@article {57933, title = {Effects of artificial light at night and male calling on movement patterns and mate location in field crickets}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

Anthropogenic factors, such as artificial light at night (ALAN), are increasingly linked to significant modifications in animal behaviours, such as foraging or migration. However, few studies have investigated directly whether the presence of ALAN affects the ability to find a mate (mate location). One direct effect of the presence of ALAN is that it can create a light barrier in an otherwise dark environment. This may have significant behavioural implications for nocturnally active species if it affects their ability to respond to potential mates. Our study, using the acoustically orienting Australian black field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus, determined experimentally whether the presence of a fragmented light environment influenced movement patterns of virgin females and males. Moreover, given the importance of male song for reproductive outcomes in this species, we assessed simultaneously whether such behaviours were modified by the presence of a male attraction call. We found that while initiation of movement was slower in the presence of ALAN, the behavioural shifts associated with its presence were relatively small compared to the influence of a broadcast male attraction call. The response to the male attraction call was typically stronger for females than for males, but both males and females modified aspects of behaviour when it was present regardless of whether their immediate environment was fragmented by artificial light at night or not. Artificial light at night may alter subtle aspects of movement and mating behaviour in this species, but ultimately does not provide a barrier to movement or mate location.

}, keywords = {Insect, light pollution, mating, phonotaxis, reproduction}, doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.10.016}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347219303483}, author = {Thompson, Eliza K. and Cullinan, Naomi L. and Jones, Ther{\'e}sa M. and Hopkins, Gareth R.} } @article {57668, title = {The neuroethology of acoustic startle and escape in flying insects}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

The acoustic startle/escape response is a phylogenetically widespread behavioral act, provoked by an intense, unexpected sound. At least six orders of insects have evolved tympanate ears that serve acoustic behavior that ranges from sexual communication to predator detection. Insects that fly at night are vulnerable to predation by insectivorous bats that detect and locate their prey by using biosonar signals. Of the six orders of insects that possess tympanate hearing organs, four contain species that fly at night and, in these, hearing is sensitive to a range of ultrasonic frequencies found in the biosonar signals of bats. Laboratory and field studies have shown that these insects (including some orthopterans, lepidopterans, neuropterans and dictyopterans), when engaged in flight behavior, respond to ultrasound by suddenly altering their flight, showing acoustic startle or negative phonotaxis, which serve as bat-avoidance behavior. A neural analysis of ultrasound-mediated escape behavior was undertaken in the field cricket Telegryllus oceanicus. An identified thoracic interneuron, int-1, was shown to trigger the escape response, but only when the cell was driven (synaptically or electrically) at high spike rates, and only when the insect was performing flight behavior; avoidance steering only occurs in the appropriate behavioral context: flight. Thus, significant constraints operate upon the ability of int-1 to trigger the escape response. The integration of auditory input and flight central pattern generator output occurs in the brain. It is found that neural activity descending from the brain in response to stimulation by ultrasound is increased when the insect is flying compared to when it is not. Although the behavioral act of avoidance steering may appear to be a simple reflex act, further analysis shows it to be anything but simple.

}, author = {Ronald R. Hoy and Nolen, Tom and Brodfuehrer, Peter} } @article {47961, title = {Effects of lifetime exposure to artificial light at night on cricket ( Teleogryllus commodus ) courtship and mating behaviour}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {129}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-07-2017}, pages = {181 - 188}, abstract = {

Increasing evidence suggests that key fitness-related behaviours of animals related to courtship and mating may be disrupted by anthropogenic stressors, including artificial light at night (i.e. light produced from anthropogenic sources). Despite its ubiquity in urban habitats, we currently know very little about how artificial night lighting affects the reproductive behaviours of most animals. Our study examined the effects of chronic (lifetime) exposure to one of four ecologically relevant intensities of artificial light at night (0, 1, 10 or 100 lx at night) on courtship and mating behaviours and acoustic sexual signalling in a common nocturnal and crepuscular insect, the Australian black field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus. We found that lifetime exposure to brighter (10e100 lx) artificial light at night affected some aspects of courtship and mating behaviour: it influenced mate choice and mating efficiency in a sex-specific manner, but did not affect the multivariate structure of male courtship calls. Our results suggest that chronic exposure to bright light at night may affect some aspects of mate choice and reproductive behaviour in this common insect, and warrants further study across taxa.

}, keywords = {anthropogenic, bioacoustics, insects, light pollution, reproductive behaviour}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.05.020}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347217301574}, author = {Botha, L. Michael and Jones, Ther{\'e}sa M. and Hopkins, Gareth R.} } @article {47845, title = {The Efficiency of Sound Production in Two Cricket Species, Gryllotalpa Australis and Teleogryllus Commodus (Orthoptera: Grylloidea)}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology}, volume = {130}, year = {1987}, pages = {107-119}, chapter = {107}, abstract = {

1. Males of Gryllotalpa australis (Erichson) (Gryllotalpidae) and Teleogryllus commodus (Walter) (Gryllidae) produced their calling songs while confined in respirometers.

2. G. australis males used oxygen during calling at a mean rate of 4.637 ml O2 h\−1, equivalent to 27.65 mW of metabolic energy, which was 13 times higher than the resting metabolic rate. T. commodus males used oxygen during calling at a rate of 0.728 ml O2 h\−1, equivalent to 4.34 mW, which was four times the resting metabolic rate.

3. The sound field during calling by males represents a sound power output of 0.27 mW for G. australis and l.51 \× l0.3 mW for T. commodus.

4. The efficiency of sound production was 1.05\% for males of G. australis and 0.05\% for males of T. commodus. Comparison with other insect species suggests that none is more than a few percent efficient in sound production.

}, author = {Mark W. Kavanagh} } @article {17233, title = {Development of the auditory tympana in the cricket Teleogryllus commodus (Walker): Experiments on regeneration and transplantation}, journal = {Experientia}, volume = {35}, year = {1979}, month = {Jan-03-1979}, pages = {324 - 325}, abstract = {

Grafting and regeneration experiments on prothoracic legs of the cricketTeleogryllus commodus (Walker) demonstrate: a) that the legs retain their identity, as indicated by formation of tympanal cuticle in the adult, when transplanted to the site of a mesothoracic leg in immature animals, and b) that the presence of tympanal cuticle on a regenerate leg depends on the instar of amputation.

}, issn = {0014-4754}, doi = {10.1007/BF01964328}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01964328}, author = {Eldon E. Ball} } @article {17232, title = {Functional development of the auditory system of the cricket,Teleogryllus commodus}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology ? A}, volume = {127}, year = {1978}, month = {Jan-06-1978}, pages = {131 - 138}, abstract = {

1. In Teleogryllus commodus and T . oceanicus, vibration of the tibia of the prothoracic leg at audio-frequencies stimulates auditory receptors in the tympanal organ, despite immobilization of the large tympanum by vaseline.

2.Responses of characteristic auditory interneurons in the adult cervical connective are similar whether stimulation is by sound or by vibration of the tibia (Figs. 3\–5).

3.Interneurons in second-last (A-2) and last (A-1) immature instars are stimulated by sound and by vibration of the tibia and we conclude that these interneurons are the same as those recorded in adults (Figs. 6, 7). Peripheral receptors and some interneurons in the immature auditory system are, therefore, physiologically competent.

4.At the imaginai moult, auditory threshold at the optimum frequency decreases dramatically (Fig. 8 A). This increase in sensitivity to sound is attributed mainly to the appearance of the auditory tympanum in the adult. There is a much smaller increase in sensitivity to vibration of the tibia at audio frequencies between last instar nymphs and adults (Fig. 8 B).

5.From the A-2 to adult stages of T. commodus, auditory receptors stimulated by sound show a peak sensitivity at 3.8 to 4.0 kHz (Fig. 8 A). Such tuning must be independent of vibration characteristics of the tympanum and of acoustic resonance characteristics depending on the dimensions of the leg trachea.

}, issn = {0340-7594}, doi = {10.1007/BF01352297}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01352297}, author = {Eldon E. Ball and Hill, K. G.} } @article {17229, title = {Structure and development of the auditory system in the prothoracic leg of the cricket Teleogryllus commodus (Walker) II. Postembryonic development}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Zellforschung und mikroskopische Anatomie}, volume = {147}, year = {1974}, month = {Jan-01-1974}, pages = {313 - 324}, abstract = {

The anatomical development of the tympanal organ, the tracheal system and the tympana of Teleogryllus commodus is described. The tympanal organ is undifferentiated until instar 3 when the first scolopales appear. The organ develops in a proximo-distal direction but the more distal groups begin to form before the proximal groups are complete. All groups of scolopidia are represented in instar 7 but numbers of scolopidia continue to increase until the adult stage. Scolopales and scolopale cells are first formed at less than adult size and increase in size during subsequent instars. The subgenual organ is present in instar 1 and is complete in instar 4. The posterior and anterior tympanal trachease develop respectively from the tracheal trunk and tracheal branch, which are present from instar 2. These remain as simple, unconnected tubes until instar 7 and begin to show the adult form during instars 8 and 9, finally enlarging in conjunction with the tympana at the last two moults. The tympana first appear as hairless areas of cuticle in the larval stages: the posterior tympanum in instar 8 and anterior tympanum in instar 10, but the translucent appearance of the adult tympana is not present before the final moult.

}, issn = {0302-766X}, doi = {10.1007/BF00307467}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00307467}, author = {Eldon E. Ball and Young, David} } @article {17228, title = {Structure and development of the auditory system in the prothoracic leg of the cricket Teleogryllus commodus (Walker) I. Adult structure}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Zellforschung und mikroskopische Anatomie}, volume = {147}, year = {1974}, month = {Jan-01-1974}, pages = {293 - 312}, abstract = {

The microanatomy of the adult auditory system of the cricket, Teleogryllus commodus, is described with special attention to the number and arrangement of the groups of scolopidia forming the tympanal organ.

In the proximal part of the prothoracic tibia, there is a large posterior tympanum and a smaller anterior tympanum, which are associated internally with two expanded chambers of the tracheal system. The tympanal organ, which is identical in both sexes, is situated on the dorsal surface of the anterior tympanal trachea. It contains about 70 scolopidia, divided into two main groups: the proximal group, whose attachment cells insert on large accessory cells dorsally within the tympanal organ, and the distal group, whose attachment cells insert on modified dorsal hypodermal cells. These groups can be further divided into five main types, each containing a relatively constant number of scolopidia: 1. proximal group A; 2. proximal main group with proximal neurons; 3. proximal main group with distal neurons; 4. proximal part of distal group; 5. distal part of distal group. These types differ consistently in the following features: location of sensory neuron, orientation of dendrite and scolopale cell, structure of scolopale cell, shape and orientation of attachment cell and its connection to the secondary attachment cell.

}, issn = {0302-766X}, doi = {10.1007/BF00307466}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00307466}, author = {Young, David and Eldon E. Ball} }