@article {58207, title = {The spiny devil katydids, Panacanthus Walker (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae): an evolutionary study of acoustic behaviour and morphological traits}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {29}, year = {2004}, month = {Jan-01-2004}, pages = {21 - 57}, abstract = {

A cladistic analysis and systematic revision of the genus Panacanthus accompanies the description of three new species, with calling songs reported for four species. The evolutionary origin of spines is considered as a defensive mechanism in Panacanthus; both morphological and behavioural (i.e. acoustic) traits allow inferences about relationships. Phylogenetic analysis produced one most parsimonious cladogram eighty-two steps long, with the ensemble consistency index\ =\ 0.84. Panacanthus cuspidatus and P. pallicornis (formerly Storniza Walker 1869, Martinezia Bolivar 1881) are properly incorporated in Panacanthus. On morphology, Panacanthus is more related to the Neotropical Copiphora and Lirometopum than to the Old World Lesina. Character analysis reveals that in Panacanthus the ancestral condition of calling song resonance (the production of musical sounds) has given rise to a more nonresonant (transient) stridulation. A correlation between the production of more complex sound waves and spinous protection of the body (especially the pronotum) is noted. Because early workers grouped Panacanthus with other spiny genera, based on pronotal morphology, we present a critique of the evolutionary and ecological implications of the development of defensive spines in this genus. This approach may be applied to other taxa using a similar protective mechanism. We advise against arrangement of the pronotal, cephalic and femoral armature as a homologous characteristic across subfamilies. Several pronotal processes and modifications evolved independently in other genera of Conocephalinae, Hetrodinae, Pseudophyllinae and Phaneropterinae. The pronotal structure of Panacanthus is unique and may be taken as a synapomorphic characteristic of all its species and as an autapomorphic feature of the genus.

}, doi = {10.1111/sen.2004.29.issue-110.1111/j.1365-3113.2004.00223.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/sen.2004.29.issue-1}, author = {Montealegre-Z., Fernando and Morris, Glenn K.} } @article {57668, title = {The neuroethology of acoustic startle and escape in flying insects}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

The acoustic startle/escape response is a phylogenetically widespread behavioral act, provoked by an intense, unexpected sound. At least six orders of insects have evolved tympanate ears that serve acoustic behavior that ranges from sexual communication to predator detection. Insects that fly at night are vulnerable to predation by insectivorous bats that detect and locate their prey by using biosonar signals. Of the six orders of insects that possess tympanate hearing organs, four contain species that fly at night and, in these, hearing is sensitive to a range of ultrasonic frequencies found in the biosonar signals of bats. Laboratory and field studies have shown that these insects (including some orthopterans, lepidopterans, neuropterans and dictyopterans), when engaged in flight behavior, respond to ultrasound by suddenly altering their flight, showing acoustic startle or negative phonotaxis, which serve as bat-avoidance behavior. A neural analysis of ultrasound-mediated escape behavior was undertaken in the field cricket Telegryllus oceanicus. An identified thoracic interneuron, int-1, was shown to trigger the escape response, but only when the cell was driven (synaptically or electrically) at high spike rates, and only when the insect was performing flight behavior; avoidance steering only occurs in the appropriate behavioral context: flight. Thus, significant constraints operate upon the ability of int-1 to trigger the escape response. The integration of auditory input and flight central pattern generator output occurs in the brain. It is found that neural activity descending from the brain in response to stimulation by ultrasound is increased when the insect is flying compared to when it is not. Although the behavioral act of avoidance steering may appear to be a simple reflex act, further analysis shows it to be anything but simple.

}, author = {Ronald R. Hoy and Nolen, Tom and Brodfuehrer, Peter} } @article {57636, title = {Listening for males and bats: spectral processing in the hearing organ of Neoconocephalus bivocatus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Tettigoniids use hearing for mate finding and the avoidance of predators (mainly bats). Using intracellular recordings, we studied the response properties of auditory receptor cells of Neoconocephalus bivocatus to different sound frequencies, with a special focus on the frequency ranges representative of male calls and bat cries. We found several response properties that may represent adaptations for hearing in both contexts. Receptor cells with characteristic frequencies close to the dominant frequency of the communication signal were more broadly tuned, thus extending their range of high sensitivity. This increases the number of cells responding to the dominant frequency of the male call at low signal amplitudes, which should improve long distance call localization. Many cells tuned to audio frequencies had intermediate thresholds for ultrasound. As a consequence, a large number of receptors should be recruited at intermediate amplitudes of bat cries. This collective response of many receptors may function to emphasize predator information in the sensory system, and correlates with the amplitude range at which ultrasound elicits evasive behavior in tettigoniids. We compare our results with spectral processing in crickets, and discuss that both groups evolved different adaptations for the perceptual tasks of mate and predator detection.

}, keywords = {acoustic communication, hearing, Predator evasion, Receptor tuning, ultrasound}, doi = {10.1007/s00359-007-0245-7}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-007-0245-7}, author = {H{\"o}bel, Gerlinde and Schul, Johannes} } @article {53569, title = {Bat Predation and Its Influence on Calling Behavior in Neotropical Katydids}, journal = {Science}, volume = {238}, year = {1987}, month = {Feb-10-1987}, pages = {64 - 67}, abstract = {

Insectivorous bats have influenced the development of antipredator behavior in moths, green lacewings, crickets, and mantids; until recently, such adaptations were unknown in katydids. Foliage-gleaning bats in Panama can use the female-attracting, airborne calling songs of nocturnal katydids to locate prey. They also feed heavily on these insects. Katydid species sympatric with these bats exhibit markedly reduced calling song duty cycles. Males supplement shortened songs with complex, species-specific tremulations that generate vibrations that are inaudible to bats but reach conspecific females through a shared plant substrate. Female katydids do not call audibly but are also preyed on in large numbers, perhaps as a result of moving toward calling males.

}, issn = {0036-8075}, doi = {10.1126/science.238.4823.64}, url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.238.4823.64https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1126/science.238.4823.64}, author = {Belwood, Jacqueline Janine and Glenn K. Morris} } @article {53142, title = {Acoustic communication and baffling behaviors of crickets}, journal = {The Florida Entomologist}, volume = {65}, year = {1982}, pages = {33{\textendash}44}, author = {Forrest, TG} } @article {53135, title = {Insect hearing in the field II. Male spacing behaviour and correlated acoustic cues in the bushcricket Mygalopsis marki}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology A}, volume = {159}, year = {1986}, pages = {627{\textendash}638}, abstract = {

1. Distances between calling maleMygalopsis marki Bailey (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) were measured in two geographically distinct populations. Mean intermale distances differed significantly in the two habitats (6.2 m and 11.5 m), but the sound pressure level of the nearest neighbour, measured at each focal male, was close to 65 dB SPL in both populations (Figs. 4, 6).

2. Using the response of an identified auditory interneuron as a \‘biological microphone\’, the maximum hearing distance of males was tested. It was found to be affected by the size of the calling male, its posture, perch height and the vegetation density. Perch height alone influenced the maximum broadcast area of males by some 100\%. Nearest neighbour distances were less than half the maximum hearing distances, confirming by neurophysiological methods that males do not space on threshold sensitivity to the complete call (Fig. 5).

3. The ability of the bushcricket to perceive the temporal characteristic of the call was also tested with the auditory interneuron over increasing distances from a signaller. The temporal integrity of the song was found to be maintained over the whole broadcasting area (Fig. 9).

4. The call has two energy peaks at 10 kHz and 20 kHz. The intensity of each peak attenuated differentially with increasing distance from the signaller; the low frequency component had a low variance at the nearest neighbour distance (SD: +4 dB/\−6 dB) compared to the high frequency component (SD: +5 dB/\−12.5 dB) (Fig. 8). The importance of the total sound pressure level and the relative intensity of the major frequency components of the song are discussed in relation to likely cues available to the male for maintaining spacing.

}, keywords = {Focal Male, Frequency Component, High Frequency Component, Neighbour Distance, Sound Pressure Level}, author = {Heiner R{\"o}mer and Winston J. Bailey} } @article {53134, title = {Male Agonistic Behaviour of the Bushcricket Mygalopsis marki Bailey in Response to Conspecific Song (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Tierpsychologie}, volume = {70}, year = {1985}, month = {Dec-01-1985}, pages = {320 - 330}, abstract = {

Experiments were conducted on Mygalopsis marki Bailey to determine the response of calling males to singing intruders. By increasing the density of natural aggregations of singing males we were able to observe the behavioural responses of individuals. In high density situations, males sang from lower perches in their plant and this effect was correlated with each male\&$\#$39;s proximity to other calling males. Furthermore, to examine if resident males were affected by conspecific song, a playback technique was employed using tape recordings of M. marki song. The design of the experiment was such that when confronted with an intruder, steadily increasing the intensity of its song, resident males moved to a lower position in the plant and ceased singing.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb00521.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb00521.x}, author = {Dadour, Ian R. and Winston J. Bailey} } @article {53133, title = {The function of sound in male spacing behaviour in bush-crickets (Tettigoniidae, Orthoptera)}, journal = {Austral Ecology}, volume = {5}, year = {1980}, month = {Jan-09-1980}, pages = {275 - 286}, abstract = {

This paper examines the spatial dynamics of an aggregation of singing male bush-crickets (Tettigoniidae) in respect to the degree of regularity between males. Our results establish that singing males of the genus Mygalopsis are regularly spaced within aggregations and that sound is involved in spacing. Attention is focussed on the male strategy of regular spacing within a widely dispersed aggregation in order to attract females reaching sexual maturity within the confines of that population. This is seen as an alternate to male aggregations attracting females from outside their boundary.

}, issn = {1442-9985}, doi = {10.1111/aec.1980.5.issue-310.1111/j.1442-9993.1980.tb01253.x}, url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/aec/5/3}, author = {D. Thiele and Winston J. Bailey} } @article {52724, title = {Calling display and mating behaviour of Copiphora rhinoceros Pictet (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {28}, year = {1980}, month = {Jan-02-1980}, pages = {42 - IN1}, abstract = {

Substrate-transmitted signals, known from scattered accounts to occur in several species of acoustic Orthoptera, are brought together and briefly reviewed. Males of a neotropical katydid, Copiphora rhinoceros, were found to alternate stereotyped bouts of body vibration (tremulation) with an 8.7-kHz air-borne song. This calling display is remarkable in combining vegetation-conducted transverse waves with stridulation. A complete acoustic analysis accompanies detailed descriptions of three field matings. Females responded to the male\&$\#$39;s display silently but with similar body shaking. Copulation lasted almost 4 h, and courtship was prolonged by repeated male withdrawals. The male\&$\#$39;s coyness probably reflects a costly nutritional investment in a single mating: his spermatophore includes a huge bilobed spermatophylax, consumed by the female after copulation.

}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80006-6}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347280800066}, author = {Glenn K. Morris} } @article {51484, title = {Song Structure and Description of Some Costa Rican Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)}, journal = {Transactions of the American Entomological Society}, volume = {108}, year = {1982}, pages = {287-314}, chapter = {287}, abstract = {

The physical features of the calling songs of a dozen species of Tettigoniidae from Costa Rica are recorded and analyzed. A new species, Cocconotus pusillus, is described from the cloud forest.

Several forms from the understory of lowland rainforest utilize high-Q (sinusoidal) carrier frequencies in the ultrasonic range and to this end the sound generating regions of the tegmina are uniquely strengthened. Relative to other katydids, these insects show what may be adaptations for avoidance of predatory bats: elongate antennae, lowered thresholds for elicitation of defensive behaviour and a severely curtailed signal emission time. It is proposed that reduced signal dura tion has placed a selective premium on localization efficiency during pair formation. The ultrasonic pure tone carrier, functioning in conjunction with highly directional ear slits, may be an adaptation to enhance localization.

}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078301}, author = {Glenn K. Morris and Max Beier} } @article {50909, title = {Morphological determinants of carrier frequency signal in katydids (Orthoptera): a comparative analysis using biophysical evidence}, journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, year = {2017}, month = {Apr-09-2018}, abstract = {

Male katydids produce mating calls by stridulation using specialized structures on the forewings. The right wing (RW) bears a scraper connected to a drum-like cell known as the mirror and a left wing (LW) that overlaps the RW and bears a serrated vein on the ventral side, the stridulatory file. Sound is generated with the scraper sweeping across the file, producing vibrations that are amplified by the mirror. Using this sound generator, katydids exploit a range of song carrier frequencies (CF) unsurpassed by any other insect group, with species singing as low as 600 Hz and others as high as 150 kHz. Sound generator size has been shown to scale negatively with CF, but such observations derive from studies based on few species, without phylogenetic control, and/or using only the RW mirror length. We carried out a phylogenetic comparative analysis involving 94 species of katydids to study the relationship between LW and RW components of the sound generator and the CF of the male\&$\#$39;s mating call, while taking into account body size and phylogenetic relationships. The results showed that CF negatively scaled with all morphological measures, but was most strongly related to components of the sound generation system (file, LW and RW mirrors). Interestingly, the LW mirror (reduced and non-functional) predicted CF more accurately than the RW mirror, and body size is not a reliable CF predictor. Mathematical models were verified on known species for predicting CF in species for which sound is unknown (e.g. fossils or museum specimens).

}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.13179}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jeb.13179}, author = {Fernando Montealegre-Zapata and Ogden, Jessica and Jonsson, Thorin and Soulsbury, Carl D.} } @mastersthesis {50740, title = {Investigating an adaptive radiation in temperate Neoconocephalus}, year = {2013}, school = {University of Missouri{\textendash}Columbia}, type = {phd}, author = {Frederick, Katherine H} } @article {47341, title = {Large-scale semi-automated acoustic monitoring allows to detect temporal decline of bush-crickets}, journal = {Global Ecology and Conservation}, volume = {6}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan-04-2016}, pages = {208 - 218}, abstract = {

Monitoring biodiversity over large spatial and temporal scales is crucial to assess the impact of global changes and environmental mitigation measures. However, large-scale monitoring of invertebrates remains poorly developed despite the importance of these organisms in ecosystem functioning. The development of new recording techniques and new methods of automatic species recognition based on sound detection and easily applicable within a citizen-science framework, offers interesting possibilities. However, the value of such protocols has not been tested for the study of temporal trends on a large spatial scale.

We used an acoustic region-wide citizen-monitoring program of Orthoptera, conducted along roads, to assess the relevance of automatic species recognition methods to detect temporal trends while taking into account spatial and seasonal patterns of two Orthoptera species activity (Tettigonia viridissima Linnaeus, 1758, and Ruspolia nitidula Scopoli, 1786) at a large scale. Additionally, we tested the effect of climate and land-use variables on spatio-temporal abundance patterns using generalized linear mixed models. We found negative temporal trends for the two species across the survey period (2006\–2012). The spatial variations were largely explained by the geoclimatic conditions and, to a lesser extent, by land use (negative effects of urbanization). The temporal variations were highly correlated to the climatic conditions of the year, and of the previous year (nonlinear effect of temperature, precipitation).

To our knowledge, this paper describes the first successful attempt to calculate large-scale temporal trends of insect populations on the basis of an automatic identification process of acoustic data. We argue that acoustic monitoring along roads, coupled with the automatic recognition of species sounds, offers several advantages for assessing Orthoptera biodiversity response to global changes and environmental measures.

}, keywords = {automated signal recognition, bioacoustics, citizen monitoring program, Climate, Tettigoniida, trends}, issn = {23519894}, doi = {10.1016/j.gecco.2016.02.008}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2351989415300329}, author = {Jeliazkov, Alienor and Bas, Yves and Kerbiriou, Christian and Julien, Jean-Fran{\c c}ois and Penone, Caterina and Le Viol, Isabelle} } @article {47329, title = {Wing mechanics, vibrational and acoustic communication in a new bush-cricket species of the genus Copiphora (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from Colombia}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology}, volume = {263}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan-07-2016}, pages = {55 - 65}, abstract = {

Male bush-crickets produce acoustic signals by wing stridulation to call females. Several species also alternate vibratory signals with acoustic calls for intraspecific communication, a way to reduce risk of detection by eavesdropping predators. Both modes of communication have been documented mostly in neotropical species, for example in the genus Copiphora. In this article, we studied vibratory and acoustic signals and the biophysics of wing resonance in Copiphora vigorosa, a new species from the rainforest of Colombia. Different from other Copiphora species in which the acoustic signals have been properly documented as pure tones, C. vigorosa males produce a complex modulated broadband call peaking at ca. 30 kHz. Since males of this species do rarely sing, we also report that substratum vibrations have been adopted in this species as a persistent communication channel. Wing resonances and substratum vibrations were measured using a \μ-scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometry. We found that the stridulatory areas of both wings exhibit a relatively broad-frequency response and the combined vibration outputs fits with the calling song spectrum breadth. The broadband calling song spectrum results from several wing resonances activated simultaneously during stridulation. Under laboratory conditions the calling song duty cycle is very low and males spend more time tremulating than singing.

}, keywords = {bioacoustics, biotremology, bush-cricket, laser Doppler vibrometer, resonance, tremulation, ultrasound}, issn = {00445231}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcz.2016.04.008}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044523116300584}, author = {Sarria-S, Fabio A. and Buxton, Kallum and Jonsson, Thorin and Fernando Montealegre-Zapata} } @article {47305, title = {Convergent Evolution Between Insect and Mammalian Audition}, journal = {Science}, volume = {338}, year = {2012}, month = {Apr-15-20122141}, pages = {968 - 971}, issn = {0036-8075}, doi = {10.1126/science.1225271}, url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1225271https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1126/science.1225271}, author = {Fernando Montealegre-Zapata and Jonsson, T. and Robson-Brown, K. A. and Postles, M. and Daniel Robert} } @article {43232, title = {The Seasonal Succession of Orthopteran Stridulation near Raleigh, North Carolina}, journal = {Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society}, volume = {67}, year = {1951}, month = {June 1951}, pages = {87-95}, chapter = {87}, author = {B. B. Fulton} } @article {20904, title = {Evolutionary diversification of the auditory organ sensilla in Neoconocephalus katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) correlates with acoustic signal diversification over phylogenetic relatedness and life history}, journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-03-2017}, abstract = {

Neoconocephalus tettigoniids are a model for the evolution of acoustic signals as male calls have diversified in temporal structure during the radiation of the genus. Tettigoniidae have hearing organs in the forelegs with species-specific numbers of auditory sensilla in a linear crista acustica. We investigated changes of the hearing organs during an evolutionary radiation with divergence of intraspecific acoustic signals. We compared the neuroanatomy of the crista acustica from 9 Neoconocephalus species with different temporal call features, life histories, and from different phylogenetic positions. Average numbers of auditory sensilla were species-specific, ranging between 32\–35 sensilla. It is likely under sexual selection for detection of male calls and natural selection for detection of bat calls. We found statistically significant differences in sensillum numbers among species, but no relationship of crista acustica length or sensillum number with phylogenetic position or life history. Statistically significant correlations existed with call patterns: species with slow pulse rates had significantly higher numbers of auditory sensilla and a longer crista acustica. Further, species with a derived double-pulsed calls had longer cristae, and continuous callers had a higher number of auditory sensilla. Correlations with crista length were stronger than with the number of auditory sensilla. The hearing organs show considerable diversity between species despite their recent divergence and morphological and ecological similarities. Thus, they have the potential to respond to various selective pressures, including divergence of temporal and spectral signal properties. Phylogenetic constraints are unlikely to limit the evolutionary change of the auditory systems.

}, keywords = {hearing organ, insects, radiation, sensory evolution, sexual selection, signal evolution, tympanal organ}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.13066}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jeb.13066}, author = {Strau{\ss}, Johannes and Alt, Joscha A. and Ekschmitt, Klemens and Schul, Johannes and Lakes-Harlan, Reinhard} } @article {17264, title = {Audio-spectrographic Analysis of the song of the Cone-Headed Grasshopper, Neoconocephalus ensiger (Harris) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)}, journal = {The Ohio Journal of Science}, volume = {54}, year = {1954}, pages = {297-303}, chapter = {297}, abstract = {

The song of Neoconocephalus ensiger has been described as consisting of a rapid series of somewhat lisping notes that sound like chwi (Scudder 1875), tsip (Allard 1911), or zick (Cantrall 193). Pierce (1948, p. 195) states taht the notes have a frequency of 13,700 cycles per second (a pitch very near the second A above the highest note on the piano), and are 0,033 sec. in length separated by silent intervals 0.052 sec. in length. This writer cannot hear frequencies as high as 13,700 cps, yet has no difficulty in hearing the song of this insect; it would tus appear that something is wrong with Pierce\&$\#$39;s figures of 13,700 cps.

On August 24, 1953, a male of this species was collected in a grassy field in Bremen Twp., Lincoln Co., Maine; the insect was caged and later the same day a recording was made of its song. The recording was made with a Magnemite tape recorder, using a taoe speed of 15 in. per sec; the insect was baout 8 in. from the microphone. The specimen adn recording are in the writer\&$\#$39;s collection.

}, url = {https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/4189/V54N05_297.pdf}, author = {Donald J. Borror} } @article {17261, title = {Species isolation and song types of the genus Ruspolia Schulthess (Orthoptera Tettigonioidea) in Uganda}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {10}, year = {1976}, pages = {511-528}, chapter = {511}, abstract = {

An account is given of the songs of six speciesof the tettigoniid Ruspolia Schulthess occurring in Uganda. Some comment is made on their biology and distribution. Particular emphasis is made of the song as an isolating mechanism in sympatric species.

}, author = {Winston J. Bailey} } @article {17260, title = {The general biology and phenology of swarming in the East African tettigoniid Ruspolia differens (Serville) (Orthoptera)}, journal = {J. nat. Hist.}, volume = {12}, year = {1978}, pages = {259-288}, chapter = {259}, author = {Winston J. Bailey and A. W. R. McCrae} } @inbook {17259, title = {A report on the insect fauna of the Prince Regent River Reserve, North-west Kimberley, Western Australia}, booktitle = {Wildlife Reserach Bulletin (A Biological Survey of The Prince Regent River Reserve, North-west Kimberley, Western Australia)}, number = {3}, year = {1975}, author = {Winston J. Bailey and Kevin T. Richards} } @article {17252, title = {Further Investigations into the Function of the {\textquotedblleft}Mirror{\textquotedblright} in Tettigonioidea (Orthoptera)}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {215}, year = {1967}, month = {Dec-08-1967}, pages = {762 - 763}, abstract = {

From the calculations of Pierce nearly two decades ago, students of the production of sound in bush crickets have assumed the area of thin cuticle on the right tegmen known as the \“mirror\” to be acoustically important (Fig. 1). Pierce\&$\#$39;s attribution of a resonant function to this membrane was challenged by Broughton and Dumortier. Dumortier suggested that the whole tegmen is responsible as an acoustic coupler, not only the mirror. Broughton, working on the decticine, Metrioptera roeselii (Hagenbach), found that the frequency spectrum of one individual was not obligatorily changed by coating the mirror with a deadening film of latex. His results have stimulated further work of the same nature on two members of the Conocephalidae, Conocephalus discolor (Thunberg) and Homorocoryphus nitidulus nitidulus (Scopoli). Both these animals, like M. roeselii, have a well-defined spectrum, but their peak frequencies are at 28 kc/s and 15.5 kc/s, respectively.

}, issn = {0028-0836}, doi = {10.1038/215762a0}, url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/215762a0}, author = {Winston J. Bailey} } @article {17247, title = {A New North American Species of Bucrates (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae: Copiphorini)}, journal = {Journal of Orthoptera Research}, volume = {23}, year = {2014}, month = {Jan-07-2014}, pages = {69 - 73}, abstract = {

Bucrates weissmani n.sp. is known from four localities in southern Arizona. It is smaller and more slender than the other four species of Bucrates, making it superficially similar to the Central American copiphorine Caulopsis cuspidata, but more fundamental features refute the notion that it belongs in Caulopsis rather than Bucrates. Four other species of Bucrates are known. Two of these, capitatus (De Geer) and clausus (Scudder), occur in sympatry in Central America and tropical South America; lanista Rehn is known only from southern Brazil; and malivolans (Scudder) is restricted to the southeastern United States. All are easily distinguished morphologically and, for the three for which the songs are known, by their songs. Unlike the two other species of Bucrates for which the habitat is known, B. weissmani occurs on altitudinal islands at the edge of a desert. The calling song of B. weissmani resembles that of numerous species of Neoconocephalus, whereas the songs of B. malivolans and B. capitatus, resemble each other more than either song resembles that of B. weissmani.

}, issn = {1082-6467}, doi = {10.1665/034.023.010110.1665/034.023.0101.s4}, url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1665/034.023.0101}, author = {Thomas J. Walker} } @article {17235, title = {Song as a possible isolating mechanism in the genus Homorocoryphus (Tettigonioidea, Orthoptera)}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {19}, year = {1971}, month = {Jan-05-1971}, pages = {390 - 397}, abstract = {

The songs of four species of the genus Homorocoryphus have been recorded in the field in the central region of Uganda. The songs differed in their syllable repetition rates. The effect of artificially produced songs, bearing a close resemblance to the natural song but with a variable repetition rate, has been tested on the activity levels of virgin females of two of the species. It was found that the females responded to the species specific repetition rate. Songs of each of the four species were tested against females of the species H. flavovirens, where a species specific response was established. The implications of the syllable repetition rate and the carrier frequency in this genus was discussed and a possible role in reproductive isolation was postulated.

}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1016/S0003-3472(71)80022-2}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347271800222}, author = {Winston J. Bailey and Robinson, David} } @article {17234, title = {Mechanisms of Defensive Stridulation in the Bushcricket Mygalopsis marki Bailey (Copiphorini, Tettigoniidae)}, journal = {Acta Zoologica}, volume = {64}, year = {1983}, month = {Jan-06-1983}, pages = {117 - 122}, abstract = {

The copiphorine tettigoniid Mygalopsis marki uses two acoustic defensive displays which are quite distinct from the tegminal stridulatory mechanism. Both adults and nymphs utilise a stridulation produced within the head capsule. Observation and simple experiment reveal that this sound is produced in conjunction with the passage of air into the buccal cavity. There are large trachea beneath the frons which may be associated as amplifiers of these noises. The hind wings of the adults have small downward projecting spines set in open membranous areas of the wings. When the insect is excited, these spines engage a highly specialised area of the cuticle on the dorsal terga. The production of the noise requires only slight movement of the abdomen. Its role in defense is discussed.

}, issn = {00017272}, doi = {10.1111/azo.1983.64.issue-2-310.1111/j.1463-6395.1983.tb00789.x}, url = {http://blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/azo.1983.64.issue-2-3}, author = {Winston J. Bailey and Sandow, John D.} } @article {17223, title = {The stridulatory apparatus of two species of Tettigoniid.}, journal = {Tissue Cell}, volume = {3}, year = {1971}, month = {1971}, pages = {71-6}, abstract = {

A scanning electron microscopical examination has been made of the stridulatory apparatus of Homorocoryphus nitidulus vicinus (Wlk.) and Jamaiciana flava (Wlk.). Its structure is discussed in relation to function, and the probable affinities of the two species within the Tettigoniidae.

}, issn = {0040-8166}, doi = {10.1016/S0040-8166(71)80032-0}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040816671800320}, author = {Anstee, J H} } @article {16408, title = {A review of the African Species of the genus Ruspolia Schulthess [Orthoptera Tettigonioidea]}, journal = {Bulletin de l{\textquoteright}I.F.A.N. Ser. A.}, volume = {37}, year = {1975}, pages = {171-226}, chapter = {171}, author = {Winston J. Bailey} } @article {15290, title = {Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3785}, year = {2014}, month = {Apr-04-2014}, pages = {343}, issn = {1175-5326}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3785.310.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2}, url = {http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.3785.3}, author = {Klaus-Gerhard Heller and Claudia Hemp and Chunxiang Liu and Volleth, Marianne} }