01814nas a2200157 4500008004100000022002500041245009000066210006900156260001600225300001400241490000800255520129500263100002301558700002801581856004701609 2011 eng d a0005-7959, 1568-539X00aThe calling songs of male spring field crickets (Gryllus veletis) change as males age0 acalling songs of male spring field crickets Gryllus veletis chan cJan-01-2011 a1045-10650 v1483 a

Sexual traits are typically thought to convey information about a male's quality or condition. Female preference for older males has been documented in many taxa, but the evidence that males signal their age is inconclusive. We investigated lifetime patterns of acoustic mate attraction signalling in a longitudinal study of the spring field cricket, Gryllus veletis. We recorded males continuously throughout their lives, such that every pulse of sound produced by every male was analyzed. Our study answers two main questions: (1) Do calls change as males age? Our results reveal that the calls of male spring field crickets change with age; the calls of older males were quieter, with more silent periods within and between chirps, and produced less often than those of younger males. As males aged most of the changes in call structure reflect decreased calling effort. (2) What is the relationship between calling effort and longevity? Lifetime calling effort was positively related to longevity, such that males that called the most over their life also lived longer than males that called less. Together, our findings provide the most thorough exploration of lifetime signalling patterns in crickets to date.

1 aBertram, Susan, M.1 aFitzsimmons, Lauren, P. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000579511x58881201559nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245011200055210006900167260001600236300000700252490000900259520066900268653001700937653001600954653001100970653001500981653003200996653001301028100001901041700002601060700002801086700002001114856017101134 2011 eng d a1175-532600aPlatycleis galvagnii, a peculiar new bushcricket from Sardinia (Italy) (Insecta, Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)0 aPlatycleis galvagnii a peculiar new bushcricket from Sardinia It cJul-03-2011 a510 v27843 a

Platycleis galvagnii n. sp. from Sardinia (Italy) is described. In general habitus the new taxon is close to Platycleis sensu strictu, albeit very small in size. When looking at other characters the species does not seem to fit within one of the groups recognised within Platycleis s.l., but for the moment the species is placed in Platycleis s.s.. The species is characterised by a range of morphological and bioacoustic characters. Its real affiliations with other species within the Platycleis complex need to be established further. For the moment the species is known only from the type locality, Gennargentu mountain in the central part of Sardinia.

10abioacoustics10aGennargentu10aItalia10aOrthoptera10aPlatycleis galvagnii n. sp.10aSardinia1 aFONTANA, PAOLO1 aBUZZETTI, FILIPPO, M.1 aKLEUKERS, ROY, M. J. C.1 aODÉ, BAUDEWIJN uhttps://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.2784.1https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2784.1.5https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/viewFile/45485/3923301753nas a2200133 4500008004100000245011400041210006900155520126000224100001801484700001801502700002701520700001901547856005301566 2011 eng d00aSo Small, So Loud: Extremely High Sound Pressure Level from a Pygmy Aquatic Insect (Corixidae, Micronectinae)0 aSo Small So Loud Extremely High Sound Pressure Level from a Pygm3 a

To communicate at long range, animals have to produce intense but intelligible signals. This task might be difficult to achieve due to mechanical constraints, in particular relating to body size. Whilst the acoustic behaviour of large marine and terrestrial animals has been thoroughly studied, very little is known about the sound produced by small arthropods living in freshwater habitats. Here we analyse for the first time the calling song produced by the male of a small insect, the water boatman Micronecta scholtzi. The song is made of three distinct parts differing in their temporal and amplitude parameters, but not in their frequency content. Sound is produced at 78.9 (63.6–82.2) SPL rms re 2.1025 Pa with a peak at 99.2 (85.7– 104.6) SPL re 2.1025 Pa estimated at a distance of one metre. This energy output is significant considering the small size of the insect. When scaled to body length and compared to 227 other acoustic species, the acoustic energy produced by M. scholtzi appears as an extreme value, outperforming marine and terrestrial mammal vocalisations. Such an extreme display may be interpreted as an exaggerated secondary sexual trait resulting from a runaway sexual selection without predation pressure.

1 aSueur, Jerome1 aMackie, David1 aWindmill, James, F. C.1 aSoares, Daphne uhttps://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002108902528nas a2200217 4500008004100000245010300041210006900144520177600213653002701989653002202016653001602038653001202054653002102066653001202087653001902099100001702118700001902135700001902154700001702173856012002190 2011 eng d00aWhistling in caterpillars (Amorpha juglandis, Bombycoidea): sound-producing mechanism and function0 aWhistling in caterpillars Amorpha juglandis Bombycoidea soundpro3 a

Caterpillar defenses have been researched extensively, and, although most studies focus on visually communicated signals, little is known about the role that sounds play in defense. We report on whistling, a novel form of sound production for caterpillars and rare for insects in general. The North American walnut sphinx (Amorpha juglandis) produces whistle ‘trains’ ranging from 44 to 2060ms in duration and comprising one to eight whistles. Sounds were categorized into three types: broadband, pure whistles and multi-harmonic plus broadband, with mean dominant frequencies at 15kHz, 9kHz and 22kHz, respectively. The mechanism of sound production was determined by selectively obstructing abdominal spiracles, monitoring air flow at different spiracles using a laser vibrometer and recording body movements associated with sound production using high-speed video. Contractions of the anterior body segments always accompanied sound production, forcing air through a pair of enlarged spiracles on the eighth abdominal segment. We tested the hypothesis that sounds function in defense using simulated attacks with blunt forceps and natural attacks with an avian predator – the yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia). In simulated attacks, 94% of caterpillars responded with whistle trains that were frequently accompanied by directed thrashing but no obvious chemical defense. In predator trials, all birds readily attacked the caterpillar, eliciting whistle trains each time. Birds responded to whistling by hesitating, jumping back or diving away from the sound source. We conclude that caterpillar whistles are defensive and propose
that they function specifically as acoustic ‘eye spots’ to startle predators.

10aacoustic communication10aAmorpha juglandis10acaterpillar10adefense10asound production10awhistle10ayellow warbler1 aBura, V., L.1 aRohwer, V., G.1 aMartin, P., R.1 aYack, J., E. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.046805https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.04680500499nas a2200085 4500008004100000245011200041210006900153100002000222856017100242 2011 eng d00aNew Cardiodactylus species from unsuspected places in Southeast Asia (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Eneopterinae)0 aNew Cardiodactylus species from unsuspected places in Southeast 1 aRobillard, Tony uhttps://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.2909.1https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2909.1.2https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/viewFile/46285/3994302751nas a2200145 4500008004100000245014200041210006900183260001600252300001100268490000600279520222300285100002502508700001902533856005302552 2011 eng d00aSolutions to the Cocktail Party Problem in Insects: Selective Filters, Spatial Release from Masking and Gain Control in Tropical Crickets0 aSolutions to the Cocktail Party Problem in Insects Selective Fil cJun-12-2011 ae285930 v63 a

Background

Insects often communicate by sound in mixed species choruses; like humans and many vertebrates in crowded social environments they thus have to solve cocktail-party-like problems in order to ensure successful communication with conspecifics. This is even more a problem in species-rich environments like tropical rainforests, where background noise levels of up to 60 dB SPL have been measured.

Principal Findings

Using neurophysiological methods we investigated the effect of natural background noise (masker) on signal detection thresholds in two tropical cricket species Paroecanthus podagrosus and Diatrypa sp., both in the laboratory and outdoors. We identified three ‘bottom-up’ mechanisms which contribute to an excellent neuronal representation of conspecific signals despite the masking background. First, the sharply tuned frequency selectivity of the receiver reduces the amount of masking energy around the species-specific calling song frequency. Laboratory experiments yielded an average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of −8 dB, when masker and signal were broadcast from the same side. Secondly, displacing the masker by 180° from the signal improved SNRs by further 6 to 9 dB, a phenomenon known as spatial release from masking. Surprisingly, experiments carried out directly in the nocturnal rainforest yielded SNRs of about −23 dB compared with those in the laboratory with the same masker, where SNRs reached only −14.5 and −16 dB in both species. Finally, a neuronal gain control mechanism enhances the contrast between the responses to signals and the masker, by inhibition of neuronal activity in interstimulus intervals.

Conclusions

Thus, conventional speaker playbacks in the lab apparently do not properly reconstruct the masking noise situation in a spatially realistic manner, since under real world conditions multiple sound sources are spatially distributed in space. Our results also indicate that without knowledge of the receiver properties and the spatial release mechanisms the detrimental effect of noise may be strongly overestimated.

1 aSchmidt, Arne, K. D.1 aRömer, Heiner uhttps://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002859302554nas a2200193 4500008004100000245007500041210006900116520185900185653001702044653004502061653001202106653002902118653001102147653001302158100001702171700002602188700002602214856012002240 2011 eng d00aNo evidence for DPOAEs in the mechanical motion of the locust tympanum0 aNo evidence for DPOAEs in the mechanical motion of the locust ty3 a

Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) are present in non-linear hearing organs, and for low-intensity sounds are a by-product of active processes. In vertebrate ears they are considered to be due to hair cell amplification of sound in the cochlea; however, certain animals lacking a cochlea and hair cells are also reported to be capable of DPOAEs. In the Insecta, DPOAEs have been recorded from the locust auditory organ. However, the site of generation of these DPOAEs and the physiological mechanisms causing their presence in the locust ear are not yet understood, despite there being a number of potential places in the tympanal organ that could be capable of generating DPOAEs. This study aimed to record locust tympanal membrane vibration using a laser Doppler vibrometer in order to identify a distinct place of DPOAE generation on the membrane. Two species of locust were investigated over a range of frequencies and levels of acoustic stimulus, mirroring earlier acoustic recording studies; however, the current experiments were carried out in an open acoustic system. The laser measurements did not find any evidence of mechanical motion on the tympanal membrane related to the expected DPOAE frequencies. The results of the current study therefore could not confirm the presence of DPOAEs in the locust ear through the mechanics of the tympanal membrane. Experiments were also carried out to test how membrane behaviour altered when the animals were in a state of hypoxia, as this was previously found to decrease DPOAE magnitude, suggesting a metabolic sensitivity. However, hypoxia did not have any significant effect on the membrane mechanics. The location of the mechanical generation of DPOAEs in the locust’s ear, and
therefore the basis for the related physiological mechanisms, thus remains unknown.

10abioacoustics10adistortion-product otoacoustic emissions10ahearing10alaser Doppler vibrometry10alocust10atympanum1 aMoir, H., M.1 aJackson, Joseph, Curt1 aWindmill, James, F.C. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.056465https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.05646502311nas a2200181 4500008004100000245006200041210006200103520174300165653002101908653001301929653001901942100002101961700003201982700001902014700002102033700002002054856005502074 2011 eng d00aSound Transduction in the Auditory System of Bushcrickets0 aSound Transduction in the Auditory System of Bushcrickets3 a

Place based frequency representation, called tonotopy,is a typical property of hearing organs for the discrimination of different frequencies. Due to its coiled structure and secure housing, it is difficult access the mammalian cochlea. Hence, our knowledge about in vivo inner-ear mechanics is restricted to small regions. In this study, we present in vivo measurements that focus on the easily accessible, uncoiled auditory organs in bushcrickets, which are located in their foreleg tibiae. Sound enters the body via an opening at the lateral side of the thorax and passes through a horn-shaped acoustic trachea before reaching the high frequency hearing organ called crista acustica. In addition to the acoustic trachea as structure that transmits incoming sound towards the hearing organ, bushcrickets also possess two tympana, specialized plate-like structures, on the anterior and posterior side of each tibia. They provide a secondary path of excitation for the sensory receptors at low frequencies. We investigated the mechanics of the crista acustica in the tropical bushcricket Mecopoda elongata. The frequency-dependent motion of the crista acustica was captured using a laser-Doppler-vibrometer system. Using pure tone stimulation of the crista acustica, we could elicit traveling waves along the length of the hearing organ that move from the distal high frequency to the proximal low frequency region. In addition, distinct maxima in the velocity response of the crista acustica could be measured at ̃7 and ̃17 kHz. The travelling-wave-based tonotopy provides the basis for mechanical frequency discrimination along the crista acustica and opens up new possibility to investigate traveling wave mechanics in vivo.

10aLDV-measurements10atonotopy10atraveling wave1 aNowotny, Manuela1 aUdayashankar, Arun, Palghat1 aWeber, Melanie1 aHummel, Jennifer1 aKössl, Manfred uhttp://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.365813102319nas a2200181 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128520167300197653002101870653001201891653001601903653001801919100001501937700002101952700001901973700002501992856012002017 2011 eng d00aMatching sender and receiver: poikilothermy and frequency tuning in a tree cricket0 aMatching sender and receiver poikilothermy and frequency tuning 3 a

Animals communicate in non-ideal and noisy conditions. The primary method they use to improve communication efficiency is sender-receiver matching: the receiver's sensory mechanism filters the impinging signal based on the expected signal. In the context of acoustic communication in crickets, such a match is made in the frequency domain. The males broadcast a mate attraction signal, the calling song, in a narrow frequency band centred on the carrier frequency (CF), and the females are most sensitive to sound close to this frequency. In tree crickets, however, the CF changes with temperature. The mechanisms used by female tree crickets to accommodate this change in CF were investigated at the behavioural and biomechanical level. At the behavioural level, female tree crickets were broadly tuned and responded equally to CFs produced within the naturally occurring range of temperatures (18 to 27°C). To allow such a broad response, however, the transduction mechanisms that convert sound into mechanical and then neural signals must also have a broad response. The tympana of the female tree crickets exhibited a frequency response that was even broader than suggested by the behaviour. Their tympana vibrate with equal amplitude to frequencies spanning nearly an order of magnitude. Such a flat frequency response is unusual in biological systems and cannot be modelled as a simple mechanical system. This feature of the tree cricket auditory system not only has interesting implications for mate choice and species isolation but may also prove exciting for bio-mimetic applications such as the design of miniature low frequency microphones.

10afrequency tuning10ahearing10aOecanthinae10atree crickets1 aMhatre, N.1 aBhattacharya, M.1 aRobert, Daniel1 aBalakrishnan, Rohini uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.057612https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.05761202386nas a2200193 4500008004100000245009800041210006900139520176800208653001901976653001201995653002902007653002202036653001302058653001902071100001502090700001402105700001602119856005702135 2011 eng d00aSound-induced tympanal membrane motion in bushcrickets and its relationship to sensory output0 aSoundinduced tympanal membrane motion in bushcrickets and its re3 a

n the auditory system of bushcrickets, sound can reach the receptors via two different paths: (i) by acting on the outside of the tympana situated on both sides of each foreleg or (ii) through the acoustic trachea that opens at a spiracle on the thorax. While the spiracle is considered to be the main point of sound entry for higher audio and ultrasonic frequencies, the role of the tympana is still unclear. The tympana border the air-filled acoustic trachea as well as the fluid-filled haemolymph channel containing the receptor organs. To understand their role during sound transduction, the sound-induced neuronal response of the hearing organ was recorded in combination with measurement of tympanal membrane motion using laser-Doppler vibrometry. For far-field stimulation, the frequency of the most sensitive hearing (∼16 kHz) matched the frequency of a pronounced maximum of tympanal membrane vibration. A second maximum of tympanum motion at lower frequencies (∼7 kHz) was correlated with an increased nerve activity at higher intensities (>70 dB sound pressure level, SPL). These correlations support the hypothesis of functional coupling between tympanum motion and nerve activity. When sound stimuli were applied locally, through either the tympanum or the spiracle, significant differences between tympanum motion and nerve activity were found. These discrepancies show that tympanum motion and neuronal response are not coupled directly and that there is no linear relationship with the applied SPL. Taken together, these data verify a functional, albeit indirect, coupling of tympanum motion and sensory cell activity for one of the pronounced vibration maxima, which appears to represent a resonance frequency of the tympanum.

10ainsect hearing10akatydid10alaser-Doppler vibrometer10aMecopoda elongata10aspiracle10atympanal nerve1 aHummel, J.1 aKossl, M.1 aNowotny, M. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.05444502263nas a2200205 4500008004100000245006100041210006000102520159300162653001801755653002101773653002201794653002301816653000901839100001401848700002201862700001601884700001801900700001901918856012001937 2011 eng d00aMechanical filtering for narrow-band hearing in the weta0 aMechanical filtering for narrowband hearing in the weta3 a

This paper constitutes a major attempt to associate tympanic deflections with the mechanoreceptor organ location in an acoustic insect. The New Zealand tree weta (Hemideina thoracica) has tympanal ears located on each of the prothoracic tibiae. The tympana exhibit a sclerotized oval plate, membranous processes bulging out from the tibial cuticle and many loosely suspended ripples. We used microscanning laser Doppler vibrometry to determine how such a tympanal membrane vibrates in response to sound and whether the sclerotized region plays a role in hearing. The tympanum displays a single resonance at the calling frequency of the male, an unusual example of an insect tympana acting as a narrow bandpass filter. Both tympana resonate in phase with the stimulus and with each other. Histological sections show that the tympanal area is divided into two distinct regions, as in other ensiferans. An oval plate lies in the middle of a thickened region and is surrounded by a transparent and uniformly thin region. It is hinged dorsally to the tympanal rim and thus resembles the model of a ‘hinged flap’. The thickened region appears to act as a damping mass on the oscillation of the thin region, and vibration displacement is reduced in this area. The thinner area vibrates with higher amplitude, inducing mechanical pressure on the dorsal area adjacent to the crista acustica. We present a new model showing how the thickened region might confer a mechanical gain onto the activation of the crista acustica sensory neurons during the sound-induced oscillations.

10aensiferan ear10alaser vibrometry10amechanical tuning10atympanum vibration10aweta1 aLomas, K.1 aMontealegre-Z, F.1 aParsons, S.1 aField, L., H.1 aRobert, Daniel uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.050187https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.05018700389nam a2200097 4500008004100000245005500041210005300096260007600149100002000225856004600245 2011 eng d00aCricket Radio: Tuning in the Night-singing Insects0 aCricket Radio Tuning in the Nightsinging Insects aCambridge, MassachusettsbThe Belknap Press of Harvard University Press1 aHammelman, John uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/zh-hant/node/5759202304nas a2200181 4500008004100000245008200041210006900123520165300192653002701845653001601872653001201888653002401900653002001924100002501944700001401969700001901983856012002002 2011 eng d00aHigh background noise shapes selective auditory filters in a tropical cricket0 aHigh background noise shapes selective auditory filters in a tro3 a

Because of call frequency overlap and masking interference, the airborne sound channel represents a limited resource for communication in a species-rich cricket community like the tropical rainforest. Here we studied the frequency tuning of an auditory neuron mediating phonotaxis in the rainforest cricket Paroecanthus podagrosus, suffering from strong competition, in comparison with the same homologous neuron in two species of European field crickets, where such competition does not exist. As predicted, the rainforest species exhibited a more selective tuning compared with the European counterparts. The filter reduced background nocturnal noise levels by 26 dB, compared with only 16 and 10 dB in the two European species. We also quantified the performance of the sensory filter under the different filter regimes by examining the representation of the species-specific amplitude modulation of the male calling song, when embedded in background noise. Again, the filter of the rainforest cricket performed significantly better in terms of representing this important signal parameter. The neuronal representation of the calling song pattern within receivers was maintained for a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios because of the more sharply tuned sensory system and selective attention mechanisms. Finally, the rainforest cricket also showed an almost perfect match between the filter for sensitivity and the peripheral filter for directional hearing, in contrast to its European counterparts. We discuss the consequences of these adaptations for intraspecific acoustic communication and reproductive isolation between species.

10aacoustic communication10acompetition10acricket10adirectional hearing10aMatched filters1 aSchmidt, Arne, K. D.1 aRiede, K.1 aRömer, Heiner uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.053819https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.05381901878nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245014500055210006900200260001600269300001200285490000600297520105900303653001701362653001701379653001901396653001101415653001401426653001501440100003301455700002201488700002401510700002201534856006801556 2011 eng d a1477-200000aQuality calls: phylogeny and biogeography of a new genus of neotropical katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with ultra pure-tone ultrasonics0 aQuality calls phylogeny and biogeography of a new genus of neotr cSep-03-2012 a77 - 940 v93 a

This paper describes Artiotonus, a new genus of tropical katydid from Colombia and Ecuador. These acoustic ensiferans are represented by three species with a geographic distribution generally restricted to the rainforest of the Bolivar geosyncline of northwestern South America (Pacific). A phylogenetic analysis based on 28 morphological and six behavioural characters produced a tree (A. artius, (A. tinae, A. captivus)) with a consistency index of 0.9. All species are defined by a few autapomorphic changes. The most reliable character for identification is the temporal pattern of the calling song, suggesting a recent genetic divergence. Biogeographic analysis indicates that such genetic divergence began with geographic isolation produced before the Holocene transgression. Species of this genus are remarkable in that the calling song of males exhibits a narrow spectrum with a high quality factor (37–42), unusual values for such ultrasonic signals. A broad discussion on the evolution of tonal calls and pulse trains is offered.

10aBiogeography10acalling song10aConocephalinae10ahigh-Q10apure tone10aultrasound1 aMontealegre-Zapata, Fernando1 aMorris, Glenn, K.1 aSarria-S, Fabio, A.1 aMason, Andrew, C. uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14772000.2011.56020902082nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245007400055210006900129260001600198300001600214490000700230520136400237653002301601653001601624653003101640653002001671100002901691700002501720700003301745700001901778856005501797 2011 eng d a0028-104200aTympanal mechanics and neural responses in the ears of a noctuid moth0 aTympanal mechanics and neural responses in the ears of a noctuid cJan-12-2011 a1057 - 10610 v983 a

Ears evolved in many groups of moths to detect the echolocation calls of predatory bats. Although the neurophysiology of bat detection has been intensively studied in moths for decades, the relationship between sound-induced movement of the noctuid tympanic membrane and action potentials in the auditory sensory cells (A1 and A2) has received little attention. Using laser Doppler vibrometry, we measured the velocity and displacement of the tympanum in response to pure tone pulses for moths that were intact or prepared for neural recording. When recording from the auditory nerve, the displacement of the tympanum at the neural threshold remained constant across frequencies, whereas velocity varied with frequency. This suggests that the key biophysical parameter for triggering action potentials in the sensory cells of noctuid moths is tympanum displacement, not velocity. The validity of studies on the neurophysiology of moth hearing rests on the assumption that the dissection and recording procedures do not affect the biomechanics of the ear. There were no consistent differences in tympanal velocity or displacement when moths were intact or prepared for neural recordings for sound levels close to neural threshold, indicating that this and other neurophysiological studies provide good estimates of what intact moths hear at threshold.

10aauditory threshold10aLepidoptera10amoth auditory biomechanics10aneurophysiology1 aHofstede, Hannah, M. ter1 aGoerlitz, Holger, R.1 aMontealegre-Zapata, Fernando1 aRobert, Daniel uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00114-011-0851-701910nas a2200133 4500008004100000245011600041210006900157260001600226300001100242490000600253520144700259100001801706856005201724 2011 eng d00aMale Responses to Conspecific Advertisement Signals in the Field Cricket Gryllus rubens (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)0 aMale Responses to Conspecific Advertisement Signals in the Field cAug-01-2012 ae160630 v63 a

In many species males aggregate and produce long-range advertisement signals to attract conspecific females. The majority of the receivers of these signals are probably other males most of the time, and male responses to competitors’ signals can structure the spatial and temporal organization of the breeding aggregation and affect male mating tactics. I quantified male responses to a conspecific advertisement stimulus repeatedly over three age classes in Gryllus rubens (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in order to estimate the type and frequency of male responses to the broadcast stimulus and to determine the factors affecting them. Factors tested included body size, wing dimorphism, age, and intensity of the broadcast stimulus. Overall, males employed acoustic response more often than positive phonotactic response. As males aged, the frequency of positive phonotactic response decreased but that of the acoustic response increased. That is, males may use positive phonotaxis in the early stages of their adult lives, possibly to find suitable calling sites or parasitize calling males, and then later in life switch to acoustic responses in response to conspecific advertisement signals. Males with smaller body size more frequently exhibited acoustic responses. This study suggests that individual variation, more than any factors measured, is critical for age-dependent male responses to conspecific advertisement signals.

1 aJang, Yikweon uhttp://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.001606301883nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001300041245016000054210006900214260001600283300001200299490000800311520117400319653001701493653002201510653001501532653001501547100002201562700002701584856006601611 2011 eng d a0944200600aTemporal patterns of intra- and interspecific acoustic signals differ in two closely related species of Acanthoplus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodinae)0 aTemporal patterns of intra and interspecific acoustic signals di cJan-02-2011 a29 - 350 v1143 a

Males of the closely related African tettigoniids Acanthoplus discoidales and Acanthoplus longipes produce a long-lasting calling song and a short disturbance sound. The temporal patterns of the sounds were analysed in respect to species differences and song type differences. The calling songs of both species consist of impulses which are separated into verses of two syllables, with fewer impulses in the first syllable. A. longipes produces more impulses in each syllable than A. discoidales and has longer verse durations, verse intervals and syllable intervals. Also, the disturbance sounds, produced after mechanical stimulation, contain distinct verses of impulses. The disturbance sound of A. longipes has a higher number of impulses per verse than that of A. discoidales. The frequency spectra of the songs in both species have similar peak frequencies (around 12.5 kHz) and both species have their greatest hearing sensitivity in the range between 5 and 10 kHz. Females of A. longipes perform phonotaxis only to songs with a species-specific temporal pattern. By contrast, females of A. discoidales react positively to calling songs of both species.

10acalling song10adisturbance sound10aHetrodinae10aphonotaxis1 aKowalski, Kerstin1 aLakes-Harlan, Reinhard uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S094420061000090501642nas a2200205 4500008004100000245014200041210006900183300001200252490000700264520097800271653001701249653001201266653001801278653002001296100001901316700001601335700001901351700002001370856004601390 2011 eng d00aAcoustic and Molecular Differentiation between Macropters and Brachypters of Eobiana engelhardti engelhardti (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea)0 aAcoustic and Molecular Differentiation between Macropters and Br a636-6440 v503 aThis study focused on the wing dimorphism of Eobiana engelhardti engelhardti (Uvarov 1926). To examine acoustic differences between macropters and brachypters, we recorded and analyzed the calling songs of the 2 forms. Moreover, the vocal organs of E. e. engelhardti were also observed under optical and scanning electric microscopy. As a result, there were 3 “dynamic” song traits which had signi cant differences between the 2 forms, but no obvious differences were observed in vocal organs. For macropters, we assumed that differentiation of these calling songs showed compensation for a reproductive disadvantage. Finally, some molecular biology experiments were conducted to examine differences between the 2 forms at the molecular biology level; as a result, brachypterous insects were grouped in a clade, while macropterous insects were grouped into another, which indicates that these molecular differences had already occurred before these macropters migrated.10ainsect songs10akatydid10atoothed files10awing dimorphism1 aWang, Yinliang1 aZhang, Jian1 aLi, Xiao-Qiang1 aRen, Bing-Zhong uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/zh-hant/node/4779002192nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001300041245012200054210006900176260001600245300001400261490000700275520150200282653001201784653001901796653001501815653001901830653001401849100002501863700002001888856006601908 2011 eng d a0003347200aHost song selection by an acoustically orienting parasitoid fly exploiting a multispecies assemblage of cricket hosts0 aHost song selection by an acoustically orienting parasitoid fly  cJan-04-2011 a851 - 8580 v813 a

Specialization by predators, parasites and parasitoids is often viewed as adaptive because specialization will usually increase search efficiency for suitable hosts (prey). Although many studies have documented interspecific variation in the degree of host specialization, few studies have examined intraspecific variation in specialization among different populations exploiting different numbers of hosts, and even fewer have specifically examined variation in behavioural specialization. Here we examine the acoustic preferences of a parasitoid fly, Ormia ochracea, which attacks several Gryllus species of field crickets by using the male cricket song to locate hosts. All previous studies with this system have examined fly song preferences in populations of flies that primarily exploit a single host species of cricket. Here we tested a population of flies that naturally parasitizes multiple cricket species. We found significant interspecific host song preferences; however, as predicted, the strength of preference was reduced compared to single-host populations of flies. We also examined fly song selection for intraspecific variants of two of the cricket host species; flies showed significant preference for intraspecific song variants of one of the two cricket species. Our results demonstrate that the degree of behavioural specialization, in a very highly specialized fly, nevertheless shows interpopulation variation consistent with the numbers of host species utilized.

10aGryllus10aOrmia ochracea10aparasitoid10aspecialization10avariation1 aSakaguchi, Kelly, M.1 aGray, David, A. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721100027302583nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001300041245012600054210006900180260001600249300001400265490000700279520171500286653002002001653001902021653002502040653001202065653001302077653001802090653002202108653002102130653002102151653002102172100002302193700002302216856006602239 2011 eng d a0003347200aEffects of juvenile and adult condition on long-distance call components in the Jamaican field cricket, Gryllus assimilis0 aEffects of juvenile and adult condition on longdistance call com cJan-01-2011 a135 - 1440 v813 a

Complex signals may arise through either content- or efficacy-based selection. Content-based signals are thought to evolve because of the information content they provide to the receiver. Such signals may function as multiple messages, each relaying different information or types of information. For example, some signals or signal components may indicate different aspects of condition, or condition at different life stages (quality signals), while others relay information on signaller location, or function in species recognition. Or they may act as redundant signals of overall condition, or as backup signals of the same aspect of condition. Efficacy-based signals are proposed to evolve because of the way in which they influence the production, transmission, reception or processing of the signal. We manipulated juvenile and adult condition in male Jamaican field crickets, Gryllus assimilis, to test whether changes in components of the male’s long-distance acoustic mate attraction signal were consistent with content- or efficacy-based selection. Several call components exhibited condition-dependence, and may be under content-based selection. Interpulse duration, pulse rate and chirp duration appeared to honestly signal juvenile condition, while dominant frequency appeared to signal adult condition. Thus, these signal components appeared to be acting as multiple messages of quality. Pulse number, interchirp duration and chirp rate were highly stereotyped and probably function in species recognition. Call number increased with decreasing condition and was likely under efficacy-based selection. No call components appeared to have the potential to act as redundant signals.

10aacoustic signal10acomplex signal10acondition-dependence10acontent10aefficacy10aField cricket10amultiple messages10amultiple signals10aredundant signal10asexual selection1 aWhattam, Emily, M.1 aBertram, Susan, M. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721000393302246nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001300041245007000054210006700124260001600191300001400207490000700221520159100228653003401819653001701853653001701870653001401887653001601901653002401917100002101941856006601962 2011 eng d a0003347200aDo male field crickets, Gryllus pennsylvanicus, signal their age?0 aDo male field crickets Gryllus pennsylvanicus signal their age cJan-01-2011 a185 - 1940 v813 a

Older males are often reported to have higher mating success than younger males. To the extent that male quality and survival are positively correlated, this observation raises the possibility that females use male signals to assess age and thus quality. I tested this hypothesis in the fall field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus, a species in which females are known to prefer older males, and males call to attract females. Tests were both longitudinal (males recorded early and late in life) and cross-sectional (males recorded once, each at different ages). I measured a variety of temporal and spectral calling song parameters and tested the predictions that: 1) calling song changes with age, and 2) variation in calling song correlates with variation in age. I found significant changes with increased age: calls showed decreased pulse period, decreased pulse duration, decreased pulse peak frequency, more pulses per chirp and increased pulse period variability. Although pulse period and pulse duration were negatively correlated with male age in bivariate correlations, canonical correlation failed to detect any significant relationship between male age and any linear combination of song parameters. I also measured a number of male body size traits and found that the majority of information in male song appears to be related to body size. I discuss the results in relation to the auditory sensitivity of G. pennsylvanicus, and suggest a simple mechanism that explains both female preference for older males and female discrimination against heterospecific males.

10aage-based indicator mechanism10abioacoustics10acalling song10aGryllinae10aolder males10aOrthoptera survival1 aJudge, Kevin, A. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721000401X01514nas a2200217 4500008004100000245017200041210006900213260001600282300001200298490000700310520079700317653001701114653001101131653001201142653001401154653001201168653001801180100002801198700001701226856005301243 2011 eng d00aContribution to the taxonomy of Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 in South America: Part I: Redescription of Gryllus argentinus Saussure, 1874 (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Gryllidae)0 aContribution to the taxonomy of Gryllus Linnaeus 1758 in South A cJan-01-2011 a87 - 930 v143 a

The genus Gryllus includes 82 described species that occur in America from Canada to Argentina as well as in several areas of Africa, Europe and Asia. There are 12 species in South America, which were described in the nineteenth century based on a small number of samples and inconsistent characters such as body coloration and external morphology. The aim of this article is to redescribe Gryllus argentinus Saussure, 1874 collected in the urban areas of Pelotas, Capão do Leão and Rio Grande, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, highlighting phallic sclerites, calling song and body morphometry. We designate the lectotype male, provide a combination of diagnostic characteristics and discuss the taxonomic situation of South American Gryllus species.

10abioacoustics10aBrazil10acricket10agenitalia10ainsects10apars stridens1 aMartins, Luciano, de P.1 aZefa, Edison uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ens.2011.14.issue-100809nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001300041245006200054210006100116260001600177300001400193490000700207100002600214700003200240700002300272700001700295700002300312700002600335700002100361700002000382856018900402 2011 eng d a0006356800aSoundscape Ecology: The Science of Sound in the Landscape0 aSoundscape Ecology The Science of Sound in the Landscape cJan-03-2011 a203 - 2160 v611 aPijanowski, Bryan, C.1 aVillanueva-Rivera, Luis, J.1 aDumyahn, Sarah, L.1 aFarina, Almo1 aKrause, Bernie, L.1 aNapoletano, Brian, M.1 aGage, Stuart, H.1 aPieretti, Nadia uhttps://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-lookup/doi/10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.6https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/61/3/203/238162/Soundscape-Ecology-The-Science-of-Sound-in-the