02361nas a2200181 4500008004100000245011800041210006900159520167900228653002001907653002501927653001601952653001901968653002301987100001602010700001902026700002102045856011302066 2020 eng d00aPhonotactic steering and representation of directional information in the ascending auditory pathway of a cricket0 aPhonotactic steering and representation of directional informati3 a

Directional hearing is crucial for animals depending on acoustic signals to locate a mate. We focused on crickets to explore the reliability of directional information forwarded to the brain by the ascending auditory interneuron AN1, which is crucial for phonotactic behavior. We presented calling song from -45° to +45° in steps of 3°, and compared the phonotactic steering of females walking on a trackball with the directional responses of AN1. 40% of females showed good steering behavior and changed their walking direction when the speaker passed the body´s longitudinal axis. The bilateral latency difference between right and left AN1 responses was small and may not be reliable for auditory steering. In respect to spike count, all AN1 recordings presented significant bilateral differences for angles larger than ±18°, yet 35% showed a mean significant difference of 1-3 AP/Chirp when the frontal stimulus deviated by 3° from their length axis. For small angles some females had a very similar AN1 activity forwarded to the brain, but the accuracy of their steering behavior was substantially different. Our results indicate a correlation between directional steering and the response strength of AN1, especially for large angles. The reliable steering of animals at small angles would have to be based on small bilateral differences of AN1 activity, if AN1 is the only source providing directional information. We discuss if such bilateral response difference at small angles can provide a reliable measure to generate auditory steering commands descending from the brain, as pattern recognition is intensity independent.

10aAN1 interneuron10abinaural differences10areliability10aspike response10asurface electrodes1 aLv, Mingyue1 aZhang, Xinyang1 aHedwig, Berthold uhttps://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.00737.2019https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/jn.00737.201903010nas a2200181 4500008004100000245009100041210006900132520234200201653002902543653001202572653002402584653004202608653003302650653002302683100002202706700001902728856008102747 2013 eng d00aDiversity of acoustic tracheal system and its role for directional hearing in crickets0 aDiversity of acoustic tracheal system and its role for direction3 a

Background: Sound localization in small insects can be a challenging task due to physical constraints in deriving sufficiently large interaural intensity differences (IIDs) between both ears. In crickets, sound source localization is achieved by a complex type of pressure difference receiver consisting of four potential sound inputs. Sound acts on the external side of two tympana but additionally reaches the internal tympanal surface via two external sound entrances. Conduction of internal sound is realized by the anatomical arrangement of connecting trachea. A key structure is a trachea coupling both ears which is characterized by an enlarged part in its midline (i.e., the acoustic vesicle) accompanied with a thin membrane (septum). This facilitates directional sensitivity despite an unfavorable relationship between wavelength of sound and body size. Here we studied the morphological differences of the acoustic tracheal system in 40 cricket species (Gryllidae, Mogoplistidae) and species of outgroup taxa (Gryllotalpidae, Rhaphidophoridae, Gryllacrididae) of the suborder Ensifera comprising hearing and non hearing species.

Results: We found a surprisingly high variation of acoustic tracheal systems and almost all investigated species using intraspecific acoustic communication were characterized by an acoustic vesicle associated with a medial septum. The relative size of the acoustic vesicle - a structure most crucial for deriving high IIDs - implies an important role for sound localization. Most remarkable in this respect was the size difference of the acoustic vesicle between species; those with a more unfavorable ratio of body size to sound wavelength tend to exhibit a larger acoustic vesicle. On the other hand, secondary loss of acoustic signaling was nearly exclusively associated with the absence of both acoustic vesicle and septum.

Conclusion: The high diversity of acoustic tracheal morphology observed between species might reflect different steps in the evolution of the pressure difference receiver; with a precursor structure already present in ancestral non-hearing species. In addition, morphological transitions of the acoustic vesicle suggest a possible adaptive role for the generation of binaural directional cues.

10aAcoustic tracheal system10acricket10adirectional hearing10aInteraural intensity difference (IID)10aPressure difference receiver10aSound localization1 aSchmidt, Arne, KD1 aRömer, Heiner uhttp://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-9994-10-6101551nas a2200133 4500008004100000245012200041210006900163520104800232100002301280700001901303700002301322700001901345856005301364 2016 eng d00aNo Effect of Body Size on the Frequency of Calling and Courtship Song in the Two-Spotted Cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus0 aNo Effect of Body Size on the Frequency of Calling and Courtship3 a

The relationship between body size and vocalization parameters has been studied in many animal species. In insect species, however, the effect of body size on song frequency has remained unclear. Here we analyzed the effect of body size on the frequency spectra of mating songs produced by the two-spotted cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. We recorded the calling songs and courtship songs of male crickets of different body sizes. The calling songs contained a frequency component that peaked at 5.7 kHz. On the other hand, courtship songs contained two frequency components that peaked at 5.8 and 14.7 kHz. The dominant frequency of each component in both the calling and courtship songs was constant regard- less of body size. The size of the harp and mirror regions in the cricket forewings, which are the acoustic sources of the songs, correlated positively with body size. These findings sug- gest that the frequency contents of both the calling and courtship songs of the cricket are unaffected by whole body, harp, or mirror size.

1 aMiyashita, Atsushi1 aKizaki, Hayato1 aSekimizu, Kazuhisa1 aKaito, Chikara uhttps://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.014699902286nas a2200121 4500008004100000245007100041210006700112520188600179100002002065700001502085700002302100856004102123 1989 eng d00aThe neuroethology of acoustic startle and escape in flying insects0 aneuroethology of acoustic startle and escape in flying insects3 a

The acoustic startle/escape response is a phylogenetically widespread behavioral act, provoked by an intense, unexpected sound. At least six orders of insects have evolved tympanate ears that serve acoustic behavior that ranges from sexual communication to predator detection. Insects that fly at night are vulnerable to predation by insectivorous bats that detect and locate their prey by using biosonar signals. Of the six orders of insects that possess tympanate hearing organs, four contain species that fly at night and, in these, hearing is sensitive to a range of ultrasonic frequencies found in the biosonar signals of bats. Laboratory and field studies have shown that these insects (including some orthopterans, lepidopterans, neuropterans and dictyopterans), when engaged in flight behavior, respond to ultrasound by suddenly altering their flight, showing acoustic startle or negative phonotaxis, which serve as bat-avoidance behavior. A neural analysis of ultrasound-mediated escape behavior was undertaken in the field cricket Telegryllus oceanicus. An identified thoracic interneuron, int-1, was shown to trigger the escape response, but only when the cell was driven (synaptically or electrically) at high spike rates, and only when the insect was performing flight behavior; avoidance steering only occurs in the appropriate behavioral context: flight. Thus, significant constraints operate upon the ability of int-1 to trigger the escape response. The integration of auditory input and flight central pattern generator output occurs in the brain. It is found that neural activity descending from the brain in response to stimulation by ultrasound is increased when the insect is flying compared to when it is not. Although the behavioral act of avoidance steering may appear to be a simple reflex act, further analysis shows it to be anything but simple.

1 aHoy, Ronald, R.1 aNolen, Tom1 aBrodfuehrer, Peter uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/es/node/5766802056nas a2200169 4500008004100000245016200041210006900203520138200272653002601654653003101680653002401711653002001735653003101755100002301786700002101809856005601830 2019 eng d00aFeedforward discharges couple the singing central pattern generator and ventilation central pattern generator in the cricket abdominal central nervous system0 aFeedforward discharges couple the singing central pattern genera3 a

We investigated the central nervous coordination between singing motor activity and abdominal ventilatory pumping in crickets. Fictive singing, with sensory feedback removed, was elicited by eserine-microinjection into the brain, and the motor activity underlying singing and abdominal ventilation was recorded with extracellular electrodes. During singing, expiratory abdominal muscle activity is tightly phase coupled to the chirping pattern. Occasional temporary desynchronization of the two motor patterns indicate discrete central pattern generator (CPG) networks that can operate independently. Intracellular recordings revealed a sub-threshold depolarization in phase with the ventilatory cycle in a singing-CPG interneuron, and in a ventilation-CPG interneuron an excitatory input in phase with each syllable of the chirps. Inhibitory synaptic inputs coupled to the syllables of the singing motor pattern were present in another ventilatory interneuron, which is not part of the ventilation-CPG. Our recordings suggest that the two centrally generated motor patterns are coordinated by reciprocal feedforward discharges from the singing-CPG to the ventilation-CPG and vice versa. Consequently, expiratory contraction of the abdomen usually occurs in phase with the chirps and ventilation accelerates during singing due to entrainment by the faster chirp cycle.

10aAbdominal ventilation10aCentral pattern generation10aCorollary discharge10aFictive singing10aMotor systems coordination1 aSchöneich, Stefan1 aHedwig, Berthold uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-019-01377-702531nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007900041210006900120520206600189100002902255700002302284700001902307700001802326856005302344 2008 eng d00aMatched Filters, Mate Choice and the Evolution of Sexually Selected Traits0 aMatched Filters Mate Choice and the Evolution of Sexually Select3 a

Background: Fundamental for understanding the evolution of communication systems is both the variation in a signal and how this affects the behavior of receivers, as well as variation in preference functions of receivers, and how this affects the variability of the signal. However, individual differences in female preference functions and their proximate causation have rarely been studied.

Methodology/Principal Findings: Calling songs of male field crickets represent secondary sexual characters and are subject to sexual selection by female choice. Following predictions from the ‘‘matched filter hypothesis’’ we studied the tuning of an identified interneuron in a field cricket, known for its function in phonotaxis, and correlated this with the preference of the same females in two-choice trials. Females vary in their neuronal frequency tuning, which strongly predicts the preference in a choice situation between two songs differing in carrier frequency. A second ‘‘matched filter’’ exists in directional hearing, where reliable cues for sound localization occur only in a narrow frequency range. There is a strong correlation between the directional tuning and the behavioural preference in no-choice tests. This second ‘‘matched filter’’ also varies widely in females, and surprisingly, differs on average by 400 Hz from the neuronal frequency tuning.

Conclusions/Significance: Our findings on the mismatch of the two ‘‘matched filters’’ would suggest that the difference in these two filters appears to be caused by their evolutionary history, and the different trade-offs which exist between sound emission, transmission and detection, as well as directional hearing under specific ecological settings. The mismatched filter situation may ultimately explain the maintenance of considerable variation in the carrier frequency of the male signal despite stabilizing selection.

1 aKostarakos, Konstantinos1 aHartbauer, Manfred1 aRömer, Heiner1 aTregenza, Tom uhttps://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.000300502446nas a2200205 4500008004100000245007100041210006900112520175400181653002401935653002401959653002601983653002402009653001102033653001902044100002602063700002202089700002202111700002102133856008602154 2019 eng d00aExperience modulates an insect’s response to anthropogenic noise0 aExperience modulates an insect s response to anthropogenic noise3 a

In response to anthropogenic noise, vertebrates express modified acoustic communication signals either through individual plasticity or local population adaptation. In contrast, how insects respond to this stressor is poorly studied. Field crickets Gryllus bimaculatus use acoustic signals to attract and locate mates and are commonly found in noisy roadside environments, offering a powerful system to study the effects of anthropogenic noise on insect communication. Rapid repetition of sexual calls (chirps) is essential to attract females, but calling incurs energetic costs and attracts predators. As a result, males are predicted to reduce calling rates when background noise is high. Here, we combine observations and experimental playbacks to show that the responses of field cricket males to anthropogenic noise also depend on their previous experience with passing cars. First, we show that males living on highway edges decrease their chirp rate in response to passing cars. To assess whether this behavioral response depends on previous exposure to car noise, we then broadcast recordings of car noise to males located at different distances from the road and, therefore, with different previous exposure to car noise. Although all tested individuals responded to broadcasted traffic noise, males closest to the road decreased their chirp rate less than individuals calling further from the road. These results suggest that regular exposure to anthropogenic noise may decrease individuals’ sensitivity and behavioral responses to noise, allowing them to maintain effective signaling rates. Behavioral plasticity modulated by experience may thus allow some insect species to cope with human-induced environmental stressors.

10aacoustic adaptation10aanthropogenic noise10abehavioral plasticity10aGryllus bimaculatus10aInsect10asexual signals1 aGallego-Abenza, Mario1 aMathevon, Nicolas1 aWheatcroft, David1 aCandolin, Ulrika uhttps://academic.oup.com/beheco/advance-article/doi/10.1093/beheco/arz159/557470302240nas a2200157 4500008004100000245010400041210006900145260001600214520170400230653001901934653001401953653002801967653002101995100002302016856004302039 2018 eng d00aCrickets increase sexual signalling and sperm protection but live shorter in the presence of rivals0 aCrickets increase sexual signalling and sperm protection but liv cMay-10-20193 a

The sociosexual environment animals experience through their life can shape the evolution of key life history traits, including longevity. Male‐male competition, for instance, may influence the resources allocated to traits involved in male reproductive success. Here, I test whether lifelong exposure to a competitor male influences male investment in pre‐ and post‐copulatory sexual traits (calling effort and sperm quality) and how this affected the oxidative status and longevity of male field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus). As expected, the visual exposure to a mating competitor promoted a higher calling effort in the male crickets but resulted in a decline in the haemolymph antioxidant content. The haemolymph antioxidant content negatively covaried with the antioxidant content of the sperm but interestingly, only when the males were exposed to a competitor. This suggests that when mating competition is high, males may prioritise sperm antioxidant protection against somatic maintenance. Finally, I provide evidence that male‐male competition imposes additional costs to reproduction, as males exposed to a mating competitor lost a significant proportion of body antioxidant defences and body mass over time and in long‐term, had a reduced lifespan. Overall, this study strongly suggests that intrasexual competition may impose additional oxidative costs during reproduction for males, with negative consequences on lifespan. Moreover, the results highlight the role of oxidative stress as a physiological mechanism underlying the trade‐off between reproduction‐longevity and through which sexual selection may contribute to the evolution of senescence patterns.

10acalling effort10alongevity10amale‐male competition10aoxidative stress1 aNoguera, José, C. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jeb.1339003349nas a2200133 4500008004100000245013400041210006900175300001000244490000800254520287800262100001603140700001803156856004103174 1988 eng d00aAuditory behavior of the cricket IV. Interaction of direction of tracking with perceived temporal pattern in split-song paradigms0 aAuditory behavior of the cricket IV Interaction of direction of  a13-220 v1633 a

1. Split songs — stimulus arrangements in which parts of cricket calling songs are delivered from different directions via two loudspeakers — have been used to place constraints on the recognition and direction-determining processes in the field cricketGryllus bimaculatus, walking on the Kramer spherical treadmill. Parts of a calling song, each ineffective when delivered alone, can combine to elicit recognition and tracking when interleaved from two speakers 135° apart in azimuth.

2. If two correct songs (40-ms syllable repetition interval) are delivered from the two speakers, but time-shifted by a half interval so that their composite (20-ms intervals) is incorrect, then the angle bisecting the speaker separation (where the two should appear equally loud) might be expected to be an ‘unfavored zone’; the animals do in fact tend to avoid that region. As in controls on ‘choice’ experiments with interleaving of complete chirps, if one speaker is increased in sound intensity it tends to be favored.

3. If two incorrect songs (80-ms syllable repetition interval) are delivered from the two speakers, again time-shifted by half a syllable interval so that the composite is correct (40-ms intervals), then angles near those bisecting the speaker separation might be expected to be favored, and most animals track in that way. Surprisingly, however, when one speaker is increased in sound intensity in this case most animals show a marked shift of tracking toward the less-loud speaker at test intensities near 60 and 70 dB. At 80 dB the effect is reversed.

4. About one-third of females track trill — continuous trains of syllables at the correct syllable rate but with no subdivision into chirps; these were tested with split trills. If alternate syllables of the trill were delivered from the two speakers, or alternating doublets, tracking tended to bisect the 135° angle between speakers. With alternating triplets or higher n-tuples, one or the other speaker was tracked quite accurately. This ability to lock on to one signal despite the presence of another (at 135°) was tested at smaller speaker separations (90°, 65°, 45°); the animals then usually fail to select one speaker.

5. The above results are difficult to explain via a putative ‘tracking comparator’ with ‘cardioid’ inputs from the two sides of the auditory system. In particular, the distinct behaviors with respect to intensity imbalance (2 and 3 above, for different ranges of syllable repetition interval of split songs) suggest that bilateral dynamic interactions in the CNS may be involved. Specific correlates of these effects can be sought in multiple-source or dual leg-phone experiments with electrophysiological monitoring of prothoracic and brain cells.

1 aWeber, Theo1 aThorson, John uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/es/node/5314601966nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245007100055210006900126260001600195520133000211653002101541653002401562653002401586653001901610653001901629100001801648700002001666856008601686 2018 eng d a1045-224900aAnthropogenic noise disrupts mate searching in Gryllus bimaculatus0 aAnthropogenic noise disrupts mate searching in Gryllus bimaculat cApr-10-20183 a

Many animals use acoustic communication as a means of sending important biological information, such as their location, to potential receivers. However, anthropogenic noise is known to affect the ability of some species to either produce or receive signals, which may influence their reproductive success. In this study, we investigate the effect of anthropogenic noise on the mate-searching behaviors of the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. To accomplish this, phonotaxis trials were conducted with female field crickets under different acoustic conditions, and their ability to detect and move towards conspecific male calls was assessed. The presence of traffic noise reduced the likelihood that the female would approach the male calls and also reduced the time that the female spent attending to the calling stimulus before making her decision. However, the presence of white noise did not reduce the likelihood of approaching the calling speaker, indicating that the average amplitude of anthropogenic noise is, alone, not important in this conflict, but frequency and fluctuations in the stimulus or other characteristics might be. This study supports the hypothesis that anthropogenic noise does indeed influence the detectability of acoustic mate location signals, thus disrupting mate searching behavior.

10aacoustic signals10aanthropogenic noise10aGryllus bimaculatus10amate searching10asexual signals1 aBent, Adam, M1 aIngs, Thomas, C uhttps://academic.oup.com/beheco/advance-article/doi/10.1093/beheco/ary126/511566701924nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245014500054210006900199260001600268300001400284490000700298520136100305100001601666700001901682856006501701 1995 eng d a0022191000aEffects of a tachinid parasitoid, Ormia ochracea, on the behaviour and reproduction of its male and female field cricket hosts (Gryllus spp)0 aEffects of a tachinid parasitoid Ormia ochracea on the behaviour cJan-03-1995 a269 - 2770 v413 a

The larvae of the tachinid parasitoid fly, Ormia ochracea, develop within the body of their host, the field crickets Gryllus integer and Gryllus rubens. The fly will also develop within the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, which is not the natural host. For the first 3 days after entering a cricket, the first instar larvae grew inside the large thoracic muscles, but did little damage to the muscles during this time. They then migrated into the abdomen where they moulted, attached themselves to the body wall and fed primarily on the host's muscle and fat body, sparing the digestive system and CNS. Usually the host's reproductive system was only partially damaged. After the larvae entered the abdominal cavity, the host's mating, egg-laying and fighting ability (males) declined. This decline probably occurred due to the tissue damage wrought by the parasitoid. Less energy-demanding behaviours, such as grooming and feeding, were not affected during the entire period of infestation. During the first instar (when the parasitoid is embedded in the host's muscle), male crickets showed an increased tendency to attack other males. This increased incidence of agonistic behaviour occurred before the parasitoid caused significant tissue damage to the host and must therefore have been due to some other effect of the parasitoid.

1 aAdamo, S.A.1 aRobert, Daniel uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/002219109400095X04414nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245007000055210007000125260001600195300001400211490000700225520397000232100001804202856004804220 1971 eng d a0340-759400aBiophysik der Schallerzeugung durch die Vorderflügel der Grillen0 aBiophysik der Schallerzeugung durch die Vorderflügel der Grillen cJan-01-1971 a272 - 3140 v743 a

In several cricket species (Gryllus campestris L., Gryllus bimaculatus de Geer, and Acheta domesticus L.) the sound-radiating parts of the tegmen have been determined for the calling song. The oscillatory properties of these structures have been analysed.

1.
Extirpation of one harp-area (Fig. 2) lowered the sound pressure level of the first maximum (4–5 kHz) in the sound frequency spectrogram by 18 dB on the average (Fig. 4). This drop was partially reversed by installation of plastic substitutes (Fig. 5).

2.
The radiated sound can be changed by excising teeth on the pars stridens. By this means the damping characteristics of the tegminal resonator were calculated. The logarithmic decrements were between 0.086 and 0.262, depending on the animal.

3.
The sound level distribution on the surface of the tegmen of stridulating males was measured for the 5 kHz-component of the calling song. The fact that a distinct maximum of sound pressure was located on the harp (Fig. 7) demonstrates the sound-radiating function of this structure.

4.
The sound distribution around stridulating animals was measured in the equatorial and median planes (Fig. 8). The sound-radiation is directed. Microphone probe measurements in the 12 mm long cavity under the elevated tegmina showed a caudad directed sound-level-gradient of 9.3 dB on the average.

5.
The cavity under the tegmina has no resonator properties.

6.
The resonance frequency of the harp was calculated to be 5.6 kHz. This value corresponds closely to the measured resonance frequency of the harp, which varies with different specimens of Gryllus campestris from 4.2–5.4 kHz.

7.
Motion pictures of the wing covered with cork powder and excited with sound showed in a direct way the resonator properties of the harp and the mirror (Fig. 9).

8.
The resonance curve of the harp was determined (Fig. 10), and it was shown that the harp is a uniform and linear resonance system (Figs. 11 and 12). The harp frame has no resonator function (Fig. 13).

9.
The amplitude of the harp displacement in response to a sound pulse is an exponential function for the building-up-transient as well as for the dying-out-transient (Figs. 14 and 15).—From the resonance curve and the dying-out-transient the expected phaseshift between the driving force and the resonator displacement can be calculated. Calculated and experimentally determined values for the phase-shift are in good agreement (Fig. 17).

10.
Characteristics of the harp resonator (Q-factor, resonance frequency, response-threshold) were determined. The resonators of the right and left tegmen are differently tuned.

There is a close correlation between the resonance frequency of the harp and the location of the first maximum in the sound frequency spectrogram of the calling song (Table 3).

11.
In comparison with the pressure level of the radiated sound, the response threshold of the harp is rather low. For this reason a stridulating cricket can throw the harp of another animal into resonance (Fig. 18). This has been shown experimentally over distances up to 150 cm.

12.
The harp was artificially damped with a mass and the displacement of the resonance frequency was determined (Fig. 19). From this displacement the mass of the harp was calculated.

13.
In comparison with the harp the mirror is more strongly damped and it is tuned to a higher frequency of 7.2 kHz (Fig. 20 and Table 2).

14.
The tegminal resonators (harp and mirror) of Gryllus bimaculatus and Acheta domesticus (Fig. 21 and Table 2) are comparable to those of Gryllus campestris which have been studied in detail.

1 aNocke, Harald uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0029773002397nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001300041245008400054210006900138260001600207300001600223490000700239520181000246100002902056700002302085700002002108700002102128856006602149 2015 eng d a0960982200aEvolution of a Communication System by Sensory Exploitation of Startle Behavior0 aEvolution of a Communication System by Sensory Exploitation of S cJan-12-2015 a3245 - 32520 v253 a

New communication signals can evolve by sensory exploitation if signaling taps into preexisting sensory biases in receivers [1 ;  2]. For mate attraction, signals are typically similar to attractive environmental cues like food [3; 4; 5 ;  6], which amplifies their attractiveness to mates, as opposed to aversive stimuli like predator cues. Female field crickets approach the low-frequency calling song of males, whereas they avoid high-frequency sounds like predatory bat calls [7]. In one group of crickets (Eneopterinae: Lebinthini), however, males produce exceptionally high-frequency calling songs in the range of bat calls [8], a surprising signal in the context of mate attraction. We found that female lebinthines, instead of approaching singing males, produce vibrational responses after male calls, and males track the source of vibrations to find females. We also demonstrate that field cricket species closely related to the Lebinthini show an acoustic startle response to high-frequency sounds that generates substrate vibrations similar to those produced by female lebinthine crickets. Therefore, the startle response is the most likely evolutionary origin of the female lebinthine vibrational signal. In field crickets, the brain receives activity from two auditory interneurons; AN1 tuned to male calling song controls positive phonotaxis, and AN2 tuned to high-frequency bat calls triggers negative phonotaxis [9 ;  10]. In lebinthine crickets, however, we found that auditory ascending neurons are only tuned to high-frequency sounds, and their tuning matches the thresholds for female vibrational signals. Our results demonstrate how sensory exploitation of anti-predator behavior can evolve into a communication system that benefits both senders and receivers.

1 aHofstede, Hannah, M. ter1 aSchöneich, Stefan1 aRobillard, Tony1 aHedwig, Berthold uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S096098221501358501729nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001300041245015800054210006900212260001600281300001400297490000700311520118100318100001801499856006601517 1988 eng d a0003347200aThe calling song of the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (de geer): constraints on transmission and its role in intermale competition and female choice0 acalling song of the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus de geer co cJan-04-1988 a380 - 3940 v363 a

Field studies of calling male field crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus, showed that males formed calling aggregations. Within aggregations males appeared to maintain an exclusive female-attraction zone about their burrows; calling song may thus serve as an aggressive signal to neighbouring males to maintain spacing. Calling song attenuates with distance. Furthermore, calls became degraded with distance by the loss of low frequency components and a reduction in the interval between chirps and pulses due to reverberation. Playback experiments suggested that the predictable degrading properties of the call may serve as a distance-finding mechanism maintaining observed male spacing. The intensity of calls and the repetition rate of chirps and pulses was positively correlated with male size. While information contained within the intensity parameter of calls may prove unreliable due to unpredictable attenuation and irregular amplitude fluctuations, the repetition rate of chirps and pulses was not affected by distance degradation. Playback experiments in which intensity was controlled suggested that females orientate preferentially to the calls of large males.

1 aSimmons, L.W. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334728880009501289nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245014200054210006900196260001600265300001600281490000700297520072100304100002301025700001701048856006601065 1992 eng d a0003347200aVariability in call structure and pairing success of male field crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus: the effects of age, size and parasite load0 aVariability in call structure and pairing success of male field  cJan-12-1992 a1145 - 11520 v443 a

The effects of male body size, age and gregarine parasite load on the structure of calls and success at attracting mates were investigated in a natural population of the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. The syllable rate within chirps was negatively related to male size, and the duration of syllables was positively related to size. Older males had more variable syllable rates within their chirps. Size did not influence pairing success. However, paired males were significantly older than solitary calling males. Parasitic infection influenced the pairing success of young males but not old males. These data are discussed in the context of direct and indirect selection for female mating preferences.

1 aSimmons, Leigh, W.1 aZuk, Marlene uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334720580326402082nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245012000055210006900175260002000244300001300264490000700277520137400284100002501658700002101683700002501704700002701729856014401756 2017 eng d a1742-568900aFrequency tuning and directional sensitivity of tympanal vibrations in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus0 aFrequency tuning and directional sensitivity of tympanal vibrati cDec-28-20172018 a201700350 v143 a

Female field crickets use phonotaxis to locate males by their calling song. Male song production and female behavioural sensitivity form a pair of matched frequency filters, which in Gryllus bimaculatus are tuned to a frequency of about 4.7 kHz. Directional sensitivity is supported by an elaborate system of acoustic tracheae, which make the ears function as pressure difference receivers. As a result, phase differences between left and right sound inputs are transformed into vibration amplitude differences. Here we critically tested the hypothesis that acoustic properties of internal transmissions play a major role in tuning directional sensitivity to the calling song frequency, by measuring tympanal vibrations as a function of sound direction and frequency. Rather than sharp frequency tuning of directional sensitivity corresponding to the calling song, we found broad frequency tuning, with optima shifted to higher frequencies. These findings agree with predictions from a vector summation model for combining external and internal sounds. We show that the model provides robust directional sensitivity that is, however, broadly tuned with an optimum well above the calling song frequency. We therefore advocate that additional filtering, e.g. at a higher (neuronal) level, significantly contributes to frequency tuning of directional sensitivity.

1 aLankheet, Martin, J.1 aCerkvenik, Uroš1 aLarsen, Ole, Næsbye1 avan Leeuwen, Johan, L. uhttp://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/lookup/doi/10.1098/rsif.2017.0035https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1098/rsif.2017.003501408nas a2200229 4500008004100000245010900041210006900150300001200219490000700231520069300238653001400931653002200945653002400967653002400991653002401015653002201039653002401061653001401085100001701099700002101116856004101137 1988 eng d00aPhysical processes and mechanism of sound production in Field Cricket Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer0 aPhysical processes and mechanism of sound production in Field Cr a109-1200 v133 a

The paper describes the acoustic apparatus of field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. A model is proposed for the mechanism of sound production. Physical and acoustic apparatus are reported. Mutilation experiments on the elytra of the insect were performed to study the relative contribution of the components of the acoustic apparatus. Different physical processes involved in the sound production such as signal generation, amplification, frequency modukation (FM) and amplitude modulation (AM) are discussed. The quality of the sound analysed by the sonagraphic technique. It consists of fundamnetal (5kHz) and two overtones (10,5 & 16kHz), the former being prominent.

10aamplifier10aelytral vibration10afile-scraper system10afrequency geneartor10afrequency modulator10africtional system10aGryllus bimaculatus10aresonance1 aAhmad, Adeel1 aSiddiqui, M., A. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/es/node/1724200468nas a2200109 4500008004100000245014800041210006900189300001000258490000800268100002200276856006000298 1985 eng d00aTemperature Coupling and ‘Trade-Off’ Phenomena in the Acoustic Communication System of the Cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer (Gryllidae)0 aTemperature Coupling and TradeOff Phenomena in the Acoustic Comm a17-350 v1141 aDoherty, John, A. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/114/1/17.article-info01526nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001300041245010600054210006900160260001600229520103700245100002201282700002201304856006601326 2017 eng d a1226861500aVolcanic ash decreases mating effort in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)0 aVolcanic ash decreases mating effort in the field cricket Gryllu cJan-01-20173 a

Volcanic eruptions have serious impacts on ecosystems from individual behavior to community structure. Volcanic ash has an especially widespread effect on organisms, as it can be dispersed over a greater distance by the wind than are other volcanic products. We examined the effect of volcanic ash on calling songs and mating behavior of the male field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Adult males were randomly assigned to one of four treatments comprising different floor material (volcanic ash, filter paper, vermiculite, and Akadama soil), and parameters of calling songs and mating behavior were measured. The dominant frequency of calling song lowered by the volcanic ash. Males reared on volcanic ash and soil exhibited lower calling rates per night. Furthermore, males reared on ash and vermiculite exhibited a longer latency to courtship period than those reared on the other floor materials. Our results showed that floor material does affect the mating efforts of male field crickets.

1 aKuriwada, Takashi1 aReddy, Gadi, V.P. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S122686151630196002042nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245007700055210006900132260001600201300001400217490000800231520141900239653002701658653002001685653001801705653001801723653001501741100002501756856005501781 2014 eng d a0340-759400aSelective phonotaxis of female crickets under natural outdoor conditions0 aSelective phonotaxis of female crickets under natural outdoor co cJan-03-2014 a239 - 2500 v2003 aAcoustic mate choice in insects has been extensively studied under laboratory conditions, using different behavioural paradigms. Ideally, however, mate choice designs should reflect natural conditions, including the physical properties of the transmission channel for the signal. Since little is known about the discrimination ability of females between male song variants under natural conditions, we performed phonotaxis experiments with female field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) outdoors, using two-choice decisions based on differences in carrier frequency, sound pressure level, and chirp rate. For all three song parameters, minimum differences necessary for a significant preference between two song models were considerably larger outdoors compared to laboratory conditions. A minimum amplitude difference of 5 dB was required for a significant choice in the field, compared to only 1–2 dB reported for lab-based experiments. Due to the tuned receiver system, differences in carrier frequency equal differences in perceived loudness, and the results on choice for differences in carrier frequency corroborate those in amplitude. Similarly, chirp rate differences of 50 chirps/min were required outdoors compared to only 20 chirps/min in the lab. For predictions about patterns of sexual selection, future studies need to consider the different outcomes of mate choice decisions in lab and field trials.10aacoustic communication10aDecision making10aFemale choice10aField cricket10aphonotaxis1 aHirtenlehner, Stefan uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-014-0881-7