TY - JOUR T1 - Bats and moths: what is there left to learn? Y1 - 2003 A1 - Waters, Dean A. AB -

Over 14 families of moths have ears that are adapted to detect the ultrasonic echolocation calls of bats. On hearing a bat, these moths respond with an escape response that reduces their chances of being caught. As an evolutionary response, bats may then have evolved behavioural strategies or changes in call design to overcome the moth's hearing. The nature of this interaction is reviewed. In particular, the role of the echolocation calls of bats in the shaping of the structure, neurophysiology and behavioural responses of moths is discussed. Unresolved issues, such as the structural complexity of the moth's auditory system, the nature of temporal integration and the role of the non‐auditory B cell, are described. Issues in which the interactions between bats and moths may be of more general interest to biologists, such as noise filtering within the central nervous system, protean behaviours and coevolution between predator and prey, are also discussed. The interaction between bats and moths has much to interest general biologists, and may provide a useful model in understanding the neurophysiological basis of behaviour, including protean escape behaviours. The validity of the term coevolution as applied to this system is discussed, as there is no doubt that the auditory system of moths is a response to the echolocation calls of bats, although the evolutionary response of bats to moths is more ambiguous.

UR - http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/pen/28/4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Serial hearing organs in the atympanate grasshopper Bullacris membracioides (Orthoptera, Pneumoridae) Y1 - 2003 A1 - Moira J. van Staaden A1 - Rieser, Michael A1 - Ott, Swidbert R. A1 - Pabst, Maria A. A1 - Heiner Römer KW - acoustic insects KW - auditory evolution KW - Caelifera KW - chordotonal organ KW - ears AB -

In different insect taxa, ears can be found on virtually any part of the body. Comparative anatomy and similarities in the embryological development of ears in divergent taxa suggest that they have evolved multiple times from ubiquitous stretch or vibration receptors, but the homology of these structures has not yet been rigorously tested. Here we provide detailed analysis of a novel set of hearing organs in a relatively “primitive” atympanate bladder grasshopper (Bullacris membracioides) that is capable of signaling acoustically over 2 km. We use morphological, physiological, and behavioral experiments to demonstrate that this species has six pairs of serially repeated abdominal ears derived from proprioceptive pleural chordotonal organs (plCOs). We demonstrate continuity in auditory function from the five posterior pairs, which are simple forms comprising 11 sensilla and resembling plCOs in other grasshoppers, to the more complex anterior pair, which contains 2000 sensilla and is homologous to the single pair of tympanate ears found in “modern” grasshoppers. All 12 ears are morphologically differentiated, responsive to airborne sound at frequencies and intensities that are biologically significant (tuned to 1.5 and 4 kHz; 60–98 dB SPL), and capable of mediating behavioral responses of prospective mates. These data provide evidence for the transition in function and selective advantage that must occur during evolutionary development of relatively complex organs from simpler precursors. Our results suggest that ancestral insects with simple atympanate pleural receptors may have had hearing ranges that equal or exceed those of contemporary insects with complex tympanal ears. Moreover, auditory capability may be more prevalent among modern insect taxa than the presence of overt tympana indicates

UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cne.v465%3A4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Snake Bioacoustics: Toward a Richer Understanding of the Behavioral Ecology of Snakes JF - The Quarterly Review of Biology Y1 - 2003 A1 - Young, Bruce A. KW - defensive behavior KW - hearing KW - reptiles KW - sound production KW - vibration detection AB -

Snakes are frequently described in both popular and technical literature as either deaf or able to perceive only groundborne vibrations. Physiological studies have shown that snakes are actually most sensitive to airborne vibrations. Snakes are able to detect both airborne and groundborne vibrations using their body surface (termed somatic hearing) as well as from their inner ears. The central auditory pathways for these two modes of “hearing” remain unknown. Recent experimental evidence has shown that snakes can respond behaviorally to both airborne and groundborne vibrations. The ability of snakes to contextualize the sounds and respond with consistent predatory or defensive behaviors suggests that auditory stimuli may play a larger role in the behavioral ecology of snakes than was previously realized. Snakes produce sounds in a variety of ways, and there appear to be multiple acoustic Batesian mimicry complexes among snakes. Analyses of the proclivity for sound production and the acoustics of the sounds produced within a habitat or phylogeny specific context may provide insights into the behavioral ecology of snakes. The relatively low information content in the sounds produced by snakes suggests that these sounds are not suitable for intraspecific communication. Nevertheless, given the diversity of habitats in which snakes are found, and their dual auditory pathways, some form of intraspecific acoustic communication may exist in some species.

VL - 78 UR - https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/377052 IS - 3 JO - The Quarterly Review of Biology ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Phylogeny and the evolution of acoustic communication in extant Ensifera (Insecta, Orthoptera) JF - Zoologica Scripta Y1 - 2003 A1 - Desutter-Grandcolas, Laure AB -

Ensifera present an appropriate and interesting model for the study of acoustic communication, because of their diverse signal and communication modalities, and due to their accessibility for field and laboratory studies. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the acoustic evolution of Ensifera, but they were elaborated without any reference to a falsifiable phylogeny, and were consequently highly speculative. Similarly, phylogenetic relationships between ensiferan clades have not hitherto been studied using modern standard methodology, and the sole cladistic analysis by Gwynne in 1995 was methodologically flawed. No sound hypothesis therefore currently exists for ensiferan phylogeny, which precludes historical analysis of their communication modalities. In the present paper, the phylogeny is established on the basis of morpho‐anatomical characters and used to analyse the evolution of acoustic communication in this clade by mapping the characters related to auditory and stridulatory structures onto the resultant trees. Cladistic analyses resulted in two equi‐parsimonious cladograms (length 154, C 64, CI 58, RI 61) with the following topologies: (1) [(Grylloidea–Gryllotalpidae) (Rhaphidophoridae (Schizodactylidae (Gryllacrididae ((Stenopelmatidae–Cooloola) (Anostostomatidae (Prophalangopsis (Cyphoderris (Tettigoniidae–Lezina))))))))] (2) [(Grylloidea–Gryllotalpidae)(Rhaphidophoridae (Schizodactylidae (Gryllacrididae–Cooloola–(Stenopelmatidae (Anostostomatidae (Prophalangopsis (Cyphoderris (Tettigoniidae–Lezina))))))))]. According to these topologies, Ensifera were ancestrally devoid of acoustic and hearing systems. An acoustic (tegminal or femoro‐abdominal) apparatus appeared a number of times independently with convergent structures. Similarly, tibial tympana developed several times independently. Moreover, four hypotheses (each according to a definite pattern of character transformation) can be proposed to explain the evolution of acoustic communication in the different ensiferan clades and relate it to a definite communicatory context. These hypotheses do not apply equally to ensiferan subclades. Grylloidea and Gryllotalpoidea could have experienced convergently a direct development of an intraspecific acoustic communication. Acoustic communication in Tettigoniidea has evolved more ambiguously, and may either have resulted from a direct evolution analogous to that having occurred in Gryllidea, or have developed in a completely different behavioural context. Future studies of acoustic communication in the different ensiferan clades will have to take into account the fact that the involved structures most often are not homologous and that their evolution may not have taken place in similar conditions. Different hypotheses of acoustic communication evolution may apply to different clades, and there may be no single explanation for acoustic communication in Ensifera.

VL - 32 UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00142.xhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1046%2Fj.1463-6409.2003.00142.x IS - 6 JO - Zool Scripta ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Sound production in Parapellopedon instabilis (Rehn, 1906) (Orthoptera: Gomphocerinae) JF - Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.) Y1 - 2003 A1 - Lorier, Estrellita A1 - Juan José Presa AB -

The sounds produced by Parapellopedon instabilis (Rehn, 1906), are described for the first time on the basis of recordings made, in captivity, with an analogical tape recorder. The signals were digitized in the laboratory and analyzed using a software. Three types of song are described: the male calling song, typical of the gomphocerinae species, the female’s agreement song, less organized temporally and unusually loud for a gomphocerinae species, and disturbance songs among males and among females, which follow the typical structure of these signals in the subfamily. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of all songs are given. The stridulatory file of both sexes, male and female, are described.

VL - 39 UR - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00379271.2003.10697391 IS - 4 JO - Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.) ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Multiple Classifier Systems for the Recognition of Orthoptera Songs Y1 - 2003 A1 - Dietrich, Christian A1 - Schwenker, Friedhelm A1 - Palm, Günther PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg CY - Berlin, Heidelberg VL - 2781 SN - 978-3-540-40861-1 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/b12010 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - HABITAT ACOUSTICS OF A NEOTROPICAL LOWLAND RAINFOREST JF - Bioacoustics Y1 - 2003 A1 - Norbert Ellinger A1 - Hödl, Walter VL - 13 UR - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09524622.2003.9753503 IS - 3 JO - Bioacoustics ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Is microhabitat segregation between two cicada species ( Tibicina haematodes and Cicada orni ) due to calling song propagation constraints? JF - Naturwissenschaften Y1 - 2003 A1 - Sueur, J. A1 - Aubin, T. AB -

The cicada species Tibicina haematodes and Cicada orni are two sympatric species often inhabiting vineyards. We show that they occupy two distinct levels: males of T. haematodes produce their calling songs from a high position in vine foliage while males of C. orni call from a low position near the ground on vine trunks. Experiments consisting of broadcasting and re-recording experimental signals in natural habitats from low and high positions show that signals are more and more modified as sender–receiver distance increases. T. haematodes would have an advantage when calling on trunks rather than on branches whereas C. orni would be able to call indiscriminately from both low and high positions. Thus, the microhabitat segregation observed between T. haematodes and C orni in vineyards does not seem to be related to calling song propagation constraints, but may be due to other ethological or ecological factors.

VL - 90 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00114-003-0432-5 IS - 7 JO - Naturwissenschaften ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Wing resonances in the Australian field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus. JF - J Exp Biol Y1 - 2003 A1 - H. C. Bennet-Clark KW - animal communication KW - animal wings KW - Animals KW - Gryllidae KW - sound spectrography AB -

The anatomy and mechanics of the fore-wings of the Australian cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus were examined to study how resonances of the wings were excited, to model the interactions between the two wings during sound production, to account for the frequency changes that occur within the pulses and to determine the variation in sound amplitude during the pulses. Sound is produced after raising the wings by closing the right wing over the left; the plectrum of the left wing engages and releases teeth on the file on the underside of the right wing. The mean number of teeth on the right file is 252; the teeth are more closely spaced in the posterior part of the file, which is engaged at the start of the song pulses. The anterior part of the file is separated from the base of the harp by a short flexible region. The dorsal field of the wing, in which the harp is situated, is largely mechanically isolated from the driving veins of the lateral field, except for a cross vein at the apex of the harp. The harps of the two wings did not differ significantly in area but the plectrum of the left wing was significantly longer and wider than that of the right wing. The posterior edge of the plectrum has a radius of approximately 0.5 micro m, which allows it to engage the 20 micro m-tall teeth of the file. The plectrum is separated from the wing by a 0.5 micro m-thick crescent that allows it to twist lengthways and thus disengage the file teeth. The sigmoid shape of the file allows the plectrum to engage teeth over most of the length of the file. The calling song of T. oceanicus consists of a chirp of four similar pulses followed by a trill of pairs of pulses. The dominant frequency of all pulses is approximately 4.8 kHz but cycle-by-cycle analysis suggests that the different types of pulse are produced by wing-closing movements through different arcs. Free resonances of the left wing occurred at 4.56 kHz [quality factor (Q)=25.1] and of the right wing at 4.21 kHz (Q=23.9). Driven by loud sound, maximum vibration of the harp was seen at approximately 4.5 kHz; at lower sound levels, the vibration was confined to the cross-veins of the harp that extend distally from the file. Resonances of the left wing driven by vibration of the same wing, either at the plectrum or on the anal area, occurred at similar frequencies to those of the songs and had similar Qs but were approximately anti-phase, demonstrating that movement of the plectrum (e.g. by the file teeth) causes an opposite movement of the harp. When the right wing was driven directly on the file, the resonant frequency was 5.88 kHz but, when driven on the file via a length of the left file and the left plectrum, it was 4.83 kHz. The amplitude of the vibration increased from the posterior end of the file to the middle then fell towards the anterior end of the file. Pushing a left plectrum across the middle of the right file produced trains of damped sound pulses at 4.82 kHz (Q=23.4). Clicks excited from the anterior end of the file had lower frequencies. The resonances excited from both the left wing via its plectrum and from the right wing when driven via the left plectrum were similar in frequency to that of the song. The resonance of the dorsal field persisted after ablation of the harp but the mean resonant frequency increased 1.12-fold with a similar Q to the intact wing. Droplets of water on the distal end of the harp or proximal part of the dorsal field raised the resonant frequency. The resonant frequency was lowered by the addition of weights to the harp or the file; the factor of the decrease suggested that the mass of the resonant system was approximately 1.4 mg, which accords with the mass of the harp plus file plus anal area of the wing (left wing, 1.27 mg; right wing, 1.15 mg) but is far heavier than the harp (0.22 mg). An earlier suggestion that the harp is the resonator is not supported; instead, it is proposed that the major elastic component of the resonant system is the file plus 1st anal vein and that the mass component is the combined mass of the file, anal area and harp.

VL - 206 IS - Pt 9 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Cryptic species of Gryllus in the light of bioacoustic (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) JF - Neotropical Entomology Y1 - 2003 A1 - David, José A. de O. A1 - Zefa, Edison A1 - Fontanetti, Carmem S. VL - 32 UR - http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-566X2003000100010&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en IS - 1 JO - Neotrop. Entomol. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - New Stridulatory Structures in a Tiger Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae): Morphology and Sound Characterization JF - The Coleopterists Bulletin Y1 - 2003 A1 - Artur R. Serrano A1 - Anabela C. Diogo A1 - Emanuel Viçoso A1 - Paulo J. Fonseca AB -

The stridulatory mechanism in Oxycheila tristis (Fabricius) (Cicindelinae: Megacephatini) is described. Sound is produced by mates and females rubbing the internal edge of the hind femur (plectrum) on the ringed elytral epipleura (pars stridens). The hind legs usually alternate, and sound is mostly generated during backward movement. Abdominal movements seem to play a role in the amplitude modulation of the signals. Temporal characteristics of the sound are slightly different for both sexes (longer leg cycles in females) but the frequency spectra are similar. The same stridulatory structures were found in other Oxycheila species as well as in the closely related Cheiloxya binotata longipennis Horn. Considering the different stridulatory mechanisms described in cicindelids, sound production probably evolved independently at least three times in this group.

VL - 57 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250068645_New_Stridulatory_Structures_in_a_Tiger_Beetle_Coleoptera_Carabidae_Cicindelinae_Morphology_and_Sound_Characterization IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - New Stridulatory Structures in a Tiger Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae): Morphology and Sound Characterization JF - The Coleopterists Bulletin Y1 - 2003 A1 - Artur R. Serrano A1 - Anabela C. Diogo A1 - Emanuel Viçoso A1 - Paulo J. Fonseca AB - The stridulatory mechanism in Oxycheila tristis (Fabricius) (Cicindelinae: Megacephalini) is described. Sound is produced by males and females rubbing the internal edge of the hind femur (plectrum) on the ringed elytral epipleura (pars stridens). The hind legs usually alternate, and sound is mostly generated during backward movement. Abdominal movements seem to play a role in the amplitude modulation of the signals. Temporal characteristics of the sound are slightly different for both sexes (longer leg cycles in females) but the frequency spectra are similar. The same stridulatory structures were found in other Oxycheila species as well as in the closely related Cheiloxya binotata longipennis Horn. Considering the different stridulatory mechanisms described in cicindelids, sound production probably evolved independently at least three times in this group. VL - 57 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Panoploscelis specularis (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Pseudophyllinae): extraordinary female sound generator, male description, male protest and calling signals JF - Journal of Orthoptera Research Y1 - 2003 A1 - Fernando Montealegre-Zapata A1 - Guerra, Patrick A. A1 - Glenn K. Morris KW - acoustics KW - Colombia KW - defense KW - Ecuador KW - katydid KW - stridulation AB -

Females of Panoploscelis specularis present a dramatic modification of their forewings for stridulation. The female generator is illustrated and its distinct form contrasted with that of males. The physical form of the signals that females might produce is inferred; male calling and protest signals are characterized. The male of P. specularis is described for the first time.

VL - 12 UR - http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1665/1082-6467%282003%29012%5B0173%3APSOTPE%5D2.0.CO%3B2 IS - 2 JO - Journal of Orthoptera Research ER -