@article {58457, title = {The Elaborate Courtship Behavior of Stenobothrus clavatus Willemse, 1979 (Acrididae: Gomphocerinae)}, volume = {18}, year = {2009}, month = {Dec-01-2009}, pages = {171-182}, abstract = {

The elaborate courtship behavior of the gomphocerine grasshopper Stenobothrus clavatus, endemic to a few mountains in Greece, incorporates acoustic signalling and visual display elements to prime the conspecific female. The courtship song, produced by rubbing hind legs against an elytral vein, can be divided into four consecutive phases. The basic movements of phases I, II and IV consist of simple up and interrupted downstrokes, with sound produced during the downstroke only. In contrast, phase III is characterized by a fast sound-producing elevation of the femora, a kick of the tibiae and other visual display elements, such as a fast raising of the antennae with their dark spatulate tips during each movement cycle. The latter is strongly pronounced and therefore a characteristic feature of this species.

The stridulatory file of each hind leg consists of two parts. The proximal part bears a double row of little pegs, whereas the pegs in the distal part are regularly aligned in a single row. The proximal part of the stridulatory file is incorporated in sound production only during phase III. However, frequency spectra from different sound elements produced during phase III were similar. Nevertheless, differences are found between phase I/II and phase III/IV, which are ascribed to variations in contact pressure of the stridulatory file against the forewing, rather than to different portions of the stridulatory file being involved.

}, issn = {1082-6467, 1937-2426}, doi = {10.1665/034.018.0206}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1665/034.018.0206}, author = {Ostrowski, Tim Daniel and Sradnick, Jan and Stumpner, Andreas and Elsner, Norbert} } @article {58455, title = {Chorus structure in tarbush grasshoppers: inhibition, selective phonoresponse and signal competition}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {50}, year = {1995}, pages = {279-594}, chapter = {579}, abstract = {

In species where sexually advertising males signal in groups, the timing of an individual\&$\#$39;s signals relative to those of neighbours may be a critical aspect of mating success. Temporal signal interactions and their relation to female attraction were examined in the tarbush grasshopper, Ligurotettix planum. The acoustic signals of neighbouring L. planum males form a crudely alternating chorus. Alternation within male pairs is effected by an (inhibitory resetting) mechanism that causes a male to refrain from calling for at least a 1\·8-s interval beginning 0\·2s after the onset of a neighbour\&$\#$39;s call. This mechanism is not equally applied to all neighbours. Rather, males are selectively inhibited by only their nearest one or two neighbours, whereas more distant, but audible, callers are ignored. Males also time their calls to occur shortly before calls at the ends of predictable recurring silent intervals. Consequently, males do not decrease their calling rates in high population density, and they compete effectively for females. Phonotaxis in L. planum females is characterized by preference for leading calls, a psychoacoustic feature that would select for timng mechanisms that avert the production of following calls in males. The inhibitory resetting mechanism averts such calls. Moreover, because males are only inhibited by nearest neighbours, their strongest competitors, they can avoid producing unattractive following calls and still maintain normal calling rates. By calling at the ends of silent intervals, males may actively compete with neighbours via \‘attempting\’ to relegate the neighbours\&$\#$39; calls to ineffective, from the neighbour\&$\#$39;s perspective, time intervals following the focal male\&$\#$39;s call.

}, doi = {10.1016/0003-3472(95)80121-9}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80121-9}, author = {Robert L.Minckley and Michael D.Greenfield and Michael K.Tourtellot} } @article {58242, title = {{\textquoteleft}Absolute steepness{\textquoteright} of ramps as an essential cue for auditory pattern recognition by a grasshopper (Orthoptera; Acrididae; Chorthippus biguttulus L.)}, year = {1993}, abstract = {

Male grasshoppers of the species Chorthippus biguttulus react to female songs with a characteristic turn towards the female. The probability of turning towards female song models was used to evaluate those parameters which are essential for a signal to be interpreted as female song.

1.\ The shape of sound pulses turned out to be most decisive; pulses with ramps rising gradually over 3 and more ms were efficient (Figs. 2, 3), whereas rectangularly modulated pulses evoked only weak responses and only when pulse intervals were between 3 and 5 ms (Fig. 2). The decline of a pulse did not influence its efficiency (Fig. 3). In particular, pulses with sudden onsets and gradual declines were as weakly effective as rectangularly modulated ones and thus remarkably less effective than pulses with ramp-like onsets (Fig. 4).

2.\ Intensity tuning curves suggest, that the absolute steepness of ramps (expressed as \μbar/ms) is detected by the grasshopper nervous system (Figs. 6, 7), possibly by processing the delay in excitation onset of at least two receptor types differing in threshold sensitivity.

3.\ The sawtooth shape of pulses in female signals is suggested to be adaptive with respect to directional hearing.

}, keywords = {Acoustic pattern recognition, Chorthippus biguttulus, Envelope of soundpulses, Grasshopper}, doi = {10.1007/BF00213685}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00213685}, author = {von Helversen, D.} } @article {58237, title = {Automated identification of field-recorded songs of four British grasshoppers using bioacoustic signal recognitionAbstract}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Recognition of Orthoptera species by means of their song is widely used in field work but requires expertise. It is now possible to develop computer-based systems to achieve the same task with a number of advantages including continuous long term unattended operation and automatic species logging. The system described here achieves automated discrimination between different species by utilizing a novel time domain signal coding technique and an artificial neural network. The system has previously been shown to recognize 25 species of British Orthoptera with 99\% accuracy for good quality sounds. This paper tests the system on field recordings of four species of grasshopper in northern England in 2002 and shows that it is capable of not only correctly recognizing the target species under a range of acoustic conditions but also of recognizing other sounds such as birds and man-made sounds. Recognition accuracies for the four species of typically 70\–100\% are obtained for field recordings with varying sound intensities and background signals.

}, doi = {10.1079/BER2004306}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007485304000331/type/journal_articlehttps://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0007485304000331}, author = {Chesmore, E.D. and Ohya, E.} } @article {57949, title = {Mechanical basis of otoacoustic emissions in tympanal hearing organs}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

Tympanal hearing organs of insects emit dis- tortion\–product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAes), which in mammals are used as indicator for nonlinear cochlear amplification, and which are highly vulnerable to manipu- lations interfering with the animal\’s physiological state. Although in previous studies, evidence was provided for the involvement of auditory mechanoreceptors, the source of DPOAe generation and possible active mechanisms in tympanal organs remained unknown. Using laser Dop- pler vibrometry in the locust ear, we show that DPOAes mechanically emerge at the tympanum region where the auditory mechanoreceptors are attached. Those emission- coupled vibrations differed remarkably from tympanum waves evoked by external pure tones of the same frequency, in terms of wave propagation, energy distribution, and loca- tion of amplitude maxima. Selective inactivation of the auditory receptor cells by mechanical lesions did not affect the tympanum\’s response to external pure tones, but abol- ished the emission\’s displacement amplitude peak. These findings provide evidence that tympanal auditory recep- tors, comparable to the situation in mammals, comprise the required nonlinear response characteristics, which during two-tone stimulation lead to additional, highly localized deflections of the tympanum.

}, keywords = {DPOAE, Insect, laser Doppler vibrometry, locust, tympanum}, doi = {10.1007/s00359-014-0914-2}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-014-0914-2}, author = {M{\"o}ckel, Doreen and Nowotny, Manuela and K{\"o}ssl, Manfred} } @article {57948, title = {Energy localization and frequency analysis in the locust ear}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

Animal ears are exquisitely adapted to capture sound energy and perform signal analysis. Studying the ear of the locust, we show how frequency signal analysis can be performed solely by using the structural features of the tympanum. Incident sound waves generate mechanical vibrational waves that travel across the tympanum. These waves shoal in a tsunami- like fashion, resulting in energy localization that focuses vibrations onto the mechanosensory neurons in a frequency-dependent manner. Using finite element analysis, we demonstrate that two mechanical properties of the locust tympanum, distributed thickness and tension, are necessary and sufficient to generate frequency-dependent energy localization.

}, keywords = {energy localization, frequency discrimination, tension, travelling flexural wave, tympanum}, doi = {10.1098/rsif.2013.0857}, url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2013.0857https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsif.2013.0857}, author = {Malkin, Robert and McDonagh, Thomas R. and Mhatre, Natasha and Scott, Thomas S. and Daniel Robert} } @article {57946, title = {No evidence for DPOAEs in the mechanical motion of the locust tympanum}, year = {2011}, abstract = {

Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) are present in non-linear hearing organs, and for low-intensity sounds are a by-product of active processes. In vertebrate ears they are considered to be due to hair cell amplification of sound in the cochlea; however, certain animals lacking a cochlea and hair cells are also reported to be capable of DPOAEs. In the Insecta, DPOAEs have been recorded from the locust auditory organ. However, the site of generation of these DPOAEs and the physiological mechanisms causing their presence in the locust ear are not yet understood, despite there being a number of potential places in the tympanal organ that could be capable of generating DPOAEs. This study aimed to record locust tympanal membrane vibration using a laser Doppler vibrometer in order to identify a distinct place of DPOAE generation on the membrane. Two species of locust were investigated over a range of frequencies and levels of acoustic stimulus, mirroring earlier acoustic recording studies; however, the current experiments were carried out in an open acoustic system. The laser measurements did not find any evidence of mechanical motion on the tympanal membrane related to the expected DPOAE frequencies. The results of the current study therefore could not confirm the presence of DPOAEs in the locust ear through the mechanics of the tympanal membrane. Experiments were also carried out to test how membrane behaviour altered when the animals were in a state of hypoxia, as this was previously found to decrease DPOAE magnitude, suggesting a metabolic sensitivity. However, hypoxia did not have any significant effect on the membrane mechanics. The location of the mechanical generation of DPOAEs in the locust\’s ear, and
therefore the basis for the related physiological mechanisms, thus remains unknown.

}, keywords = {bioacoustics, distortion-product otoacoustic emissions, hearing, laser Doppler vibrometry, locust, tympanum}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.056465}, url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.056465https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.056465}, author = {Moir, H. M. and Joseph Curt Jackson and James F.C. Windmill} } @article {57668, title = {The neuroethology of acoustic startle and escape in flying insects}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

The acoustic startle/escape response is a phylogenetically widespread behavioral act, provoked by an intense, unexpected sound. At least six orders of insects have evolved tympanate ears that serve acoustic behavior that ranges from sexual communication to predator detection. Insects that fly at night are vulnerable to predation by insectivorous bats that detect and locate their prey by using biosonar signals. Of the six orders of insects that possess tympanate hearing organs, four contain species that fly at night and, in these, hearing is sensitive to a range of ultrasonic frequencies found in the biosonar signals of bats. Laboratory and field studies have shown that these insects (including some orthopterans, lepidopterans, neuropterans and dictyopterans), when engaged in flight behavior, respond to ultrasound by suddenly altering their flight, showing acoustic startle or negative phonotaxis, which serve as bat-avoidance behavior. A neural analysis of ultrasound-mediated escape behavior was undertaken in the field cricket Telegryllus oceanicus. An identified thoracic interneuron, int-1, was shown to trigger the escape response, but only when the cell was driven (synaptically or electrically) at high spike rates, and only when the insect was performing flight behavior; avoidance steering only occurs in the appropriate behavioral context: flight. Thus, significant constraints operate upon the ability of int-1 to trigger the escape response. The integration of auditory input and flight central pattern generator output occurs in the brain. It is found that neural activity descending from the brain in response to stimulation by ultrasound is increased when the insect is flying compared to when it is not. Although the behavioral act of avoidance steering may appear to be a simple reflex act, further analysis shows it to be anything but simple.

}, author = {Ronald R. Hoy and Nolen, Tom and Brodfuehrer, Peter} } @article {57623, title = {New data on acoustic signals of Stauroderus scalaris (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from different local populations with a note about its parasite from the genus Blaesoxipha (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

Calling acoustic signals of Stauroderus scalaris males are described for the first time, the oscillograms from Samarskaya Luka and the Republic of Tuva are published. Comparative analysis of parameters of calling signals of this species from different discrete populations (Western Europe, South Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia) was carried out. High degree of acoustic conservatism of sound signals of the dark-winged grasshopper is shown for the entire area. Moreover, a parasite fly of orthopteran insects, Blaesoxipha redempta, is reported for the first time on the territory of Samarskaya Luka (Zhiguli State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Bakhilova Polyana settlement). It is the first find of a representative of the genus Blaesoxipha in the reserve, emerged from a S. scalaris male specimen. Photographs of genital apparatus of the male fly specimen are given; it is well distinguished from closely related species by the shape of cerci and phallus. Possible infection strategy of the parasitic fly concerning acoustically active orthopteran hosts is discussed.

}, keywords = {acoustic conservatism, calling signals, dark-winged grasshopper, first record, invasion strategy, orthopteran insects, parasitic flies, Samarskaya Luka, Tuva}, doi = {10.24189/ncr.2019.001}, url = {http://ncr-journal.bear-land.org/article/177}, author = {Benediktov, Alexander А. and Belyaev, Oleg A.} } @article {53552, title = {Song and morphology of some little known species of Gomphocerinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Turkey with description of a new species}, journal = {Entomologica Fennica}, volume = {23}, year = {2012}, pages = {127{\textendash}139}, abstract = {

Morphology and acoustic signals of four species of the subfamily Gompho- cerinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Turkey are studied. Eremippus zeybekoglui Mol sp. n. is described from Northern Anatolia. Gomphocerus transcaucasicus Mistshenko, 1951, stat. n. is considered as a distinct species, not a subspecies of Gomphocerus sibiricus (Linnaeus, 1767). Previously unknown male of Dasypippus uvarovi Karabag, 1953 is described.

}, author = {Mol, Abbas} } @article {53550, title = {Song and morphology of some little known species of Gomphocerinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Turkey with description of a new species}, journal = {Entomologica Fennica}, volume = {23}, year = {2012}, pages = {127{\textendash}139}, abstract = {

Morphology and acoustic signals of four species of the subfamily Gompho- cerinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Turkey are studied. Eremippus zeybekoglui Mol sp. n. is described from Northern Anatolia. Gomphocerus transcaucasicus Mistshenko, 1951, stat. n. is considered as a distinct species, not a subspecies of Gomphocerus sibiricus (Linnaeus, 1767). Previously unknown male of Dasypippus uvarovi Karabag, 1953 is described.

}, author = {Mol, Abbas} } @article {53551, title = {Song and morphology of some little known species of Gomphocerinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Turkey with description of a new species}, journal = {Entomologica Fennica}, volume = {23}, year = {2012}, pages = {127{\textendash}139}, abstract = {

Morphology and acoustic signals of four species of the subfamily Gompho- cerinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Turkey are studied. Eremippus zeybekoglui Mol sp. n. is described from Northern Anatolia. Gomphocerus transcaucasicus Mistshenko, 1951, stat. n. is considered as a distinct species, not a subspecies of Gomphocerus sibiricus (Linnaeus, 1767). Previously unknown male of Dasypippus uvarovi Karabag, 1953 is described.

}, author = {Mol, Abbas} } @article {53391, title = {The impact of age and egg-laying cycle on female grasshoppers{\textquoteright} preference functions for acoustic signals}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology A}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-12-2018}, abstract = {

Female responsiveness and the shape of preference functions for male signal traits are important determinants for male mating success. We observed the responsiveness and the selectivity of virgin grasshopper females (Chorthippus biguttulus L.) for different features of males\’ acoustic signals throughout their life span to detect possible influences of age on the females\’ preference functions. In particular, we explored the hypothesis that the females may become less selective with increasing age and, therefore, would start to accept songs that are normally rejected. Such an age effect could relieve the selection pressure on male signal traits. In the majority of animals tested, the general responsiveness decreased with age although a few individuals exhibited an opposite trend. Contrary to the above expectation, there was no indication of a loss of selectivity in older females or an increased acceptance of normally unattractive song models. The timing within the oviposition cycle had a strong effect on responsiveness: near oviposition the general responsiveness increased and with it also the half width of the preference functions. However, highly unattractive song models remained unattractive also near oviposition.

}, keywords = {acoustic communication, Age effects, Female choice, Oviposition, Preference functions}, issn = {0340-7594}, doi = {10.1007/s00359-018-1307-8}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-018-1307-8}, author = {Aufderheide, Jennifer and Bernhard Ronacher} } @article {53341, title = {Note on acoustic signals of grasshopper males of the genera Epacromius and Platypygius (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae) from Russia and adjacent territories}, journal = {Far Eastern entomologist}, volume = {370}, year = {2018}, month = {Jun-16-20182071}, pages = {21 - 24}, abstract = {

Acoustic courtship of males of three species, Epacromius pulverulentus, E. tergistinus and Platypygius crassus from Russia (Southern Siberia) and Ukraine (Cis-Azov Region), are described and illustrated by oscillograms at the first time. There are two types of stridulation: tegmina-femoral (all species) and tibia-tegminal (E. tergistinus). Calling signals for these species are not recognized.

}, keywords = {acoustic signals, Acrididae, grasshoppers, Oedipodinae, Orthoptera, Siberia, Ukraine}, issn = {1026051X}, doi = {10.25221/fee10.25221/fee.370.3}, url = {http://www.biosoil.ru/FEE/}, author = {Benediktov, А.А.} } @article {53139, title = {Insect territoriality and its evolution: population studies of desert grasshoppers on creosote bushes}, journal = {The Journal of Animal Ecology}, year = {1975}, pages = {29{\textendash}54}, author = {Daniel Otte and Joern, Anthony} } @article {53138, title = {Satellites and Transients: Ecological Constraints On Alternative Mating Tactics in Male Grasshoppers}, journal = {Behaviour}, volume = {109}, year = {1989}, month = {Jan-01-1989}, pages = {200 - 220}, abstract = {

Alternative tactics of male mating behaviour, broadly classifiable as \"dominant/ territorial\" versus \"subordinate/non-territorial\", have now been described for numerous species. Furthermore, across diverse taxa the mating tactics of subordinate/non-territorial males often appear as one of two distinct types, satellite or transient behaviour. Despite general recognition of this dichotomy, though, little effort has been made to identify the circumstances under which one of these behaviours is adopted over the other. We compared the mating systems of two congeneric species of desert grasshoppers (genus Ligurotettix) to investigate specifically the role of resource dispersion in shaping the behaviour of subordinate males. The utility of the comparative approach derives from two basic similarities between the species: both Ligurotettix coquilletti and Ligurotettix planum feed almost exclusively on a single host plant species, and the majority of males in both species defend individual host plants to gain access to females. However, the two species are associated with host plants that are dispersed very differently; i.e., L. coquilletti encounter a small number of large plants and L. planum a large number of small ones. In L. coquilletti, subordinate males, individuals noted by their lack of success in aggression and in obtaining matings, were characterized as satellites that remained silent on host plants defended by territorial males. Subordinate males in L. planum, however, were transients that sang regularly but moved frequently among different host plants. We propose that this behavioural discrepancy results from (1) the large difference between the number of potential female encounter sites (i.e., individual host plants) available to the males of the two species and (2) the large difference between the sizes of resource patches defended by the two species, which influences the ability of dominant males to eject subordinates.

}, issn = {0005-7959}, doi = {10.1163/156853989X00231}, url = {http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/156853989x00231}, author = {Shelly, Todd E. and Michael D. Greenfield} } @article {52843, title = {Description of a new species of the genus Mongolotettix Rehn, 1928 (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Fujian, China}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4410}, year = {2018}, month = {May-04-2019}, pages = {387}, abstract = {

A new species of the genus Mongolotettix Rehn, 1928 from Fujian, China is described in this paper. The new species Mongolotettix.fujianensis sp. nov. is similar to M. wulingyuanensis Shi, Liu et Li, 2016, but differs from the latter by maximum width of cubital area 1.4 times maximum width of medial area in tegmina of male; body small, length of body ♂ 21.5. mm, ♀ 30.6 mm; vertical diameter eye 1.3 times horizontal diameter in male; hind femur of male with 103 stridulatory pegs on inner side and epiphallus with indistinct projection on inner side of lateral plates. Type specimens are deposited in the Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
The genus Mongolotettix Rehn, 1928 obtains 12 species distributed Far Eastern Asian countries, including China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and Russia [Bol\ívar, 1898; Uvarov, 1914; Caudell, 1921; Chogsomzhav, 1974; Li et Lian, 1994; Wan, Ren et Zhang, 1998; Xie et Li, 2000, Kim et Kim 2005; Shi et al, 2016; Shi et al, 2017; Yin et al, 2017; Zheng et al, 2017; Cigliano et al, 2018]. In the present paper, we describe a new species of the genus from China. Type specimens are deposited in the Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.

}, issn = {1175-5326}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4410.210.11646/zootaxa.4410.2.8}, url = {https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4410.2}, author = {Shen-Zhi Chen and SHI, JIAN-PING and Dai, Li} } @article {52765, title = {Morphological observations on a gynandromorph of Anacridium aegyptium (Linnaeus, 1764) (Orthoptera Acridiidae)}, journal = {Biodiversity Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2017}, pages = {827-832}, chapter = {827}, author = {Rinaldo Nicoli Aldini} } @article {52747, title = {Sound production of two endemic Oedipodinae grasshoppers from the Iberian Peninsula: Jacobsiella imitans and Leptopternis candidus lusitanicus (Orthoptera: Acrididae)}, journal = {Italian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {77}, year = {2010}, month = {Sep-12-2010}, pages = {443 - 452}, abstract = {

In this study, which was conducted with captive specimens kept in wooden cages and separated by sex, the sounds produced by Jacobsiella imitans (Brunner, 1882) and Leptopternis candidus lusitanicus (Ebner, 1941) (Orthoptera, Acrididae) are described. Sounds were recorded with a digital audio tape recorder; the signal was digitized and then analysed with the Avisoft\® software. Two types of sound, both produced by stridulation, were recorded in these species: an interaction song, produced when specimens are disturbed by others, and a courtship song, emitted by males when mounting another individual in trying to copulate. In both species, females are mute. Data concerning the time and frequency domains of these sounds are presented. The behaviour observed by both species in nature and that displayed when interacting with other individuals and during courtship are described. The role of song as an isolation mechanism is discussed.

}, keywords = {behaviour, Jacobsiella, Leptopternis, Oedipodinae, Orthoptera, sound production}, issn = {1125-0003}, doi = {10.1080/11250000903457830}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/11250000903457830}, author = {Larrosa, E. and M. Garcia and Presa, J. J.} } @article {50742, title = {A new species of Mongolotettix Rehn, 1928 from Henan, China (Orthoptera: Acridoidea, Acrididae)}, journal = {Entomologica Fennica}, volume = {28}, year = {2017}, pages = {103{\textendash}106}, abstract = {

The grasshopper genus Mongolotettix Rehn, 1928 contains 9 species that are distributed in Far Eastern Asian countries of China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and Russia (Bol\ívar 1898, Uvarov 1914, Caudell 1921, Bei-Bienko \& Mishchenko 1951, Chogsomzhav 1974, Li \& Lian 1994, Yin et al. 1996, Wan et al. 1998, Xie \& Li 2000, Yin, Xia et al. 2003, Yin, Zhang et al. 2003, Yin et al. 2004, Kim\& Kim2005, Huang et al. 2010, Eades et al. 2016, Shi et al. 2016). In the present paper, we describe a new species of the genus from China.

}, author = {Yin, Xiang-Chu and Ji, Li-Li and Dai, Li} } @article {50741, title = {El comportamiento ac{\'u}stico de Fenestra bohlsii Giglio-Tos (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Gomphocerinae)}, journal = {Neotropical Entomology}, volume = {39}, year = {2010}, month = {Jan-01-2010}, pages = {839 - 853}, issn = {1519-566X}, doi = {10.1590/S1519-566X2010000600001}, url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S1519-566X2010000600001\&lng=es\&nrm=iso\&tlng=es}, author = {Lorier, Estrellita and Juan Jos{\'e} Presa} } @article {50722, title = {Sound production in Parapellopedon instabilis (Rehn, 1906) (Orthoptera: Gomphocerinae)}, journal = {Annales de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} entomologique de France (N.S.)}, volume = {39}, year = {2003}, pages = {335 - 342}, abstract = {

The sounds produced by Parapellopedon instabilis (Rehn, 1906), are described for the first time on the basis of recordings made, in captivity, with an analogical tape recorder. The signals were digitized in the laboratory and analyzed using a software. Three types of song are described: the male calling song, typical of the gomphocerinae species, the female\’s agreement song, less organized temporally and unusually loud for a gomphocerinae species, and disturbance songs among males and among females, which follow the typical structure of these signals in the subfamily. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of all songs are given. The stridulatory file of both sexes, male and female, are described.

}, issn = {0037-9271}, doi = {10.1080/00379271.2003.10697391}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00379271.2003.10697391}, author = {Lorier, Estrellita and Juan Jos{\'e} Presa} } @article {50715, title = {Acoustic behavior of Metaleptea adspersa (Orthoptera: Acrididae)}, journal = {The Canadian Entomologist}, volume = {134}, year = {2002}, month = {Jan-02-2002}, pages = {113 - 123}, abstract = {

The sounds produced by Metaleptea adspersa (Blanchard 1843) were recorded in captivity with an analogical tape recorder. The signal was digitized in the laboratory and studied with a software. Three types of sound were described: copulation, rivalry, and crepitation. All three sounds were produced only by males. The frequency of the sounds occupied a broadband, from 3\–4 to 16 kHz, although the main peak frequency for each type of song differed. We also studied the structures involved in sound production. Copulation and rivalry songs were produced by the rubbing of the subcostal, radial, medial, and cubital 1 veins of the hind wing against the subcostal and radial veins of the tegmen; the enlarged cubital area of the hind wing acted as a resonator. Crepitation sound was produced by the cubital area of hind wing when its expanded membrane became taut.

}, issn = {0008-347X}, doi = {10.4039/Ent134113-1}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0008347X00006088}, author = {Lorier, Estrellita and Juan Jos{\'e} Presa} } @article {50712, title = {Ecological studies on solitary Acrididae in England and South Africa}, journal = {Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa}, volume = {15}, year = {1952}, pages = {165{\textendash}203}, author = {Chapman, Kenneth} } @article {50709, title = {Song, sex and synonymy: the palaearctic genus Acrida Linnaeus (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Acridinae) and synonymy of the subfamily Truxalinae under the subfamily Acridinae}, journal = {Journal of Orthoptera Research}, year = {1996}, pages = {125{\textendash}129}, abstract = {

The subfamilies Truxalinae and Acridinae are discussed. Acrida maxima Karny 1907 restored to species status from synonymy under Acrida turrita (L. 1758). The subfamily Truxalinae cannot be sustained as a separate taxon and is synonymised under the subfamily Acridinae since on grounds of male epiphallic morphology, femoral stridulatory apparatus and wing venation there is no means of clearly differentiating it from the Acridinae. The decision is supported by examples of functional anatomy from Chromotruxalis Dirsh 1951, Acrida Linnaeus 1758, Truxalis Fabricius 1775, Truxaloides Dirsh 1951, Acridarachnea I.Bolivar 1908, and Chromacrida Dirsh.

}, author = {Jago, ND} } @article {50701, title = {Notes on the biology of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) in Sierra Leone}, journal = {Journal of Zoology}, volume = {161}, year = {1970}, month = {Jan-07-1970}, pages = {317 - 349}, abstract = {

An account is given of the habitat, seasonal occurrence, breeding biology and food of 103 species of Acridoidea in Sierra Leone. Some comparisons are made between East African and Sierra Leone populations, a relation is indicated between size and number of annual generations and food is considered in relation to habitat and head length.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7998.1970.tb04516.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1970.tb04516.xhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111\%2Fj.1469-7998.1970.tb04516.x}, author = {Phipps, John} } @article {50676, title = {Notes on, and a Check-List of Acridoidea (Saltatoria) Collected in Somalia (East Africa)}, journal = {Monitore Zoologico Italiano. Supplemento}, volume = {16}, year = {1982}, pages = {69 - 119}, issn = {0374-9444}, doi = {10.1080/00269786.1982.11758559}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00269786.1982.11758559}, author = {Johnsen, P. and Schmidt, G. H.} } @article {50673, title = {Grasshoppers of South-east Botswana}, journal = {Botswana Notes and Records}, volume = {9}, year = {1977}, pages = {139-143}, chapter = {139}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40979517 }, author = {J.F.T. Houston} } @article {50652, title = {Communicative aspects of reproductive behaviour in Australian grasshoppers (Oedipodinae and Gomphocerinae)}, journal = {Australian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {20}, year = {1972}, month = {Jan-01-1972}, pages = {139}, abstract = {

Communicative behaviour of nine species of Australian grasshoppers (seven Oedipodinae and two Gomphocerinae) is described and compared to North American and European species. Most signal types are represented in all three continents. Most similarities between the three groups are probably due to the retention of characteristics present in common ancestors. Other similarities evidently are convergent (i.e. arose independently in each continent); these include: (1) loss of femoro-tegminal stridulation in several species; (2) changes in the function of signals from one communicative context to another; (3) the ritualization of kicking movements (i.e. the evolution of signals from non-communicative kicking movements) ; (4) the evolution of specialized flight sounds in the Gomphocerinae. Female attracting flight displays are performed by relatively few Australian Oedipodinae. Characteristics of an individual that are closely associated with behaviour or physiological states of that individual and that are relevant to the activities or wellbeing of other individuals have a greater probability of becoming signals (becoming ritualized) than movements that occur in many situations (i.e. that are unpredictable).

}, issn = {0004-959X}, doi = {10.1071/ZO9720139}, url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=ZO9720139}, author = {Daniel Otte} } @article {50524, title = {A re-examination of the taxonomy of the Chorthippus albomarginatus group in Europe on the basis of song and morphology (Orthoptera: Acrididae).}, journal = {Tijdschrift voor Entomologie}, volume = {152}, year = {2009}, pages = {65-97}, abstract = {

A study of European sibling species of the Chorthippus albomarginatus group shows that the males could be well distinguished on the basis of the number and density of the stridulatory pegs. We recorded and analysed the calling and courtship songs of the males, as well as the stridulatory movements of the hind legs. Analysis of the stridulatory leg movements allowed us to reveal more differences between both the courtship songs and the calling songs of the European species of this group. On the basis of the morphology, calling and courtship song analysis, we describe a new species, Ch. ferdinandi sp. n., from Greece (Peloponnesus) and a new subspecies, Ch. oschei pusztaensis ssp. n., from the Balkans, Hungary, Moldova and Ukraine. Ch. bruttius Fontana \& La Greca, 1999 is classified as a subspecies of Ch. karelini. We describe the phylogenetic relations between the European species of the Ch. albomarginatus group based on the courtship song complexity and courtship visual display.

}, author = {V. YU. Vedenina and Otto von Helversen} } @article {50521, title = {Inheritance of song and stridulatory peg number divergence between Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi, two naturally hybridizing grasshopper species (Orthoptera: Acrididae)}, journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {18}, year = {2005}, month = {Jan-05-2005}, pages = {703 - 712}, abstract = {

Knowledge of the genetic basis of divergence in mating signal characters that contribute to reproductive isolation is critical to understanding speciation. Here, we describe a semi-automated system for characterizing grasshopper acoustic signals. We used this system to study the genetic basis of divergence in three male calling song components [echeme (EL), syllable (SL) and phrase (PL) lengths] between Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi , two species of grasshoppers that hybridize in northern Spain. We also studied the number of pegs in the stridulatory file. For all characters, additive effects accounted for most of the genetic differentiation between species. However, the three song components also showed small but significant epistatic effects. No sex linkage was detected. Wright\–Castle\–Lande estimates of the minimum numbers of genetic factors underlying song and peg number divergence were low: peg number ( n e \¼ 5.87 \± 5.84), SL ( n e \¼ 2.37 \± 4.79) and PL ( n e \¼ 0.87 \± 0.86). On the other hand, EL appeared to be controlled by many genes. These results suggest that divergence in SL and PL might be driven by sexual selection whereas EL might not be under selection. This is consistent with experimental results on female song preference in related species. However, the fact that few factors appear to underlie the differences in peg number is surprising. Peg number is not closely related to song characteristics. It often varies between closely related grasshopper species and it has been assumed to be a neutral character. The biometrical approaches used here tend to underestimate the number of factors influencing a trait but provide valuable background for subsequent quantitative trait loci analyses.

}, keywords = {additive effects, dominance effects, effective number of factors, epistasis, mosaic hybrid zones, quantitative trait loci, sexual selection, wavelet transformation}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.2005.18.issue-310.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00838.x}, url = {http://blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeb.2005.18.issue-3}, author = {C. I. Sadamando and S. Miyaguchi and H. Tatsuta and H. Kishino and J. R. Bridle and R. K. Butlin} } @article {47580, title = {Stridulation and associated behaviour in certain orthoptera. 2. Stridulation of females and their behaviour with males}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {6}, year = {1958}, month = {Jan-01-1958}, pages = {27 - 42}, abstract = {

1. The stridulation of females and their behaviour in relation to males was studied comparatively in the following species of Truxalinae: Stenobothrus lineatus (Panzer); Omocestus viridulus (Linnaeus); Chorthippus parallelus (Zetterstedt); and Chorthippus brunneus (Thunberg) (= C. bicolor Charp.).

2. Descriptions of the \“typical behaviour\” of females in response to normal song are given. This behaviour is similar in all species and consists of three phases: response stridulation, orientation towards and locomotion to the male. Arrived near the male, the female stridulates in response to mate song; the male, on noticing the female, sings the courtship song, engages the genitalia and copulation ensues. Females showing such typical behaviour are said to be in the \“responsive state\”.

3. This responsive state in females of the four species appears at maturation, is inhibited for periods up to 24 hours prior to oviposition, is regained shortly afterwards and is lost some days prior to death. Complete copulation involving the transfer of a spermatophore also inhibits the responsive state in the females; if the latter are isolated after copulation, they regain their responsiveness in a period of from 6\–20 days dependent on the species. This recovery is delayed or prevented if the females are kept after copulation with males or within the sound of male normal song.

4. The responsive state is characterised in most females of all four species by the emission of stridulation in response to male normal song. In all cases, the movements of the hind femora of a female emitting this stridulation are very similar to those of a male of the same species singing the normal song. In the case of S. lineatus, O. viridulus and C. brunneus, audible sounds are emitted by the females, which in the case of the latter two species show marked affinity to male normal song. Physical analyses of these sounds are presented. Females of C. parallelus, being brachypterous, emit no sound while making stridulation movements of the hind femora.

5. It is postulated that the discrimination mechanism responsible for distinguishing between various specific songs is closely linked to the inherited motor mechanism which causes typical stridulation in both sexes. It is further suggested that the basic behaviour reactions of males and females to male normal song are the same, consisting of stridulation response movements, orientation and locomotion towards the male. Normally in the field, the last two phases are suppressed in males, the whole sequence in females. Isolation restores full typical behaviour in both males and females and, in the latter, stridulation is always an indicator of the return of the responsive state.

6. The observations are used to construct a possible picture of events in the field concerned with courtship and mating in the present species.

}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1016/0003-3472(58)90005-8}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0003347258900058}, author = {Peter Thomas Haskell} } @article {47295, title = {Components of reproductive isolation between the closely related grasshopper species Chorthippus biguttulus and C. mollis}, journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology}, volume = {71}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-04-2017}, abstract = {

The formation and maintenance of species in nature is accomplished by the evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms. To understand patterns of speciation and coexistence between species, it is crucial to obtain a complete synopsis of reproductive isolating barriers. We identified multiple reproductive isolation barriers between two closely related species, Chorthippus biguttulus and Chorthippus mollis, and quantified their respective contributions to isolation. To this end, we produced hybrids and backcrosses in the laboratory to examine reproductive isolation at multiple stages in the life history. The prezygotic barriers, based on chemical and acoustic cues, are currently the strongest impediments to gene flow between C. biguttulus and C. mollis. This indicates an important role for sexual selection in the maintenance of species isolation. However, extrinsic and intrinsic postzygotic isolation barriers also contributed to reproductive isolation. The virtual sterility of F1 hybrid males was based on both the dysfunctionality of their testes and intermediate behavioral mating traits (behavioral sterility). This study demonstrates that a cascade of reproductive isolating mechanisms reduces the gene flow between C. biguttulus and C. mollis. Our results further demonstrate that the courtship display in these species consists of multimodal signals and indicates a key role of chemical cues in reproductive isolation and speciation in grasshoppers.

}, keywords = {Chorthippus, hybridization, reproductive isolation, speciation}, issn = {0340-5443}, doi = {10.1007/s00265-017-2295-3}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00265-017-2295-3}, author = {Finck, Jonas} } @article {20926, title = {A Comparative Study of Mating Behaviour in Some Neotropical Grasshoppers (Acridoidea)}, journal = {Ethology}, volume = {76}, year = {1987}, month = {Dec-01-1987}, pages = {265 - 296}, abstract = {

Aspects of premating and mating behaviour in several South American grasshopppers (Acridoidea) are described and compared. Examples of communication by acoustical, visual and chemical means are given.

Acoustic signals are emitted only by species of the subfamilies Gomphocerinae, Acridinae, Romaleinae and Copiocerinae. Each subfamily has distinct sound-producing mechanisms, and the songs occur in different behavioural contexts. In Gomphocerinae and Acridinae the sexes recognize and attract each other by species-specific songs produced by a femuro-tegminal stridulatory mechanism. In contrast, Romaleinae produce a simple song by rubbing the hindwings against the forewings. These songs are similar in different species and no attraction of females could be demonstrated, but the behaviour may function in male-male interaction and during copulation. Sexual pheromones also play a role in this subfamily. Acoustic activity during copulation has been observed in Aleuasini (Copiocerinae), but its function is still unclear.

No sound production at all exists in the Leptysminae, Rhytidochrotinae, Ommatolampinae, Melanoplinae, Proctolabinae and Bactrophorinae, but conspicuous movements of hindlegs (kneewaving) and antennae were observed. In some species these form part of a soundless courtship display.

Ecological constraints have little influence on the basic mating strategies: romaleine, gomphocerine and melanopline grasshoppers often coexist in various habitats, but show the divergent behaviour patterns characteristic of their respective subfamilies. Intrinsic factors of female reproductive physiology seem to be more important: a hormonally controlled reproductive cycle in gomphocerine females provides for only few short copulations, while romaleine females copulate frequently and longer. In Gomphocerinae and Acridinae, receptive females are rare (male-biased operational sex ratio) which leads to intense competition among males. It is hypothesized that this could be responsible for the high diversification of song and courtship patterns in these subfamilies.

}, doi = {10.1111/eth.1987.76.issue-410.1111/j.1439-0310.1987.tb00689.x}, url = {http://blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eth.1987.76.issue-4}, author = {Riede, Klaus} } @article {20335, title = {ACOUSTICAL AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE GRASSHOPPER CHIMAROCEPHALA PACIFICA PACIFICA (OEDIPODINAE)}, journal = {Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, volume = {13}, year = {1970}, month = {Jan-03-1970}, pages = {71 - 84}, abstract = {

The oedipodine grasshopper Chimarocephala pacifica pacifica employs a variety of acoustic and visual signals for communication between the sexes and between members of the same sex. These signals, which are expressed in the form of stridulations and vibrations by the male or as the waving-gesture by both sexes, characterize either the premating and mating state or the state of disturbance and defence, depending on the circumstances that elicit these expressions. The occurrence and timing of copulation are dictated by the cyclic sexual receptivity and non-receptivity behaviour phases of the female. Oscillograms and spectrograms of vibration and stridulation by the male are presented. The behaviour terminology employed in grasshopper studies is critically reviewed.

}, doi = {10.1111/eea.1970.13.issue-110.1111/j.1570-7458.1970.tb00088.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/eea.1970.13.issue-1}, author = {W. Loher and M. K. Chandrashekaran} } @article {17335, title = {Brain regions for sound processing and song release in a small grasshopper}, journal = {Journal of Insect Physiology}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

We investigated brain regions \– mostly neuropils - that process auditory information relevant for the initiation of response songs of female grasshoppers Chorthippus biguttulus during bidirectional intraspecific acoustic communication. Male-female acoustic duets in the species Ch. biguttulus require the perception of sounds, their recognition as a species- and gender-specific signal and the initiation of commands that activate thoracic pattern generating circuits to drive the sound-producing stridulatory movements of the hind legs. To study sensory-to-motor processing during acoustic communication we used multielectrodes that allowed simultaneous recordings of acoustically stimulated electrical activity from several ascending auditory interneurons and local brain neurons and subsequent electrical stimulation of the recording site. Auditory activity was detected in the lateral protocerebrum (where most of the described ascending auditory interneurons terminate), in the superior medial protocerebrum and in the central complex, that has previously been implicated in the control of sound production. Neural responses to behaviorally attractive sound stimuli showed no or only poor correlation with behavioral responses. Current injections into the lateral protocerebrum, the central complex and the deuto-/tritocerebrum (close to the cerebro-cervical fascicles), but not into the superior medial protocerebrum, elicited species-typical stridulation with high success rate. Latencies and numbers of phrases produced by electrical stimulation were different between these brain regions. Our results indicate three brain regions (likely neuropils) where auditory activity can be detected with two of these regions being potentially involved in song initiation.

}, issn = {00221910}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.03.006}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022191016302426}, author = {Mit Balvantray Bhavsar and Stumpner, Andreas and Heinrich, Ralf} } @inbook {17256, title = {Factors in the reproductive isolation between Dociostaurus curvicercus, D. jagoi jagoi and D. genei littoralis}, booktitle = {Evolutionary Biology of Orthopteroid Insects}, year = {1987}, publisher = {Ellis Horwood}, organization = {Ellis Horwood}, chapter = {4}, address = {Chichester}, abstract = {

From a well-documented study of two sympatric sibling species of singing gomphocerine grasshoppers, Perdeck (1958) reached the surprisng conclusion that reproductive isolation between them resulted almost exclusively from differences in acustic behavior. In the present work, comparison of the sibling gomphocerine grasshoppers D. curvicercus, D. jagoi jagoi and D. genei littoralis revealed ecographical, temporal, ethological, structural and cytological differences which could account for failure of the species to interbreed.

}, author = {Blondheim, Syril A.} } @article {17255, title = {Acoustic Communication and Differences in the Biology of Two Sibling Species of Grasshoppers, Acrotylus insubricus and A. patruelis}, journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, volume = {65}, year = {1972}, pages = {17-24}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

In Israel, sexually mature adults of the sibling species of grashoppers Acrotylus insubricus (Scopoli) and A. patruelis (Herrich-Shaffer) occur both allopatrically and sympatrically. To distinguish between the 2 species in areas of sympatry and to help resolve their confused taxonomy, nonmorphological criteria were sought. The mating and acoustic behavior of these species and some aspects of their biology were therefore studies.

No species-specific differences in mating or acoustic behaviour were found. Stridulatory songs of the 2 species were similar for all parameters studied, as was substrate drumming, studied both as airborne sound and solidborne sound (i.e., substrate vibrations). No response to playback of either form of sound, or of substrate vibrations as such, was obtained under the conditions of our experiments.

Under identical conditions of incubation, eggs of A. patreulis hatched in a significantly hsorter time than those of A. insubricus, and gave rise to uniformly grey nymphs differing from the black-headed, light-bodied nymphs of the latter species. Under \"no-choice\" laboratory conditions, F1 hybrids were obtained from each of teh reciprocal parental crosses. Songs of hybrid males could not be distinguished from those of the parent species.

}, author = {Blondheim, Syril A.} } @article {17251, title = {The Stridulation of Sexually Mature Males of Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. and F.) in Relation to Temperature and Some Other Factors}, journal = {Physiological Zoology}, volume = {42}, year = {1969}, month = {Jan-10-1969}, pages = {417 - 428}, issn = {0031-935X}, doi = {10.1086/physzool.42.4.30155513}, url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/physzool.42.4.30155513}, author = {Bar-Ilan, A. R. and A. S. Shulov and M. P. Pener} } @article {17240, title = {Field Behavior And Sound Production By The Grasshopper Sphingonotus rubescens (Orthoptera, Acrididae) On Tenerife, Canary Islands}, journal = {Entomological News}, volume = {96}, year = {1985}, pages = {37-42}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Males and females of the oedipodine grasshopper Sphingonotus rubescens crepitate by producing a click-buzz sound. Males have 3 types of stridulation: (1 and 2) a common whistkle-click combination lasting less than 1 sec and often followed by a hop-turn or very short flight, and (3) a bussing lasting ca. 1.2 sec when 2 or more males are less than 1m apart. Male courtship behviour is described.

}, url = {http://biostor.org/reference/77030}, author = {R. G. Bland} } @article {17230, title = {Separate localization of sound recognizing and sound producing neural mechanisms in a grasshopper}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology A}, volume = {161}, year = {1987}, month = {Jan-01-1987}, pages = {95 - 101}, abstract = {

In the two acridid species Chorthippus parallelus and Ch. montanus, the sound template by which females recognize male song varies with temperature, as does the song itself. At relatively high temperatures the females respond best to simulated songs with high syllable frequencies, and at lower temperatures songs with lower syllable frequencies are preferred.

The temperature around the supraesophageal and metathoracic ganglia of female grasshoppers was monitored by implanted thermocouples, and either the head or the thorax was warmed selectively while the animal was free to move (within the imits of the wires). Then simulations of the conspecific song varying in syllable frequency corresponding to different song temperatures were presented, and the stridulatory responses of the animals were observed.

The results were as follows. 1. Song recognition (in particular, the position of the peak of the response curve) depended on the temperature of the head. 2. The rate of stridulatory hindleg movement was determined by the temperature of the thoracic ganglia.

This result provides strong evidence against the genetic coupling hypothesis.

}, issn = {0340-7594}, doi = {10.1007/BF00609458}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00609458}, author = {Bauer, Maria and Otto von Helversen} } @article {17217, title = {{\textquoteleft}Protest{\textquoteright} Sounds of a Grasshopper: Predator-Deterrent Signal?}, journal = {Psyche: A Journal of Entomology}, volume = {90}, year = {1983}, month = {Jan-01-1983}, pages = {387 - 394}, issn = {0033-2615}, doi = {10.1155/1983/98675}, url = {http://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/1983/098675/abs/}, author = {Blondheim, Syril A. and Frankenberg, Eliezer} } @article {17172, title = {Hind femora influence directionality of the locust ear}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology ? A}, volume = {152}, year = {1983}, month = {Jan-01-1983}, pages = {509 - 516}, issn = {0340-7594}, doi = {10.1007/BF00606440}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00606440}, author = {Adam, L. J.} } @article {12663, title = {The unusual inheritance pattern of the courtship songs in closely related grasshopper species of the Chorthippus albomarginatus-group (Orthoptera: Gomphocerinae)}, journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {20}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan-01-2007}, pages = {260 - 277}, abstract = {Sibling species of the Chorthippus albomarginatus-group are exceptional among all European grasshopper species because they have an extremely elaborate courtship behaviour. Here, we present a genetic analysis of the courtship song differences between two closely related grasshopper species Ch. albomarginatus and Ch. oschei. Measurements of seven courtship song characters and one parameter of courtship visual display were compared among parentals, F 1 and F 2 hybrids, and backcrosses. Variation in one morphological character, the number of stridulatory pegs, was studied as well. The distributions of song phenotypes were more consistent with a type-III genetic architecture, which involves complementary or duplicate pairs of loci. We suggest that this type of architecture may provide the novel elements of the hybrid songs, even more complex than the parental ones, which may offer a new starting point for sexual selection. One parameter of the visual display appeared to be controlled by a single locus, but differences in other characters of visual display could be explained by a more complex inheritance pattern. Inheritance of the peg number differences was consistent with a simple polygenic additive model. Sex linkage and/or maternal effects were not detected for any trait. We found a disproportionate influence of the Ch. albomarginatus parent on most hybrid song characteristics and the visual display, and this may support a previously suggested idea that Ch. albomarginatus is an ancestral form and Ch. oschei is a derived species.}, issn = {1010-061X}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.2007.20.issue-110.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01204.x}, url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/jeb/20/1}, author = {V. YU. Vedenina and A. K. Panyutin and Otto von Helversen} } @mastersthesis {11959, title = {Incipient Speciation In The Meadow Grasshopper, Chorthippus parallelus (Orthoptera: Acrididae).}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1997}, school = {University of East Anglia}, address = {Norwich, UK}, abstract = {

This thesis examines the evolutionary divergence between northern European and Italian populations of Chorthippus parallelus. Several differing approaches were taken, which identified the inception of various components of the speciation process between these parapatric populations which meet in the Alps.

Firstly, partial post-zygotic reproductive isolation was demonstrated using hybrid crosses. The male hybrid offspring of both reciprocal crosses were sterile, displaying severe testicular dysfunction, while the female hybrids showed no deleterious effects of hybridisation. In this grasshopper the males are the heterogametic sex, possessing a single X chromosome, and so this pattern of hybrid sterility conforms to Haldane{\textquoteright}s rule. Secondly, investigation of the calling song of the male grasshopper, a component of the mate recognition system, suggested the presence of pre-mating reproductive isolation. Males from the different races were found to sing calling song of a significantly different structure. Finally, examination of DNA sequence divergence in a mitochondrial DNA marker demonstrated Significant levels of genetic differentiation between the races. This population divergence and incipient reproductive isolation parallels that found between the north European and Iberian populations of this grasshopper, and provides further evidence that the divergent geographical races have resulted from allopatric divergence while in isolated refugial populations during the glacial periods of thePleistocene Epoch.

These approaches were repeated to investigate genetic divergence between localised populations within the Italian peninsula. No hybrid dysfunction was observed between these populations, suggesting that they are recently derived from one continuous population. This was probably the refugial population of the last ice-age. Additionally, investigation with the mtDNA marker gave preliminary evidence for population expansion from the south to the north of Italy. Interestingly, the male calling song was Significantly different in populations from the north and the south of Italy, suggesting that a component of pre-mating reproductive isolation may have evolved prior to post-mating isolation in allopatric populations of C. parallelus.

}, author = {Nicola S. Flanagan} } @article {11295, title = {Asymmetrical integration of sensory information during mating decisions in grasshoppers}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Decision-making processes, like all traits of an organism, are shaped by evolution; they thus carry a signature of the selection pressures associated with choice behaviors. The way sexual communication signals are integrated during courtship likely reflects the costs and benefits associated with mate choice. Here, we study the evaluation of male song by females during acoustic courtship in grasshoppers. Using playback experiments and computational modeling we find that information of different valence (attractive vs. nonattractive) is weighted asymmetrically: while information associated with nonattractive features has large weight, attractive features add little to the decision to mate. Accordingly, nonattractive features effectively veto female responses. Because attractive features have so little weight, the model suggests that female responses are frequently driven by integration noise. Asymmetrical weighting of negative and positive information may reflect the fitness costs associated with mating with a nonattractive over an attractive singer, which are also highly asymmetrical. In addition, nonattractive cues tend to be more salient and therefore more reliable. Hence, information provided by them should be weighted more heavily. Our findings suggest that characterizing the integration of sensory information during a natural behavior has the potential to provide valuable insights into the selective pressures shaping decision-making during evolution. }, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1412741111}, author = {Jan Clemens and Stefanie Kr{\"a}mer} } @article {11153, title = {A putative hybrid in nature between Chorthippus brunneus and C. biguttulus (Orthoptera : Acrididae)}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {1}, year = {1976}, pages = {71-74}, chapter = {71}, abstract = {

The characteristics of the song and morphology of a probable natural hybrid between the two grass- hoppers Chorthippus brunneus (Thunberg) and C. bigurruius (L.) are described and compared with those of the parent species. The status of C. eisentrauti (Ramme) is briefly discussed.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3113.1976.tb00033.x}, author = {D. R. Ragge} } @article {11152, title = {The songs and taxonomy of the grasshoppers of the Chorthippus biguttulus group in the Iberian Peninsula (Orthoptera: Acrididae)}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {22}, year = {1988}, pages = {897-929}, chapter = {897}, abstract = {

The Chorthippus biguttulus group includes a number of common European species that are difficult to distinguish morphologically but are easily recognized in the field by the distinctive calling songs of the males. These song-patterns have not previously been studied in Spain and as a result the Iberian members of the group have been misidentified in almost all the extensive Spanish literature on the ecology and cytogenetics of these insects. In this study the male calling songs of all six members of the group known from the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa are fully described and illustrated with oscillograms at several different speeds. The songs of the three species known only from Iberia or North Africa, jacobsi, yersini and marocanus, are fully described for the first time (marocanus is here raised in rank from subspecies). Notes on recognition, using both morphology and song, are given for each species, and two identification keys are provided, one based on morphology and the other on song. It is shown that the three species biguttulus, brunneus and mollis, previously believed to be widespread in Iberia, are absent from most of the peninsula.

}, keywords = {acoustics, Acrididae, Chorthippus, grasshoppers, Iberia, North Africa, Orthoptera, song, taxonomy}, doi = {10.1080/00222938800770611}, author = {D. R. Ragge and W. J. Reynolds} }