02326nas a2200229 4500008004100000245013900041210006900180520153400249653002301783653003401806653001901840653002401859100001901883700001601902700002601918700001701944700002001961700002401981700001902005700001702024856005502041 2005 eng d00aBottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) calves appear to model their signature whistles on the signature whistles of community members0 aBottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus calves appear to model the3 a

Bottlenose dolphins are unusual among non-human mammals in their ability to learn new sounds. This study investigates the importance of vocal learning in the development of dolphin signature whistles and the influence of social interactions on that process. We used focal animal behavioral follows to observe six calves in Sarasota Bay, Fla., recording their social associations during their first summer, and their signature whistles during their second. The signature whistles of five calves were determined. Using dynamic time warping (DTW) of frequency contours, the calves’ signature whistles were compared to the signature whistles of several sets of dolphins: their own associates, the other calves’ associates, Tampa Bay dolphins, and captive dolphins. Whistles were considered similar if their DTW similarity score was greater than those of 95% of the whistle comparisons. Association was defined primarily in terms of time within 50 m of the mother/calf pair. On average, there were six dolphins with signature whistles similar to the signature whistles of each of the calves. These were significantly more likely to be Sarasota Bay resident dolphins than non-Sarasota dolphins, and (though not significantly) more likely to be dolphins that were within 50 m of the mother and calf less than 5% of the time. These results suggest that calves may model their signature whistles on the signature whistles of members of their community, possibly community members with whom they associate only rarely.

10abottlenose dolphin10aSocial influences on learning10avocal learning10aWhistle development1 aFripp, Deborah1 aOwen, Caryn1 aQuintana-Rizzo, Ester1 aShapiro, Ari1 aBuckstaff, Kara1 aJankowski, Kristine1 aWells, Randall1 aTyack, Peter uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10071-004-0225-z01696nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001300041245011500054210006900169260001600238300001400254490000800268520097400276653001701250653001801267653001101285653001501296653001501311653001901326653001101345100002601356700001901382856005301401 2005 eng d a1210575900aSystematics and bioacoustics of the Poecilimon sanctipauli-group (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Phaneropteridae)0 aSystematics and bioacoustics of the Poecilimon sanctipauligroup  cMar-05-2005 a265 - 2770 v1023 a

In this paper a combination of characters by which Poecilimon species (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Phaneropteridae) can be recognised as members of the P. sanctipauli group are described. Most important are the wide fastigium, short ovipositor and song characters. The morphological characters are figured and described (Table 1), and the song patterns illustrated by oscillograms. The proposed phylogenetic relationships of the members of this group are written as [P. mytilenensis (P. pulcher, P. lodosi, P. sanc- tipauli)]. All species of the group are known from southwest Turkey and some east Aegean islands. The three species P. pulcher, P. lodosi and P. sanctipauli are morphologically and bioacoustically quite similar. P. sanctipauli and P. pulcher are distinct species, P. lodosi, however, possesses a combination of the key characters of the other two species. It may be a relict species or, in our opinion more probably, a species of hybrid origin.

10abioacoustics10aBush-crickets10aGreece10amorphology10aPoecilimon10aTettigonioidea10aTurkey1 aHELLER, KLAUS-GERHARD1 aSevgili, Hasan uhttp://www.eje.cz/doi/10.14411/eje.2005.038.html02299nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008200041210006900123520186900192100001802061700001602079700002602095856005602121 2005 eng d00aThe start of phonotactic walking in the fly Ormia ochracea: a kinematic study0 astart of phonotactic walking in the fly Ormia ochracea a kinemat3 a

Ormia ochracea (Diptera, Tachinidae) are acoustic parasitoids of crickets that have one of the most directionally sensitive auditory systems known. We studied dynamic characteristics of walking phonotaxis in these flies in response to variations in sound source azimuth, and compared phonotaxis of flies in freely walking conditions to tethered flies walking on a treadmill. Motor patterns at the initiation of phonotaxis are not stereotyped even for similar stimulus conditions. Flies respond to directional sound sources by walking in a tight curve that combines rotation and forward translation until they are oriented towards the source direction, then continue on a straight path. Translational velocity accelerates throughout the duration of the stimulus then decelerates following stimulus offset. In contrast, rotational velocity accelerates and then decelerates within the duration of the stimulus such that flies have completed the rotational component of the response and reached their final heading before the end of the stimulus. Rotational velocity is the only response parameter that varies systematically with sound source direction (azimuth). Differences in the amplitude of rotational velocity as a function of source azimuth determine the directional orientation of phonotactic responses. The relationship between rotational velocity and source azimuth is similar to a neural measure of auditory directionality (interaural latency). There were some differences between freely walking and tethered conditions, although both showed qualitatively similar responses. Flies accelerated more slowly and attained lower maximum velocities on the treadmill, consistent with the greater inertia of the treadmill sphere relative to the flies. Also, flies tended to continue walking longer on the treadmill following cessation of the stimulus.

1 aMason, A., C.1 aLee, Norman1 aOshinsky, Michael, L. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.0192602220nas a2200181 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131520162800200653001301828653001801841653001201859653002301871653001501894653002001909100001701929700002401946856006801970 2005 eng d00aEffect of the Temporal Pattern of Contralateral Inhibition on Sound Localization Cues0 aEffect of the Temporal Pattern of Contralateral Inhibition on So3 a

We studied the temporal coding properties of identified interneurons in the auditory system of crickets, using information theory as an analytical tool. The ascending neuron 1 (AN1), which is tuned to the dominant carrier frequency (CF) of cricket songs, selectively codes the limited range of amplitude modulation (AM) frequencies that occur in these signals. AN2, which is most sensitive to the ultrasonic frequencies that occur in echolocation calls of insectivorous bats, codes a broader range of AM frequencies, as occur in bat calls. A third neuron, omega neuron 1 (ON1), which is dually tuned to both ranges of carrier frequency, was shown previously to have CF-specific coding properties, allowing it to represent accurately the differing temporal structures of both cricket songs and bat calls. ON1 is a source of contralateral inhibition to AN1 and AN2, enhancing binaural contrast and facilitating sound localization. We used dichotic stimulation to examine the importance of the temporal structure of contralateral inhibition for enhancing binaural contrast. Contralateral inhibition degrades the coding of temporal pattern by AN1 and AN2, but only if the temporal pattern of inhibitory input matches that of excitation. Firing rate is also decreased most strongly by temporally matched contralateral inhibition. This is apparent for AN1 in its mean firing rate; for AN2, high-frequency firing is selectively suppressed. Our results show that the CF-specific coding properties of ON1 allow this single neuron to enhance effectively localization cues for both cricket-like and bat-like acoustic signals.

10aauditory10acommunication10acricket10ainformation theory10aphonotaxis10atemporal coding1 aMarsat, Gary1 aPollack, Gerald, S. uhttp://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0646-05.200502397nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245010100055210006900156260001600225300001400241490000800255520172600263653002101989653002302010653001802033653001502051100002702066700002102093856007702114 2005 eng d a0005-795900aAlternate tactics in male bladder grasshoppers Bullacris membracioides (Orthoptera: Pneumoridae)0 aAlternate tactics in male bladder grasshoppers Bullacris membrac cJan-06-2005 a761 - 7780 v1423 a

Bladder grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Pneumoridae) are a unique group of nocturnal, specialized herbivores, endemic to coastal regions of Southern Africa. Adult males are characterized by an inflated abdomen, which develops at the final molt, and a signaling system capable of producing high intensity calls detectable by conspecifics at distances of up to 2 km. Female response to male calls leads to reciprocal duetting and pair formation. We have found an alternative form to the dominant inflated male tactic in three pneumorid species. These alternate males are incapable of flight and lack the air-filled abdominal bladder used in long-range acoustic communication; but may be found in copula with mature females in the field. Here we address the issue of neoteny/paedogenesis in the alternate male by comparing the morphology of inflated and uninflated adult male Bullacris membracioides with that of ultimate and penultimate nymphal instars, to determine whether these forms follow a common developmental trajectory. We then compare the behavioral responsiveness of inflated and noninflated morphs to conspecific advertisement calls, to ascertain whether alternate males have the potential to actively exploit the mate location system of duetting pairs. Morphometric analyses indicate that alternate males are a distinctly divergent form from the primary male developmental tactic. We conclude that males following the alternate tactic eavesdrop on the duets of inflated males and females to exploit the acoustic mate location system. This satellite tactic has potential impact on several aspects of pneumorid biology contributing to biasing sexual selection, sensory drive, and ultimately speciation events.

10aalternative male10abehavioral tactics10acommunication10amorphology1 avan Staaden, Moira, J.1 aDonelson, Nathan uhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/10.1163/156853905472908801936nas a2200229 4500008004100000245010700041210006900148300001000217490000700227520123300234653001701467653001701484653001301501653001901514653003901533653001501572653001501587653001301602653003201615100001801647856004101665 2005 eng d00aTHE INFLUENCE OF FIRE ON SALTATORIA DIVERSITY IN COASTAL HABITATS NEAR PANGANI, TANZANIA (EAST AFRICA)0 aINFLUENCE OF FIRE ON SALTATORIA DIVERSITY IN COASTAL HABITATS NE a53-610 v113 a

In burnt coastal grasslands, fire-disturbed forest remnants, and undisturbed coastal forests of the Pangani area (Tanzania) 61 Saltatoria species were recorded. Comparing open-land habitats with forest and forest edge habitats, diver- sity rises in open-land habitats, as nearly 60% of the recorded species were found within grasslands. However, the share of endemic and near-endemic species decreases, as only 5% of the species occurring in open-land habitats were endemics, 14% are distributed throughout East Africa, and the majority (81%) are widespread forms. Forest and forest edge habitats, on the other hand, had 60% endemic species, 32% species restricted to East Africa, and only 8% widespread Saltatoria. The majority of the coastal endemics are highly endangered by the ongoing destruction of indigenous forest. Tangana asymmetrica was one of the few coastal endemics that also occurred in fire-influenced forest remnants, while most other forest species were exclusively found in closed undisturbed forest communities of the Gendagenda forest reserve. The new record of Parepistaurus pygmaeus in the Gendagenda reserve offers an explanation of the hitherto disjunct distribution of this flightless species.

10abiodiversity10aconservation10aendemism10afire influence10aindigenous tropical lowland forest10aOrthoptera10aSaltatoria10aTanzania10atropical coastal grasslands1 aHemp, Claudia uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/uk/node/5071702782nas a2200289 4500008004100000245017800041210006900219260001600288300001400304490000700318520179900325653002102124653002202145653003202167653001402199653002402213653002802237653002102265653002702286100002202313700001802335700001602353700001602369700001902385700001902404856006902423 2005 eng d00aInheritance of song and stridulatory peg number divergence between Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi, two naturally hybridizing grasshopper species (Orthoptera: Acrididae)0 aInheritance of song and stridulatory peg number divergence betwe cJan-05-2005 a703 - 7120 v183 a

Knowledge of the genetic basis of divergence in mating signal characters that contribute to reproductive isolation is critical to understanding speciation. Here, we describe a semi-automated system for characterizing grasshopper acoustic signals. We used this system to study the genetic basis of divergence in three male calling song components [echeme (EL), syllable (SL) and phrase (PL) lengths] between Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi , two species of grasshoppers that hybridize in northern Spain. We also studied the number of pegs in the stridulatory file. For all characters, additive effects accounted for most of the genetic differentiation between species. However, the three song components also showed small but significant epistatic effects. No sex linkage was detected. Wright–Castle–Lande estimates of the minimum numbers of genetic factors underlying song and peg number divergence were low: peg number ( n e ¼ 5.87 ± 5.84), SL ( n e ¼ 2.37 ± 4.79) and PL ( n e ¼ 0.87 ± 0.86). On the other hand, EL appeared to be controlled by many genes. These results suggest that divergence in SL and PL might be driven by sexual selection whereas EL might not be under selection. This is consistent with experimental results on female song preference in related species. However, the fact that few factors appear to underlie the differences in peg number is surprising. Peg number is not closely related to song characteristics. It often varies between closely related grasshopper species and it has been assumed to be a neutral character. The biometrical approaches used here tend to underestimate the number of factors influencing a trait but provide valuable background for subsequent quantitative trait loci analyses.

10aadditive effects10adominance effects10aeffective number of factors10aepistasis10amosaic hybrid zones10aquantitative trait loci10asexual selection10awavelet transformation1 aSadamando, C., I.1 aMiyaguchi, S.1 aTatsuta, H.1 aKishino, H.1 aBridle, J., R.1 aButlin, R., K. uhttp://blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeb.2005.18.issue-301891nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001300041245011400054210006900168260001600237300001400253490000700267520138500274100002001659856006601679 2005 eng d a0003347200aDifference in calling song of three field crickets of the genus Teleogryllus: the role in premating isolation0 aDifference in calling song of three field crickets of the genus  cJan-04-2005 a881 - 8890 v693 a

Cricket songs are species-specific signals that are important for species recognition. To prove the effectiveness of calling songs in premating isolation, studies need to take into account closely related species distributed sympatrically in nature. I compared the calling songs of three closely related cricket species that inhabit the Japanese archipelago: Teleogryllus yezoemma, T. emma and T. taiwanemma. Teleogryllus emma is widely distributed in the archipelago and overlaps the ranges of T. taiwanemma in the south and T. yezoemma in the north; T. yezoemma and T. taiwanemma are allopatric. I compared three temporal parameters (the long-chirp duration, the interphrase duration and the pulse cycle), a frequency parameter (the dominant frequency) and two structural parameters (the number of pulses in one long chirp and the number of short chirps following one long chirp). In addition, I conducted a two-speaker playback experiment using female T. taiwanemma to test whether they can accurately distinguish conspecific males based on their calling song. The species with partially overlapping ranges had divergent songs that females could distinguish accurately, whereas the allopatric species had similar songs that females could not accurately discriminate. These results suggest that the calling song has an important role as a premating isolation mechanism.

1 aHonda-Sumi, Eri uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334720400380X00442nam a2200157 4500008004100000020001800041022001300059245003600072210003600108260001300144300001400157490000700171100001800178700002200196856006600218 2005 eng d a9780120045358 a0065345400aAcoustic Communication in Noise0 aAcoustic Communication in Noise bElsevier a151 - 2090 v351 aBrumm, Henrik1 aSlabbekoorn, Hans uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0065345405350042