@article {47652,
	title = {Hearing sensitivity is more relevant to acoustic conspicuousness than to mechanical constraints in crambid moths},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2017},
	month = {May-08-2017},
	pages = {174 - 184},
	abstract = {<p>Moths evolved tympanal hearing organs to detect the echolocation calls of predatory bats. Moths\&rsquo; auditory responses have been examined mainly for their sensitivity to the frequencies of bat cries: tympanate moths are basically tuned to the call frequencies of sympatric bats. Here, we add the finding that hearing sensitivity to \&lsquo;pulse duration\&rsquo; in cram- bid moths is also affected by predation pressure from echolocating bats. Analysis of interspecific variation showed that minimum auditory thresholds had a significantly negative relationship with the forewing surface area, that is, acoustic conspicuousness to bat sonar, but no relationship with head width, which was assumed to correlate with tympanal organ size. Auditory thresholds increased as pulses shortened in the 1\&ndash;10 ms duration range, and conspic- uous moths with larger wing areas had lower thresholds than smaller moths. By contrast, \&lsquo;intraspecific\&rsquo; variation, within a single population of the lurcerne moth, revealed no relationship between forewing area and any auditory characteristics. Moth hearing adapts to the echolocation pulse duration of sympatric bat communities, suggesting that evolutionary modification of hearing sensitivity is related to acoustic conspicuousness based on moth wing area.</p>
},
	keywords = {arms race, echolocation, predator{\textendash}prey interactions, ultrasound},
	issn = {0024-4066},
	doi = {10.1093/biolinnean/blw029},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/blw029},
	author = {Nakano, Ryo and Mason, Andrew C.}
}
@article {15202,
	title = {Sound production and hearing in the pyralid moth Symmoracma minoralis},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {187},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {101{\textendash}111},
	abstract = {<p>Males of the moth Symmoracma minoralis (Snellen) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Nymphulinae) were observed producing a high-intensity calling song (95 dB SPL at a distance of 10 cm) with a complex amplitude and frequency modulation (peaks of carrier frequency at 60 and 120 kHz). This sound is produced by a hitherto unknown type of sound organ located in the last abdominal (genital) segment, which may act as a tymbal. The observed directionality of sound output is probably achieved by means of a hollow cone surrounding the sound organ. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that the tympanal organs of S. minoralis are most sensitive in the frequency range from 50 to at least 100 kHz, which is distinctly higher than the minimum threshold levels in most other moths yet examined. The origin of genital sound production is discussed with respect to abdominal pheromone glands and pheromone-releasing movements.</p>
},
	url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/187/1/101.full.pdf},
	author = {Klaus-Gerhard Heller and Krahe, R{\"u}diger}
}
