02089nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245008900055210006900144260001600213300001400229490000700243520149000250100002401740700001901764856014801783 1988 eng d a0307-696200aFemale phonotaxis and frequency discrimination in the bushcricket Requena verticalis0 aFemale phonotaxis and frequency discrimination in the bushcricke cJan-12-1988 a363 - 3720 v133 a

The male bushcricket, Requena verticalis, calls with a signal containing two predominant frequencies, 16 kHz and 28 kHz. A synthesized call, made from a template of the natural call, was played to females under conditions of a two‐speaker trial on a flat arena. Orientation pathways to a speaker emitting only a 16 kHz signal were more circuitous than the pathways made by females orientating to a speaker emitting only a 28 kHz signal. Females preferred a signal with both carrier frequency peaks present within the song to a signal with only a 16 kHz or 28 kHz carrier frequency, when the signal containing a double peak was kept at equivalent absolute intensity to that with a single peak. Females chose signals containing a more powerful high frequency peak over a signal in which both peaks were balanced. For the higher peak, they were able to differentiate between frequencies with a separation of 8 kHz but not of 4 kHz. They were unable to differentiate between frequencies with a separation up to 8 kHz in the lower peak when one frequency was held at 16 kHz; however, when this frequency was held at 18 kHz, females were able to distinguish between frequencies with a difference of 4 kHz. (N.B. 18 kHz is 2 kHz above the mean value for this frequency within the natural population.) We conclude that females are choosing males on the amount of power in the higher frequency range of their song and that this may be equivalent to a close calling male in the field.

1 aBailey, Winston, J.1 aYeoh, Paul, B. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1988.tb01118.xhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3032.1988.tb01118.x00611nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245017000054210006900224260001600293300001200309490000700321100002400328700002100352700001400373856006600387 1990 eng d a0003347200aSong power, spectral distribution and female phonotaxis in the bushcricket Requena verticalis (Tettigoniidae: Orthoptera): active female choice or passive attraction0 aSong power spectral distribution and female phonotaxis in the bu cJan-07-1990 a33 - 420 v401 aBailey, Winston, J.1 aCunningham, R.J.1 aLebel, L. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334720580663303485nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001300041245011700054210006900171260001600240300000700256520300800263100002403271856005603295 1995 eng d a1082646700aCosts of Calling in Tettigoniid Orthoptera: A Case Study of Requena verticalis (Tettigoniidae: Listroscelidinae)0 aCosts of Calling in Tettigoniid Orthoptera A Case Study of Reque cJan-08-1995 a653 a

The tettigoniid Requena verticalis Walker controls the apportioning of energy between calling and spermatophylax
production during courtship and copulation. Males delay the onset of calling following mating and during this period nutrients are
mobilized to the production of a large nutrient-rich spermatophylax as well as to the production of sound. Experiments, using males
reared on high and low quality diets (Simmons et al. 1993) examined the distribution of metabolic resources during this post-copula
refractory period. An experimental set of males was allowed to call in a period immediately following copulation, while a control group
of animals was prevented from calling by waxing the wings together. Males maintain spermatophylax size, regardless of the quality
of the diet, but delayed the onset of calling; those on a high quality diet were able to invest energy into further reproduction. Contrary
to prediction, males prevented from calling did not produce a larger spermatophylax, which suggests that males control the
apportioning of energy reserves during this critical period. It is argued that where energy reserves are required for the production of
a spermatophylax, less energy may be available for calling and so calling strategies should evolve that allow for the more efficient use
of metabolic energy for sound production.


Calling efficiency is a measure of how males convert metabolic energy to sound power. Efficiency was estimated by measuring the
metabolic costs of calling and the power of sound radiation from the calling insect. Metabolic costs of calling in R. verticalis are compared
with those of conehead tettigoniids such as Neoconocephalus robustus where calling appears to require more energy per unit of sound.
The efficiency of conversion of metabolic energy to sound in R. verticalis is 6.4% while that for N. robustus is 2% (Bailey et al. 1993).
Another cost of calling is exposure by the male to acoustically orienting predators. Such predators may include tachinid flies,
insectivorous bats and predaceous females. I discuss experiments where a species of vespertilionid bat is shown to orient to the call of
R. verticalis (Hosken et al. in press). Males may also be subject to cannibalism by orienting females. I describe experiments where females
are released within 2m of calling males and where males show a high degree of female rejection. In the confines of a small container,
where each sex cannot retreat from the other, a male smaller than the female is far more likely to be eaten by the female than males paired
with females of comparable size. In this context, I discuss how male coyness (a reluctance to mate) may be due, in part, to sexual role
reversal and thereby under sexual selection, or due to female cannibalism, and thus selected through survival.

1 aBailey, Winston, J. uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/3503460?origin=crossref