00365nas a2200085 4500008004100000245009300041210006900134100001900203856005700222 1988 eng d00aTraps for Collecting Live Euphasiopteryx depleta (Diptera: Tachinidae) at a Sound Source0 aTraps for Collecting Live Euphasiopteryx depleta Diptera Tachini1 aFowler, H., G. uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/3495023?origin=crossref01406nas a2200121 4500008004100000245012400041210006900165520093100234100002201165700001801187700002301205856005601228 1996 eng d00aTemporal patterns of parasitoid fly ( Ormia ochracea) attraction to field cricket song ( Gryllus integer)0 aTemporal patterns of parasitoid fly iOrmia ochraceai attraction 3 a

Female flies, Ormia ochracea (Diptera, Tachinidae), orient to the calling song of the field cricket Gryllus integer (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) and deposit larvae that burrow into and consume the cricket host. Selection pressure from O. ochracea has probably been important in the evolution of male cricket songs and mating behaviour in G. integer and other cricket species. Tape-recorded G. integer calling song was broadcast to study the temporal rate of attraction of O. ochracea. Flies became phonotactic to cricket song approximately at sunset, and the highest level of attraction was observed in the following hours of the evening. Fly phonotaxis decreased in the hours immediately preceding sunrise and no flies were attracted during daylight hours. More male G. integer call at sunrise and in the preceding hours than earlier in the evening, perhaps in response to the lower probability of attracting O. ochracea.

1 aCade, William, H.1 aCiceran, Mark1 aMurray, Anne-Marie uhttp://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/z96-04602548nas a2200097 4500008004100000245018400041210006900225520198700294100002102281856014802302 1995 eng d00aThe biology of the phonotactic parasitoid, Homotrixa sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae), and its impact on the survival of male Sciarasaga quadrata (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) in the field0 abiology of the phonotactic parasitoid Homotrixa sp Diptera Tachi3 a

1. Unlike most parasitoids, tachinid flies of the tribe Ormiini use sound to locate their hosts. Although thought to exert selection pressure on their host's calling behaviour, little is known about the biology of ormiines. Accordingly, this study reports the biology and impact of the ormiine Hornotrixa sp. upon calling males of the univoltine bushcricket Sciarasaga quadrata Rentz in south‐western Australia.

2. Populations of adult S.quadrata were monitored in the field over two successive calling seasons. Females, which do not call, were not parasitized by Hornotrixa sp., but the risk of parasitism for males increased as the 3‐month calling season progressed. Parasitism did not commence until c. 2 weeks into the calling season, but by the end of the season up to 87% of surviving males were parasitized.

3. Parasitized males lived for 14 days and were found singing until their penultimate evening before death in the field. Unparasitized males lived on average 69 days and a maximum of 119 days.

4. Multiparasitism of hosts was common, with up to sixteen fly larvae found within parasitized males. The number of fly larvae within hosts significantly increased at the end of the season. However, successful emergence of fly larvae from hosts, as well as pupal size, significantly decreased as more than one fly larva developed within the host.

5. Homotrixa sp. has a long pupal duration of 30–31 days at 20°C. As a consequence, only one complete fly generation, which overwinters in the pupal stage, is likely within each host generation.

6. No evidence for differential (size‐bias) mortality by Homotrixa sp. on male S.quadrata was found. The size of parasitized and unparasitized males collected in the field was not significantly different.

7. It is concluded that Homotrixa sp. is a significant mortality factor acting on the survival of adult male S.quadrata.

1 aALLEN, GEOFF, R. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1995.tb00435.xhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2311.1995.tb00435.x01733nas a2200169 4500008004100000245013900041210006900180520110400249653002701353653003301380653001201413653001501425653001801440100002801458700002601486856005101512 1998 eng d00aBushcricket song structure and predation by the acoustically orienting parasitoid fly Therobia leonidei (Diptera: Tachinidae: Ormiini)0 aBushcricket song structure and predation by the acoustically ori3 a

Males of most bushcricket species produce acoustic advertisement signals to attract females for mating. These signals can also increase conspicuousness to predators. In the genus Poecilimon (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae) males are attacked by the parasitoid fly Therobia leonidei (Diptera: Tachinidae: Ormiini) which locates males by their calls. In Greece T.leonidei parasitizes several Poecilimon species with different song structures: we examined whether host choice is related to song structure by comparing parasitism rates in two closely related Poecilimon species. One of these species produces monosyllabic songs, the songs of the other species being polysyllabic. The tachinid fly parasitized the polysyllabic species to a greater extent. We demonstrate in a field-experiment that this preference for the polysyllabic species does not depend on local adaptations of the fly. The most probable explanation for the preference of the fly for the polysyllabic singing species seems to be better detection of longer songs. This result is discussed in the context of male song evolution.

10aacoustic communication10aHost-parasitoid relationship10aOrmiini10aOrthoptera10aTettigonoidea1 aLehmann, Gerlind, U. C.1 aHELLER, KLAUS-GERHARD uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00265005048801452nas a2200109 4500008004100000245011800041210006900159520102300228100002001251700002001271856005101291 2006 eng d00aThe ability of the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea to distinguish sounds in the vertical plane0 aability of the parasitoid fly iOrmia ochraceai to distinguish so3 a

The parasitic fly Ormia ochracea localizes its host, field crickets, by homing in on their calling song. Previous phonotactic studies indicate that their sound localization ability in azimuth is extraordinarily acute, but the fly’s ability to localize the elevation of sound sources has not been tested to date. Here we show that in a freely-walking closed-loop Y-maze task elevational performance is well above chance, but slightly below the fly’s performance in azimuth. Immobilizing the head or the halteres (sensory organs of balance) slightly lowered elevational discrimination, but performance was still well above chance. Because ormiine ears are thought to be symmetric and the pure-tone models of a cricket’s call used in these experiments contained little to no spectral bandwidth, additional studies will be needed to elucidate the underlying cues. Nonetheless, it is clear that while walking, Ormia flies are capable of distinguishing sound sources that differ only in elevation.

1 aArthur, Ben, J.1 aHoy, Ronald, R. uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.222593602299nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008200041210006900123520186900192100001802061700001602079700002602095856005602121 2005 eng d00aThe start of phonotactic walking in the fly Ormia ochracea: a kinematic study0 astart of phonotactic walking in the fly Ormia ochracea a kinemat3 a

Ormia ochracea (Diptera, Tachinidae) are acoustic parasitoids of crickets that have one of the most directionally sensitive auditory systems known. We studied dynamic characteristics of walking phonotaxis in these flies in response to variations in sound source azimuth, and compared phonotaxis of flies in freely walking conditions to tethered flies walking on a treadmill. Motor patterns at the initiation of phonotaxis are not stereotyped even for similar stimulus conditions. Flies respond to directional sound sources by walking in a tight curve that combines rotation and forward translation until they are oriented towards the source direction, then continue on a straight path. Translational velocity accelerates throughout the duration of the stimulus then decelerates following stimulus offset. In contrast, rotational velocity accelerates and then decelerates within the duration of the stimulus such that flies have completed the rotational component of the response and reached their final heading before the end of the stimulus. Rotational velocity is the only response parameter that varies systematically with sound source direction (azimuth). Differences in the amplitude of rotational velocity as a function of source azimuth determine the directional orientation of phonotactic responses. The relationship between rotational velocity and source azimuth is similar to a neural measure of auditory directionality (interaural latency). There were some differences between freely walking and tethered conditions, although both showed qualitatively similar responses. Flies accelerated more slowly and attained lower maximum velocities on the treadmill, consistent with the greater inertia of the treadmill sphere relative to the flies. Also, flies tended to continue walking longer on the treadmill following cessation of the stimulus.

1 aMason, A., C.1 aLee, Norman1 aOshinsky, Michael, L. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.0192602420nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001400041245014400055210006900199260001600268300001200284490000700296520152100303653001101824653001101835653001201846653001801858653001601876653002101892653001601913653001001929653001501939653001501954653001201969100001701981700001901998700001802017700002002035856005102055 2008 eng d a0006-897700aAuditory Sensitivity of an Acoustic Parasitoid (Emblemasoma sp., Sarcophagidae, Diptera) and the Calling Behavior of Potential Hosts0 aAuditory Sensitivity of an Acoustic Parasitoid iEmblemasomai sp  cJan-01-2008 a16 - 260 v723 a

Using field broadcasts of model male calling songs, we tested whether Tibicen pruinosa and T. chloromera (Homoptera: Cicadidae) are candidate hosts for acoustic parasitoid flies. The model calling song of T. pruinosa attracted 90% of the flies (Sarcophagidae: Emblemasoma sp.; all larvapositing females) when broadcast simultaneously with the model T. chloromera song, a phonotactic bias reconfirmed in single song playbacks. In paired broadcasts of model T. pruinosa songs with different relative amplitudes (3 dB or 6 dB), significantly more flies were attracted to the more powerful song, a result consistent with the responses predicted by a model proposed by Forrest and Raspet [1994]. Using intracellular recordings and dye injections, we characterized the sensitivity of auditory units in sound-trapped flies. Intracellular recordings from six auditory units (5 interneurons, 1 afferent) revealed best sensitivity for frequencies near 3-4 kHz, matching the predominant spectral components of the calling songs of both species of cicada. Interestingly, although flies could be attracted to T. pruinosa broadcasts throughout the day, hourly censuses of singing males revealed that calling occurred exclusively at dusk. Furthermore, the duration of the dusk chorus in T. pruinosa was significantly shorter than the midday chorus of the less attractive song of T. chloromera. We propose that the tight temporal aggregation of the dusk chorus time could function to reduce risk from attracted parasitoids.

10aChorus10aCicada10acricket10aDiel Behavior10aEmblemasoma10afrequency tuning10ainterneuron10aOrmia10aparasitoid10aphonotaxis10aTibicen1 aFarris, H.E.1 aOshinsky, M.L.1 aForrest, T.G.1 aHoy, Ronald, R. uhttps://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/13945802400nas a2200193 4500008004100000245014000041210006900181520172100250653001601971653002701987653002302014653001402037653001802051653002502069100002202094700002402116700002302140856004302163 2018 eng d00aSeasonal variation in abundance and diversity of eavesdropping frog-biting midges (Diptera, Corethrellidae) in a neotropical rainforest0 aSeasonal variation in abundance and diversity of eavesdropping f3 a

In the tropics, precipitation patterns result in seasonal fluctuations in the abundance and distribution of plant and animal species. Tropical predators and parasites are therefore faced with seasonal changes in prey and host availability.
2. This study investigates the seasonal interaction among a specialised ectoparasite, eavesdropping frog-biting midges (Corethrella spp.), and their anuran hosts, examining how the abundance and diversity of the frog-biting midge community fluctuate between the rainy (host abundant) and dry (host sparse) seasons.
3. Midges were captured in both the rainy and dry seasons using acoustic playbacks of calls from a common frog species that breeds during the rainy season, the túngara frog (Engystomops, Physalaemus, pustulosus). During the dry season túngara frog choruses are absent. To explore seasonal shifts in host preference or changes in the midge community due to host specificity, midges were also captured using playbacks of calls from a frog that breeds during the dry season, the pug-nosed tree frog (Smilisca sila).
4. While the overall abundance of midges decreased in the dry season, only slight differences in the relative abundance between midge species were found. These results suggest that midge populations can shift between hosts as they become available across seasons, allowing adult populations of frog-biting midges to persist year-round. To overcome the challenge of detecting and localising different host species, it is proposed that frog-biting midges have evolved a generalised acoustic template, allowing them to respond to a broad range of available hosts, regardless of seasonal host composition.

10aCorethrella10aEngystomops pustulosus10afrog-biting midges10aphenology10aSmilisca sila10atropical seasonality1 aLegett, Henry, D.1 aBARANOV, VIKTOR, A.1 aBernal, Ximena, E. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/een.1249205028nas a2200121 4500008004100000245003200041210003000073520469600103100002104799700002204820700002304842856004104865 2014 eng d00aBe loved, be prey, be eaten0 aBe loved be prey be eaten3 a

Animal communication is one of the most fundamental of all social behaviors. It modulates interactions among neighbors and strangers, siblings and parents, and individuals and their prospective mates. One of the most fundamental functions of communication is to enhance the sender’s conspicuousness, to cause the sender to stand out against the background so it can be detected by the receiver. This is a challenge for signals that function over long distances, such as those that function in territorial advertisement and mate attraction, because signal intensity and fidelity decrease with distance from the sender. At longer distances a signal is less likely to be above the receiver’s threshold for detection and recognition, and it is also more likely to be masked by noise as the intensity of noise at the receiver is independent of its distance from the sender.

Another type of noise is generated by conspecifics signaling in the same channel. We may perceive a chorus of frogs or insects as a melodious, even co- operative unit. But to members of the chorus the calls of their neighbors are every bit as deleterious to their own call’s ability to be detected as is environ- mental noise. There is also “noise” within the perceptual systems of the receiver that ameliorates signal detection. One example is habituation. Upon continual exposure to a signal, an animal will tend to ignore it, and some of the animal’s neurons will cease to fire. Another type of perceptual noise is incremental forgetting of a signal once it is perceived. Some signals are more memorable than others, surviving longer in the receiver’s memory. The importance of conspecific noise and perceptual noise is usually less appreciated in animal communication studies than is environmental noise.

Selection often will favor senders to produce communication signals that stand out against these three types of background noise. Conspicuousness is accomplished in a variety of ways. In the acoustic domain animals can use fre- quency bands that contain less noise; they can call longer, at a faster rate, or at a higher amplitude; they can call during periods when others are silent; and they can produce calls that are more complex. Visual signals can stand out more against background when their spectral properties and spatial patterns differ from those in the background, when colors are brighter and patterns are more complex, and when motion patterns associated with the signal, such as push-up displays in lizards, are different than the pattern of background movement, such as vegetation being blow in the wind (e.g., Fleishman, 1992). Increasing signal complexity in both the acoustic and visual domains can to some extent remedy the receiver habituating to and forgetting a signal. There is less known about how chemical, tactile, and electrical signals can enhance contrast with the background.

In a survey of preferences for sexual signals, Michael Ryan and Anne Keddy-Hector (1992) showed that across modalities prospective mates tended to prefer sexual signals that were greater in magnitude: longer and louder, faster and brighter, more complex and with more background contrast. Although there were numerous cases in which prospective mates preferred signals that were near the population mean, there were few cases in which there was a preference for signals of lesser magnitude. A simple rule of thumb for sexual signals is that more is better. Selection for signal efficacy, however, creates a dilemma for the sender: the curse of unintended receivers. In general, each signal has evolved under selection to communi- cate with a specific intended receiver. In the case of sexual advertisement sig- nals, the intended receivers are prospective mates, usually female conspecifics. Other receivers can also detect and respond to signals even if there was no selection on the sender to communicate with them. We refer to these receivers as eavesdroppers or unintended receivers. It is important to note that the terms intended and unintended should not imply intention- ality but instead refer to hypotheses about the selection forces that favored the evolution of these signals. With few exceptions, senders and receivers do not communicate in a private channel. The world is populated by unin- tended receivers, eavesdroppers who are attendant to the signals of senders, often to the demise of senders. In this chapter we explore the tension that exists in sexual communication systems between being conspicuous to potential mates and attracting eavesdroppers, between being loved, being prey, and being eaten.

1 aPage, Rachel, A.1 aRyan, Michael, J.1 aBernal, Ximena, E. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/fi/node/5755502217nas a2200169 4500008004100000245007100041210006900112520157100181653001401752653002401766653002401790653001501814653002201829653001601851100002601867856015401893 2002 eng d00aPhysiology of the Auditory Afferents in an Acoustic Parasitoid Fly0 aPhysiology of the Auditory Afferents in an Acoustic Parasitoid F3 a

The fly, Ormia ochracea, possess a novel auditory organ, which allows it to detect airborne sounds. The mechanical coupling of its pair of tympanal membranes provides the basis for a unique means of sensing the direction of a sound source. In this study, we characterized the neuroanatomy, frequency tuning, and neurophysiological response properties of the acoustic afferents. Our experiments demonstrate that the fly's nervous system is able to encode and localize the direction of a sound source, although the binaural auditory cues available in the acoustic sound field are miniscule. Almost all of the acoustic afferents recorded in this study responded to short and long sound pulses with a phasic burst of one to four action potentials. A few afferents responded tonically for the duration of the sound stimulus. A prominent class of afferents responds to suprathreshold stimuli with only a single spike discharge, independent of stimulus level, frequency, or duration. We also tested the response of the afferents to speakers separated by 180° along the azimuth of the fly. We found that the afferent responses have a shorter latency because of ipsilateral stimulation. This could be a temporal code of the direction of a sound source. The threshold frequency tuning for the afferents revealed a range of sensitivities to the frequency of the cricket host's calling song frequency. The difference in the number of afferents above threshold on either side of the animal is a population code, which can also be used for sound localization.

10aarthropod10adirectional hearing10amechanical coupling10aparasitoid10apopulation coding10atime coding1 aOshinsky, Michael, L. uhttp://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-16-07254.2002https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-16-07254.200201922nas a2200169 4500008004100000245016900041210006900210520130700279653002001586653001201606653001501618653001501633100002101648700002201669700001801691856004301709 2019 eng d00aDiscovery of an acoustically locating parasitoid with a potential role in divergence of song types among sympatric populations of the bush cricket Mecopoda elongata0 aDiscovery of an acoustically locating parasitoid with a potentia3 a

The bush cricket Mecopoda elongata provides a striking example of sympatric intraspecific divergence in mating signals. Five completely dis- tinct song types are found in various parapatric and sympatric locations in South India. While there is convincing evidence that population diver- gence in M. elongata is being maintained as a result of divergence in acous- tic signals, cuticular chemical profiles, and genital characters, the causes of the evolution of such divergence in the first place are unknown. We describe the discovery of a tachinid parasitoid with an orthopteroid hear- ing mechanism affecting M. elongata. This parasitoid may have a role in driving the extraordinary divergence that had occurred among M. elongata song types. Over two years we sampled individuals of three sympatric song types in the wild and retained individuals in captivity to reveal rates of parasitization. We found that all three song types were infected with the parasitoid but that there were significant differences among song types in their probability of being infected. The probability of tachinid parasitiza- tion also differed between the two sampling periods. Therefore, it is pos- sible that parasitoid infection plays a role in song type divergence among sympatric bush cricket populations.

10acryptic species10akatydid10aspeciation10aTachinidae1 aDutta, Rochishnu1 aReddy, Manjunatha1 aTregenza, Tom uhttps://jor.pensoft.net/article/34115/01097nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001300041245010400054210006900158260001600227300001400243490000700257520054200264100002100806700001800827700001600845856006600861 1987 eng d a0003347200aMale size and mating success in Drosophila melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura under field conditions0 aMale size and mating success in Drosophila melanogaster and D ps cJan-04-1987 a468 - 4760 v353 a

Wild mating male D. melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura were larger than randomly sampled males. That this was due to size and not a confounding effect of age was confirmed by release experiments with D. melanogaster of standard age; larger males were at a mating advantage with virgin and inseminated females. In both species larger males delivered more courtship and in D. pseudoobscura they won more aggressive encounters. These results on Drosophila in the field confirm and extend those previously obtained in the laboratory.

1 aPartridge, Linda1 aHoffmann, Ary1 aJones, J.S. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334728780272501986nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001300041245008600054210006900140260001600209300001600225490000700241520145700248100001701705700001301722700001501735856006601750 1984 eng d a0003347200aAcoustic courtship signals in the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew)0 aAcoustic courtship signals in the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha cJan-11-1984 a1011 - 10160 v323 a

Male Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) produce two sounds in sexual contexts, calling songs and precopulatory songs. Calling song occurs during pheromone release from territories within leks and consists of repeated bursts of sound (pulse trains). Virgin female A. suspensa became more active in the presence of recorded calling songs. Activity during the broadcast of a heterospecific song did not differ from movement during periods of silence. A conspecific song typical of smaller males, i.e. conspicuous for its long periods between pulse trains, also failed to elicit more activity by virgin females than silence. Mated females were most active during silences. Unmated males had no obvious reaction to sound. Calling songs are apparently sexually important communications which females discriminate among and may use as cues for locating and/or choosing between mates. Precopulatory song is produced by mounted males just before and during the early stages of copulation. Males that did not produce such songs remained coupled for shorter periods, perhaps passing fewer sperm. Wingless (muted) males were more likely to complete aedeagal insertion if a recorded precopulatory song was broadcast. Calling song played at the same level (90 dB) had no significant effect on the acceptance of males, nor did precopulatory song at a lower SPL (52dB). Precopulatory song may be used to display male vigour to choosing females.

1 aSivinski, J.1 aBurk, T.1 aWebb, J.C. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334728480214602200nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245012500055210006900180260001600249520138400265653001801649653002401667653002001691653001001711653001401721100002601735700002101761700002101782700002301803700001801826700002001844856009401864 2018 eng d a0024-406600aRapid divergence of courtship song in the face of neutral genetic homogeneity in the cactophilic fly Drosophila buzzatii0 aRapid divergence of courtship song in the face of neutral geneti cJan-08-20193 a

A wide spectrum of song complexity has been documented in a broad range of animal taxa. However, the underlying processes shaping acoustic differences are still poorly understood. Empirical and theoretical studies suggest that different song parameters may be subject to different tempos and modes of evolution, resulting in a complex combination of stabilizing and directional selection that change among populations and through time. Nonetheless, the contribution of genetic drift to acoustic divergence is largely unexplored. In this study, we used the QST–FST approach to investigate the relative role of selective and neutral processes in the evolution of courtship song in the cactophilic fly Drosophila buzzatii. We quantified variation in courtship song among 12 populations using flies reared under common-garden conditions. We found among-population divergence in courtship song parameters, but genetic homogeneity and no population structure. Using both mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers, we found evidence consistent with a role for directional selection causing song divergence. We discuss the statistical difficulties of detecting stabilizing selection as opposed to directional selection in our data. The role of song parameters in mate recognition and mate choice, and the role of sexual selection in song elaboration are also discussed.

10acommon-garden10adivergent selection10amicrosatellites10amtDNA10aQST–FST1 aIglesias, Patricia, P1 aSoto, Ignacio, M1 aSoto, Eduardo, M1 aCalderón, Luciano1 aHurtado, Juan1 aHasson, Esteban uhttps://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/bly108/507311701293nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245008500055210006900140260001600209300001600225490000800241520069000249100001900939700001500958700002000973856013000993 1992 eng d a0036-807500aThe evolutionary convergence of hearing in a parasitoid fly and its cricket host0 aevolutionary convergence of hearing in a parasitoid fly and its  cJan-11-1993 a1135 - 11370 v2583 a

Parasitism is a widespread and diverse life strategy that connects species throughout the animal kingdom. Female parasitoid flies of the genus Ormia must find a specific cricket host on which to deposit their parasitic maggots. To reproduce, female flies must perform the same task as female crickets: find a singing male cricket. These flies have evolved a unique hearing organ that allows them to detect and locate singing male crickets. Through evolutionary convergence, these flies possess a hearing organ that much more resembles a cricket's ear than a typical fly's ear, allowing these parasitoids to take advantage of the sensory ecological niche of their host.

1 aRobert, Daniel1 aAmoroso, J1 aHoy, Ronald, R. uhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1439820https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1126/science.143982000532nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245007100055210006900126260001600195300001600211490000800227100002100235856014200256 1975 eng d a0036-807500aAcoustically Orienting Parasitoids: Fly Phonotaxis to Cricket Song0 aAcoustically Orienting Parasitoids Fly Phonotaxis to Cricket Son cFeb-12-1977 a1312 - 13130 v1901 aCade, William H. uhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.190.4221.1312https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1126/science.190.4221.131201823nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245010600055210006900161260001600230300001400246490000600260520130900266100002401575856007801599 1996 eng d a1045-224900aConvergent song preferences between female field crickets and acoustically orienting parasitoid flies0 aConvergent song preferences between female field crickets and ac cJan-01-1996 a279 - 2850 v73 a

Traits that increase the attractiveness of males to females often make them more conspicuous to predators. In the field cricket (Gryllus lineaticeps), males are attacked by parasitoid tachinid flies (Ormia ochracea) that locate males through their calls. Female flies larviposit on crickets and the larvae burrow into and feed on the cricket, killing the cricket upon emergence. To determine whether traits preferred by females increase a male's risk of attracting a predator, I examined the effect of variation in male singing behavior on mate and predator attraction. Both female crickets and female flies preferred male calling songs with higher chirp rates, longer chirp durations, and higher chirp amplitudes. In addition, both female crickets and female flies preferred male calling songs with higher chirp rates and longer chirp durations, even when these songs were of lower amplitude. These results suggest that sexual selection by female choice will favor the evolution of higher chirp rates and longer chirp durations. However, call types that increase a male's attractiveness to females also appear to increase a male's risk of attracting parasitoids. Sexual and natural selection appear to have opposing effects on the evolution of male singing behavior in this species.

1 aWagner, William, E. uhttps://academic.oup.com/beheco/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/beheco/7.3.27900979nas a2200145 4500008004100000245006900041210006600110260001600176300001400192490000700206520052000213100001700733700003000750856005300780 1968 eng d00aACOUSTICAL COMMUNICATION BY LIPARA LUCENS (DIPTERA, CHLOROPIDAE)0 aACOUSTICAL COMMUNICATION BY LIPARA LUCENS DIPTERA CHLOROPIDAE cJan-12-1968 a397 - 4020 v113 a

Males of Lipara lucens Mg, living on stems of Common Reed (Phragmites communis Trin.) emit acoustical signals perceived at a distance by a female fly sitting on the same reed stem as vibration of the substrate. Virgin females respond to these signals by vibrating, which in turn elicits searching behaviour in the male fly. It is suggested that this behaviour reduces the time required to find a partner, because a reed stem needs only be visited briefly to ascertain whether a receptive female is present.

1 aMOOK, J., H.1 aBruggemann, Christina, G. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/eea.1968.11.issue-401933nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001300041245006000054210005900114260001600173300001400189490000800203520114200211653001901353653002901372653002701401653002401428653001601452653002201468653002101490100001901511700002401530700002501554700002201579856006601601 2017 eng d a0003347200aMate choice intensifies motor signalling in Drosophila0 aMate choice intensifies motor signalling in Drosophila cJan-11-2017 a169 - 1870 v1333 a

Mate choice has the potential to act on the evolution of motor performance via its direct influence on motor sexual signals. However, studies demonstrating this are rare. Here, we performed an in-depth analysis of Drosophila pseudoobscura courtship song rate, a motor signal under mate choice in this species, and analysed the response of this signal to sexual selection manipulation using experimental evolution. We show that manipulating the opportunity for sexual selection led to changes in song production rate and singing endurance, with males from the polyandrous populations producing faster song rates over longer time periods than males from monogamous populations. We also show that song rate was correlated with estimates of overall courtship vigour. Our results suggest that the action of mate choice on a motor signal has affected male motor performance displayed during courtship. We consider potential selective benefits associated with changes in motor performance, including condition- dependent signalling, and discuss the implications of these results for the study of motor signals un- der sexual selection.

10acourtship song10aDrosophila pseudoobscura10aexperimental evolution10ainterpulse interval10amate choice10amotor performance10asexual selection1 aDebelle, Allan1 aCourtiol, Alexandre1 aRitchie, Michael, G.1 aSnook, Rhonda, R. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721730301902139nas a2200145 4500008004100000245008300041210006900124260001600193300001000209490000600219520166600225100002601891700002401917856005201941 2010 eng d00aFemale Field Crickets Incur Increased Parasitism Risk When Near Preferred Song0 aFemale Field Crickets Incur Increased Parasitism Risk When Near  cSep-03-2010 ae95920 v53 a

Female animals often prefer males with conspicuous traits because these males provide direct or indirect benefits. Conspicuous male traits, however, can attract predators. This not only increases the risk of predation for conspicuous males but also for the females that prefer them. In the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps, males that produce preferred song types provide females with greater material benefits, but they are also more likely to attract lethal parasitoid flies. First, we conducted a field experiment that tested the hypothesis that females have a greater risk of fly parasitism when in association with preferred high chirp rate males. Females were nearly twice as likely to be parasitized when caged with high chirp rate song than when caged with low chirp rate song. Females may thus be forced to trade off the quality of the benefits they receive from mating with preferred males and the risk of being killed by a predator when near these males. Second, we assessed female parasitism rates in a natural population. Up to 6% of the females were parasitized in field samples. Because the females we collected could have become parasitized had they not been collected, this provides a minimum estimate of the female parasitism rate in the field. In a laboratory study, we found no difference in the proportion of time parasitized and unparasitized females spent hiding under shelters; thus, differences in activity patterns do not appear to have biased our estimate of female parasitism rates. Overall, our results suggest that female association costs have the potential to shape the evolution of female mating preferences.

1 aMartin, Cassandra, M.1 aWagner, William, E. uhttp://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.000959201996nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001300041245015400054210006900208260001600277300001300293490000700306520106800313653002701381653003101408653003501439653001801474653001901492653001901511653001901530100002001549700002401569700002101593700002101614700001701635856006601652 2007 eng d a0003347200aBehavioural specialization among populations of the acoustically orienting parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea utilizing different cricket species as hosts0 aBehavioural specialization among populations of the acoustically cJan-01-2007 a99 - 1040 v733 a

Tightly coupled evolutionary associations between parasites and their hosts are well known. What is less well characterized is the behavioural specialization of parasites that exploit different hosts in different parts of the parasite’s geographical range. Here we examine behavioural specialization among populations of a parasitoid fly, Ormia ochracea, that exploit different host species of crickets in different parts of the fly’s range. We conducted a field experiment to compare phonotactic attraction of flies from Florida, Texas, California and Hawaii (U.S.A.) to the songs of their local host species of cricket versus their attraction to the songs of species of crickets utilized as hosts elsewhere within the flies’ range. We found strong behavioural specialization of fly populations, with preferential phonotaxis towards the song of the local host species of cricket. These results suggest strong behavioural specialization of flies, but that specialization does not constrain or preclude the rapid adoption of novel hosts.

10aacoustic communication10abehavioural specialization10adiptera-orthoptera coevolution10aeavesdropping10ahost selection10aOrmia ochracea10aparasitoid fly1 aGray, David, A.1 aBanuelos, Christina1 aWalker, Sean, E.1 aCade, William H.1 aZuk, Marlene uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334720600393902192nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001300041245012200054210006900176260001600245300001400261490000700275520150200282653001201784653001901796653001501815653001901830653001401849100002501863700002001888856006601908 2011 eng d a0003347200aHost song selection by an acoustically orienting parasitoid fly exploiting a multispecies assemblage of cricket hosts0 aHost song selection by an acoustically orienting parasitoid fly  cJan-04-2011 a851 - 8580 v813 a

Specialization by predators, parasites and parasitoids is often viewed as adaptive because specialization will usually increase search efficiency for suitable hosts (prey). Although many studies have documented interspecific variation in the degree of host specialization, few studies have examined intraspecific variation in specialization among different populations exploiting different numbers of hosts, and even fewer have specifically examined variation in behavioural specialization. Here we examine the acoustic preferences of a parasitoid fly, Ormia ochracea, which attacks several Gryllus species of field crickets by using the male cricket song to locate hosts. All previous studies with this system have examined fly song preferences in populations of flies that primarily exploit a single host species of cricket. Here we tested a population of flies that naturally parasitizes multiple cricket species. We found significant interspecific host song preferences; however, as predicted, the strength of preference was reduced compared to single-host populations of flies. We also examined fly song selection for intraspecific variants of two of the cricket host species; flies showed significant preference for intraspecific song variants of one of the two cricket species. Our results demonstrate that the degree of behavioural specialization, in a very highly specialized fly, nevertheless shows interpopulation variation consistent with the numbers of host species utilized.

10aGryllus10aOrmia ochracea10aparasitoid10aspecialization10avariation1 aSakaguchi, Kelly, M.1 aGray, David, A. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721100027302033nas a2200169 4500008004100000245007100041210006900112520149800181100001701679700002901696700002001725700001801745700002001763700001801783700002101801856004101822 2017 eng d00aMosquito Detection with Neural Networks: The Buzz of Deep Learning0 aMosquito Detection with Neural Networks The Buzz of Deep Learnin3 a

Many real-world time-series analysis problems are charac- terised by scarce data. Solutions typically rely on hand-crafted features extracted from the time or frequency domain allied with classification or regression engines which condition on this (often low-dimensional) fea- ture vector. The huge advances enjoyed by many application domains in recent years have been fuelled by the use of deep learning architectures trained on large data sets. This paper presents an application of deep learning for acoustic event detection in a challenging, data-scarce, real- world problem. Our candidate challenge is to accurately detect the pres- ence of a mosquito from its acoustic signature. We develop convolutional neural networks (CNNs) operating on wavelet transformations of audio recordings. Furthermore, we interrogate the network’s predictive power by visualising statistics of network-excitatory samples. These visualisa- tions offer a deep insight into the relative informativeness of components in the detection problem. We include comparisons with conventional clas- sifiers, conditioned on both hand-tuned and generic features, to stress the strength of automatic deep feature learning. Detection is achieved with performance metrics significantly surpassing those of existing al- gorithmic methods, as well as marginally exceeding those attained by individual human experts. The data and software related to this paper are available at http://humbug.ac.uk/kiskin2017/.

1 aKiskin, Ivan1 aOrozco, Bernardo, Pérez1 aWindebank, Theo1 aZilli, Davide1 aSinka, Marianne1 aWillis, Kathy1 aRoberts, Stephen uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/fi/node/4765100418nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245005600055210005500111260002000166300001200186490000800198100002200206856005600228 2017 eng d a0028-083600aBiomechanics: The aerodynamics buzz from mosquitoes0 aBiomechanics The aerodynamics buzz from mosquitoes cFeb-02-20172261 a40 - 410 v5441 aMiller, Laura, A. uhttp://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature2190401379nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245009000055210006900145260001600214300001400230490000800244520087700252100002501129700001401154856005301168 1978 eng d a0028-083600aRegularity versus irregularity in specific songs of closely-related drosophilid flies0 aRegularity versus irregularity in specific songs of closelyrelat cFeb-02-1978 a442 - 4440 v2713 a

The songs of most insect species are stereotyped and show regular rhythms which can be readily defined and described. In such cases, closely related species produce songs which differ in rhythmic structure, carrier frequency, or combinations of these parameters. We have examined the songs produced during courtship of the sibling drosophilid fly species Zaprionus tuberculatus, Z. sepsoides and Z. mascariensis which are known from morphometric and chromosomal evidence to be closely related. Drosophilid songs are produced by wing beating and normally consist of a regular series of similar mono- or polycyclic sound pulses with carrier frequencies of 150 to 500 Hz and pulse periods of 8 to 250 ms (for review, see ref. 9). Some species produce more than one type of song, and the pulsed song may be interrupted by protracted bursts of constant frequency tone.

1 aBennet-Clark, H., C.1 aLeroy, Y. uhttp://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/271442a001287nas a2200157 4500008004100000245007200041210006700113300001200180490000700192520080700199100001901006700002101025700002101046700002101067856004101088 1986 eng d00aAcoustic observation of Aedes diantaeus males during pairing0 aAcoustic observation of iAedes diantaeusi males during pairing a351-3550 v203 a

The reaction of males of Aedes diantaeus to different auditory stimuli was studied in natural environment during swarming and under laboratory conditions. The males were attrcated by 250-420 Hz that corresponds to the main frequencies of flight tones of sympatric females and the range of sensitivity of the male Johnston's organs. Behavioural data show that in natural environemnt swarming males are attracted by flying conspecific and heterospecific females rather than by dead or immobilized females. Contact with heterospecific females always ended in parting misquitos while contact with cospecific females resulted in pairing. Thus, sarwming males of Aedes diantaeus localize females by their flight tones but recognisze the females of their own species in contact.

1 aApasov, S., G.1 aZhantiev, R., D.1 aTamarina, N., A.1 aFederova, M., V. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/fi/node/1724601184nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245006300055210006200118260001300180300000900193490000600202520076400208100002500972856004100997 1990 eng d a0169-534700aDo the song pulses of Drosophila show cyclic fluctuations?0 aDo the song pulses of Drosophila show cyclic fluctuations c1990 Mar a93-70 v53 a

Following analysis of the song of two Drosophila species, Kyriacou and Hall in 1980 described a rhythmic variation in the intervals between sound pulses. This rhythmicity was species specific and various mutants also showed characteristic song-period rhythmicity. Recent attempts by Ewing and by Crossley to confirm the existence of the rhythms, using essentially similar methods, have failed; Kyriacou and Hall have since ascribed these failures to differences in technique and methods of measurement between them and their critics, and re-affirm that the rhythmicity they described exists. In view of the controversy surrounding the existence of song-period rhythmicity, a body of work on the genetics of this behaviour must be viewed with caution.

1 aBennet-Clark, H., C. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/fi/node/1721100562nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245012000055210006900175260001600244300001400260490000800274100002500282700001900307700002700326856005100353 2014 eng d a0001-496600aMosquito ( Aedes aegypti) flight tones: Frequency, harmonicity, spherical spreading, and phase relationships0 aMosquito iAedes aegyptii flight tones Frequency harmonicity sphe cJan-02-2014 a933 - 9410 v1351 aArthur, Benjamin, J.1 aEmr, Kevin, S.1 aWyttenbach, Robert, A. uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.4861233