@article {53569, title = {Bat Predation and Its Influence on Calling Behavior in Neotropical Katydids}, journal = {Science}, volume = {238}, year = {1987}, month = {Feb-10-1987}, pages = {64 - 67}, abstract = {

Insectivorous bats have influenced the development of antipredator behavior in moths, green lacewings, crickets, and mantids; until recently, such adaptations were unknown in katydids. Foliage-gleaning bats in Panama can use the female-attracting, airborne calling songs of nocturnal katydids to locate prey. They also feed heavily on these insects. Katydid species sympatric with these bats exhibit markedly reduced calling song duty cycles. Males supplement shortened songs with complex, species-specific tremulations that generate vibrations that are inaudible to bats but reach conspecific females through a shared plant substrate. Female katydids do not call audibly but are also preyed on in large numbers, perhaps as a result of moving toward calling males.

}, issn = {0036-8075}, doi = {10.1126/science.238.4823.64}, url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.238.4823.64https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1126/science.238.4823.64}, author = {Belwood, Jacqueline Janine and Glenn K. Morris} } @article {53132, title = {Aggression in male conocephaline grasshoppers (tettigoniidae)}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {19}, year = {1971}, month = {Jan-02-1971}, pages = {132 - 137}, abstract = {

Fighting occurs under field and laboratory conditions between conspecific males of the long horn grasshoppers O. gladiator, O. vulgare and C. nigropleurum. Approaches of 90 to 180 cm by Orchelimum males culminated in venter-to-venter grappling. Such fights usually ended in the silent withdrawal of one combatant, while the other initiated steady song from the encounter site. Only singing males were approached. Stridulation appears both to trigger the approach and to serve as a navigational aid during its excution. An area is maintained around dominating males that is free of conspecific signers.

}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1016/S0003-3472(71)80147-1}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347271801471}, author = {Glenn K. Morris} } @article {52732, title = {Geographical Distribution and Biological Observations of Cyphoderris (Orthoptera: Haglidae) With a Description of a New Species}, journal = {Psyche: A Journal of Entomology}, volume = {85}, year = {1978}, month = {Jan-01-1978}, pages = {147 - 167}, issn = {0033-2615}, doi = {10.1155/1978/84389}, url = {http://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/1978/084389/abs/}, author = {Glenn K. Morris and Darryl T. Gwynne} } @article {52724, title = {Calling display and mating behaviour of Copiphora rhinoceros Pictet (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {28}, year = {1980}, month = {Jan-02-1980}, pages = {42 - IN1}, abstract = {

Substrate-transmitted signals, known from scattered accounts to occur in several species of acoustic Orthoptera, are brought together and briefly reviewed. Males of a neotropical katydid, Copiphora rhinoceros, were found to alternate stereotyped bouts of body vibration (tremulation) with an 8.7-kHz air-borne song. This calling display is remarkable in combining vegetation-conducted transverse waves with stridulation. A complete acoustic analysis accompanies detailed descriptions of three field matings. Females responded to the male\&$\#$39;s display silently but with similar body shaking. Copulation lasted almost 4 h, and courtship was prolonged by repeated male withdrawals. The male\&$\#$39;s coyness probably reflects a costly nutritional investment in a single mating: his spermatophore includes a huge bilobed spermatophylax, consumed by the female after copulation.

}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80006-6}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347280800066}, author = {Glenn K. Morris} } @article {52683, title = {Songs and Systematics of Some Tettigoniidae from Colombia and Ecuador I. Pseudophyllinae (Orthoptera)}, journal = {Journal of Orthoptera Research}, year = {1999}, month = {Jan-11-1999}, pages = {163}, abstract = {

This paper provides taxonomic description for 16 species of pseudophylline katydid. Analysis of the calling songs is given for all but one. Among 14 genera Mystron and Stetharasa are new. Eleven new species are described from four Provinces in Ecuador: Morona Santiago, Pichincha, Los Rios and Napo, and two southern Departamentos of Colombia: Valle del Cauca and Risaralda. The diverse species-specific calling songs of Pseudophyllinae are comprised of either transient or sinusoidal pulses. The carrier frequency song spectrum occurs in conjunction with these two pulse types, as either a band (transient pulse, low Q) or a single dominant narrow-peak carrier (sinusoidal, high Q). And stridulatory file morphology differs accordingly. Principal carriers in the songs of the species described here range from the audio to the low ultrasonic (20-30 kHz); overall among pseudophylline species whose songs are known (n = 65), a majority (75\%) incorporate high Q pulses.

}, issn = {10826467}, doi = {10.2307/3503439}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3503439?origin=crossref}, author = {Z., Fernando Montealegre and Glenn K. Morris} } @article {51509, title = {Calling Songs of Neduba macneilli and N. sierranus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Decticinae)}, journal = {Journal of the New York Entomological Society}, volume = {83}, year = {1975}, month = {12/1975}, pages = {229-234}, chapter = {229}, abstract = {

The calling songs of decticines remain largely undescribed. Songs of Neduba macneilli and N. sierranus were recorded and analysed. These species have mirror-image tegmina and individual specimens exhibit reversed wing overlap. Wing symmetry and the elaborate pronotum characteristic of this genus are discussed as adaptations which increase the efficiency of sound radiation.

}, author = {Glenn K. Morris and Ronald B. Aiken and Gordon E. Kerr} } @article {51484, title = {Song Structure and Description of Some Costa Rican Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)}, journal = {Transactions of the American Entomological Society}, volume = {108}, year = {1982}, pages = {287-314}, chapter = {287}, abstract = {

The physical features of the calling songs of a dozen species of Tettigoniidae from Costa Rica are recorded and analyzed. A new species, Cocconotus pusillus, is described from the cloud forest.

Several forms from the understory of lowland rainforest utilize high-Q (sinusoidal) carrier frequencies in the ultrasonic range and to this end the sound generating regions of the tegmina are uniquely strengthened. Relative to other katydids, these insects show what may be adaptations for avoidance of predatory bats: elongate antennae, lowered thresholds for elicitation of defensive behaviour and a severely curtailed signal emission time. It is proposed that reduced signal dura tion has placed a selective premium on localization efficiency during pair formation. The ultrasonic pure tone carrier, functioning in conjunction with highly directional ear slits, may be an adaptation to enhance localization.

}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25078301}, author = {Glenn K. Morris and Max Beier} } @article {51479, title = {Covert stridulation: Novel sound generation by a South American Katydid}, journal = {Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {82}, year = {1995}, month = {Jan-02-1995}, pages = {96 - 98}, issn = {0028-1042}, doi = {10.1007/BF01140151}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01140151}, author = {Glenn K. Morris and Mason, A. C.} } @article {51475, title = {Wing resonances in a new dead-leaf-mimic katydid (Tettigoniidae: Pterochrozinae) from the Andean cloud forests}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology}, volume = {270}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-09-2017}, pages = {60 - 70}, abstract = {

Day-camouflaged leaf-mimic katydids Typophyllum spp. have a remarkable way of evading predators as male and female forewings appear as bite-damaged leaves complete with necrotic spots. As in all other katydids, males produce sound signals to attract females by rubbing their forewings together. The biophysical properties of these special leaf-like forewings remain obscure. Here we study the wing mechanics and resonances of Typophyllum spurioculis, a new species of leaf-mimic katydid with a broad distribution in the Andes from Western Ecuador to the middle Central Cordillera in Colombia. This species performs an unusual laterally directed aposematic display, showing orange spots that simulate eyes at the leg base. At night, males are conspicuous by their loud, audible calling songs, which exhibit two spectral peaks at ca. 7 and 12 kHz. Using micro-scanning laser Doppler vibrometry we find the effective sound radiators of the wings (speculae) vibrate with three modes of vibration, two of which include the frequencies observed in the calling song. Remarkably, this resonance is preserved in the parts of the wings mimicking necrotic leaves, which are in theory not specialised for sound production. The eyespot function is discussed.

}, keywords = {bush-cricket, katydid, mimetism, resonance, stridulation}, issn = {00445231}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcz.2017.10.001}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044523117300748}, author = {Baker, Andrew and Sarria-S, Fabio A. and Glenn K. Morris and Jonsson, Thorin and Montealegre-Z, Fernando} } @article {50916, title = {Quality calls: phylogeny and biogeography of a new genus of neotropical katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with ultra pure-tone ultrasonics}, journal = {Systematics and Biodiversity}, volume = {9}, year = {2011}, month = {Sep-03-2012}, pages = {77 - 94}, abstract = {

This paper describes Artiotonus, a new genus of tropical katydid from Colombia and Ecuador. These acoustic ensiferans are represented by three species with a geographic distribution generally restricted to the rainforest of the Bolivar geosyncline of northwestern South America (Pacific). A phylogenetic analysis based on 28 morphological and six behavioural characters produced a tree (A. artius, (A. tinae, A. captivus)) with a consistency index of 0.9. All species are defined by a few autapomorphic changes. The most reliable character for identification is the temporal pattern of the calling song, suggesting a recent genetic divergence. Biogeographic analysis indicates that such genetic divergence began with geographic isolation produced before the Holocene transgression. Species of this genus are remarkable in that the calling song of males exhibits a narrow spectrum with a high quality factor (37\–42), unusual values for such ultrasonic signals. A broad discussion on the evolution of tonal calls and pulse trains is offered.

}, keywords = {Biogeography, calling song, Conocephalinae, high-Q, pure tone, ultrasound}, issn = {1477-2000}, doi = {10.1080/14772000.2011.560209}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14772000.2011.560209}, author = {Fernando Montealegre-Zapata and Glenn K. Morris and Sarria-S, Fabio A. and Mason, Andrew C.} } @article {47321, title = {THE RELATION OF SONG STRUCTURE TO TEGMINAL MOVEMENT IN METRIOPTERA SPHAGNORUM (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE)}, journal = {The Canadian Entomologist}, volume = {104}, year = {1972}, month = {Jan-07-1972}, pages = {977 - 985}, abstract = {

Flash photography of the wings of a decticine katydid, Metrioptera sphagnorum (F. Walker), during stridulation, indicates that major trains of sound pulses of both song modes coincide with wing closures. The song mode characterized by intense ultrasonics is generated by tooth\–scraper interactions over an interval of approximately 60 teeth at the lateral end of the file. A more medial file region is employed for the audio-dominated mode. Tooth removal confirms the role of different file regions in mode generation. Each pulse of the ultrasonic mode closure is a wave train of 10\–15 waves of uniform amplitude, approximating a pure tone frequency of 33 kHz.

}, issn = {0008-347X}, doi = {10.4039/Ent104977-7}, url = {https://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/walker/buzz/s104lmp72.pdf}, author = {Glenn K. Morris and Pipher, Robert E.} } @article {47297, title = {Auditory processing in the black-sided meadow katydid Conocephalus nigropleurum (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology A}, volume = {164}, year = {1989}, month = {Jan-01-1989}, pages = {501 - 512}, abstract = {

1. The auditory system of the tettigoniid,Conocephalus nigropleurum was examined using whole auditory nerve responses (averaged summed action potentials (SAPs)) and intracellularly recorded single cells (receptor and interneurone) to pure tone stimuli and con- and heterospecific (C. brevipennis) songs.

2.The morphology of the auditory tracheal system and crista acustica is documented forC. nigropleurum. A broadly open thoracic spiracle (stigma) leads, via a horn, camera and foreleg trachea to a crista acustica of 28 receptor cells.

3. C. nigropleurum\&$\#$39;s auditory sensitivity is broadly tuned to 15\–35 kHz which is below the peak frequency band of its calling song (30\–36 kHz). The ear possesses a dynamic range of at least 30 dB and pulsed sounds with short (\<0.5 ms) onset times or long interpulse periods (\>200 ms) elicit maximal responses. We suggest this is caused by increased auditory receptor firing synchrony to these types of sounds and may facilitate the location of such sounds. There is, however, discrepancy between the pulse periods that elicit maximal SAP amplitudes and those found within the normal calling song, a phenomenon which may be related to the chorusing behaviour of this species.

4.Polar directional plots indicate thatC. nigropleurum is most sensitive to sounds originating posterior to the opening of the prothoracic auditory stigma; this may be caused by the configuration of the prothoracic pronotum. We found no pronounced sensitivity at points facing the tympanal slits.

5.Intracellular recordings reveal prothoracic receptors with widely decussate and narrowly branched termini. No receptor tested was able to track the intra-phonatome pulses (tooth strike sounds) of either species and we conclude that the phonatome is the finest resoluble component of the song.

6. An acoustically-activated interneurone (101) was recorded that resembles both the gryllid int-2 (Omega) cell and that of another tettigoniid. We suggest that tonic interneuronal firing caused by the multiple singer chorused song of either species activates the initial stages of phonotaxis in receptiveC. nigropleurum females but individual species recognition may depend at least partially on the discrimination of phonatome rates.

}, issn = {0340-7594}, doi = {10.1007/BF00610444}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00610444}, author = {Fullard, James H. and Glenn K. Morris and Mason, Andrew C.} } @article {17236, title = {Confusion of Phonotaxis by Masking Sounds in the Bushcricket Conocephalus brevipennis (Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae)}, journal = {Ethology}, volume = {73}, year = {1986}, month = {Dec-01-1986}, pages = {19 - 28}, abstract = {

Female Conocephalus brevipennis, executing phonotaxis to the call of a conspecific male broadcast from a speaker, were subjected to varying levels of background sound so as to progressively mask the attracting signal. The background consisted of either random noise or the call of a sympatric congener, C. nigropleurum and was delivered from above the orienting female. Disruption of phonotaxis was assayed by monitoring the angular dispersion of the female\&$\#$39;s exit path from the arena, relative to the position of the conspecific call. Random noise significantly interfered with phonotaxis when it was within 2 dB of the conspecific call intensity, both signals measured at the centre of the arena. The equivalent effect of the call C. nigropleurum was 5 dB above conspecific call intensity. The implication of signal loss within background noise is discussed as are the possible interactive behaviours of competing sympatric syntopic species.

}, doi = {10.1111/eth.1986.73.issue-110.1111/j.1439-0310.1986.tb00996.x}, url = {http://blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eth.1986.73.issue-1}, author = {Winston J. Bailey and Glenn K. Morris} } @article {12664, title = {Shrinking Wings for Ultrasonic Pitch Production: Hyperintense Ultra-Short-Wavelength Calls in a New Genus of Neotropical Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, year = {2014}, month = {May-06-2014}, pages = {e98708}, abstract = {

This article reports the discovery of a new genus and three species of predaceous katydid (Insecta: Orthoptera) from Colombia and Ecuador in which males produce the highest frequency ultrasonic calling songs so far recorded from an arthropod. Male katydids sing by rubbing their wings together to attract distant females. Their song frequencies usually range from audio (5 kHz) to low ultrasonic (30 kHz). However, males of Supersonus spp. call females at 115 kHz, 125 kHz, and 150 kHz. Exceeding the human hearing range (50 Hz\–20 kHz) by an order of magnitude, these insects also emit their ultrasound at unusually elevated sound pressure levels (SPL). In all three species these calls exceed 110 dB SPL rms re 20 m Pa (at 15 cm). Males of Supersonus spp. have unusually reduced forewings (,0.5 mm 2 ). Only the right wing radiates appreciable sound, the left bears the file and does not show a particular resonance. In contrast to most katydids, males of Supersonus spp. position and move their wings during sound production so that the concave aspect of the right wing, underlain by the insect dorsum, forms a contained cavity with sharp resonance. The observed high SPL at extreme carrier frequencies can be explained by wing anatomy, a resonant cavity with a membrane, and cuticle deformation.

}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0098708}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098708}, author = {Sarria-S, Fabio A. and Glenn K. Morris and James F.C. Windmill and Joseph Curt Jackson and Fernando Montealegre-Zapata}, editor = {Etges, William J.} } @article {11173, title = {Panoploscelis specularis (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Pseudophyllinae): extraordinary female sound generator, male description, male protest and calling signals}, journal = {Journal of Orthoptera Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2003}, month = {Jan-12-2003}, pages = {173 - 181}, abstract = {

Females of Panoploscelis specularis present a dramatic modification of their forewings for stridulation. The female generator is illustrated and its distinct form contrasted with that of males. The physical form of the signals that females might produce is inferred; male calling and protest signals are characterized. The male of P. specularis is described for the first time.

}, keywords = {acoustics, Colombia, defense, Ecuador, katydid, stridulation}, issn = {1082-6467}, doi = {10.1665/1082-6467(2003)012[0173:PSOTPE]2.0.CO;2}, url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1665/1082-6467\%282003\%29012\%5B0173\%3APSOTPE\%5D2.0.CO\%3B2}, author = {Fernando Montealegre-Zapata and Guerra, Patrick A. and Glenn K. Morris} }