of their own and other groups and biased their response based on the sex of the caller. They responded more quickly and for longer, and approached more closely, for calls of foreign females than calls of female group mates. This is the first time that sex specificity has been demonstrated in the vocalization of an herpestid, and we suggest that dwarf mongooses eavesdrop on the calls of isolated foreigners and may use isolation calls to attract and identify potential mates.

10aacoustic analysis10adwarf mongoose10afamiliarity10aHelogale parvula10aindividuality10aisolation vocalizations10aplaybacks10asex specificity1 aRubow, Janneke1 aCherry, Michael, I.1 aSharpe, Lynda, L. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721730066002611nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001300041245011700054210006900171260001600240300001100256490000800267520180900275653002202084653002102106653001902127653002502146653002102171653001202192653002202204100001902226700002402245700002202269856006602291 2017 eng d a0003347200aCalling for help: dwarf mongoose recruitment calls inform receivers about context and elicit disparate responses0 aCalling for help dwarf mongoose recruitment calls inform receive cJan-05-2017 a7 - 140 v1273 a

Social complexity and communicative complexity appear to have coevolved in terrestrial vertebrates. Understanding the information conveyed within the social signals of group-living taxa can illuminate the selection pressures impacting on a species and help to identify the factors promoting sociality. Within vocal communication, recruitment calls are of great importance to many social species, helping to maintain group cohesion and facilitating cooperative behaviour. Yet recruitment vocalizations have received limited scientific attention and it is not clear whether they convey context-specific information to receivers. We investigated the recruitment calls of wild dwarf mongooses, Helogale parvula, to ascertain whether they showed context-specific acoustic differences and whether receivers displayed context-specific responses to recruitment calls in the absence of external cues. We recorded recruitment calls (from four wild groups of dwarf mongooses) from two contexts: when an individual became separated from its group and when an individual encountered a snake. Acoustic analysis revealed that calls from the two contexts differed in acoustic structure and were distinguishable with a discriminant function analysis. Playbacks of calls from both contexts successfully recruited target mongooses, but snake calls elicited a stronger reaction (with mongooses vigilant for longer and approaching the speaker more closely). More importantly, target mongooses also displayed behaviours that were unique to call context, exhibiting head bobbing, creeping and searching of the vegetation during snake call playbacks but never during isolation call playbacks. We conclude that dwarf mongoose recruitment calls refer to context and are perceived as functionally referential by receivers.

10aacoustic analysis10acontext-specific10adwarf mongoose10afunctional reference10aHelogale parvula10amobbing10arecruitment calls1 aRubow, Janneke1 aCherry, Michael, I.1 aSharpe, Lynda, L. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721730065902742nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001300041245011000054210007100164260001600235300001400251490000800265520188700273653001702160653002702177653001102204653001502215653003202230653002002262653002402282653001202306100002202318700002002340700002002360700001802380856006602398 2017 eng d a0003347200aConflict or consensus? Synchronous change in mother–young vocal communication across weaning in the cat0 aConflict or consensus Synchronous change in mother–young vocal c cJan-08-2017 a233 - 2400 v1303 a

Since parent–offspring conflict theory was first proposed, a number of studies in a range of mammalian species have questioned its importance, suggesting that coordination, rather than conflict, occurs during weaning. In this study we propose a set of behaviours for studying the development of the mother–offspring relationship: offspring separation calls and the corresponding maternal response, which can be used to describe the continually developing motivational changes in both parties accompanying weaning. We recorded and analysed separation calls of kittens of the domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus, during the first two postnatal months, and performed playback experiments to observe their mothers' behavioural response. Three different stimuli were played back: calls of the mothers' kittens at their correct age, calls of their kittens from an earlier age (1 week old) and a control sound. We found that kittens' separation calls changed in several respects across the 8 weeks of the study. After the first postnatal month, the number, intensity and fundamental frequency of calls declined markedly, while kittens' latency to call increased. In parallel, we found that during playback tests, mothers' willingness to return to the nest or reunite with their kittens decreased notably as the kittens approached weaning age. Since this decline was present even when mothers were played back the calls of their own kittens previously recorded at an earlier age, we conclude that the decline in responsiveness was not due to a change in the kittens' vocalizations, but rather to a change in the mothers' motivational state. Our findings support the view that weaning in the domestic cat is a well-synchronized process between mothers and offspring, at least under the favourable nutritional conditions of the present study.

10adomestic cat10aFelis silvestris catus10amammal10amotivation10aparent–offspring conflict10aseparation call10avocal communication10aweaning1 aBánszegi, Oxána1 aSzenczi, Péter1 aUrrutia, Andrea1 aHudson, Robyn uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721730200202525nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245008300054210006900137260001600206300001100222490000700233520200800240100002802248700002602276856006502302 1962 eng d a0003347200aThe role of vocalization in the social behaviour of the northern elephant seal0 arole of vocalization in the social behaviour of the northern ele cJan-01-1962 a7 - 140 v103 a

The northern elephant seal breeds on islands off the coast of Mexico and California. It is a highly vocal species and during the breeding season vocalization plays an important role in the maintenance of the species' highly polygynous social organization. The importance of vocalization in this species is demonstrated by the presence in the adult male of a highly modified proboscis which appears to have no function other than the production of vocal threats.

Observation of colour-marked individuals on San Nicolas Island, California, showed that females of a harem tend to remain in a given spot. Females of low dominance are often forced to move by the aggressive behaviour of more dominant females and their pups are likely to become lost and to be bitten by other females. The voice of the pup attracts the mother and stimulates the mother to suckle the pup.

Observations in the field combined with spectrographic analysis of tape recordings reveal two main communicational and structural classes of vocalization, attraction calls and threat sounds. Attraction sounds (mother to pup) are unpulsed, of high and variable pitch, and show clear harmonic structure. Threat sounds (both female and male) have an opposite type of structure; they are highly pulsed, of low and steady pitch, are harsh, and lack clearcut harmonics. In general, pulse interval in the threat sounds tends to increase with body size. Among males, the resonance and volume of the clap-threat increases with the size and development of the proboscis.

Hissing occurs in many tetrapods and probably preceded and facilitated the evolution of vocal cords and patterned sounds; in turn the extensive use of different sounds as a means of communication probably facilitated the evolution of social life in the vertebrates. It is of interest that yearlings use the hiss as a threat and some yearling threat sounds are structurally intermediate between a hiss and the common roaring type of threat.

1 aBartholomew, George, A.1 aCollias, Nicholas, E. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0003347262901240