@article {53567, title = {The coding of airborne-sound and vibration signals in bimodal ventral-cord neurons of the grasshopper Tettigonia cantans}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology}, volume = {139}, year = {1980}, pages = {267{\textendash}275}, abstract = {

In grasshoppers, the auditory and vibra- tional senses converge on the same ventral-cord neurons. All neurons in the ventral cord that discharge impulses in response to either airborne-sound or vi- bration stimuli also receive synaptic inputs from the other sensory system. The latter elicit either sub- threshold excitation or inhibition.

The coding of the conspecific song in the responses of most ventral-cord neurons of Tettigonia cantans is considerably improved when the stimulus consists not of simulated natural sounds alone, but of such
sounds together with either maintained vibration or vibration matched to the temporal structure of the song.

Stridulating tettigoniids produce both airborne and substrate-conducted sound. Thus the perception of airborne sound and vibration, and their simulta- neous processing in individual ventral-cord neurons, may be of fundamental importance - not only in localizing a nearby sound source, but also in facilitat- ing the recognition of conspecific signals.

}, author = {Kalmring, Klaus and K{\"u}hne, Roland} } @article {53565, title = {The Importance of Low-Frequency, Substrate-Borne Sounds in Lacewing Communication (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)}, journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, volume = {73}, year = {1980}, month = {Mar-11-1981}, pages = {617 - 621}, abstract = {

Courting green lacewings of Chrysopa carnea Stephens, C. downesi Banks, and several other species communicate with their partners by exchanging acoustical signals produced by vigorous jerking of the abdomen. Intraspecific communication was unaffected when an area of microtrichia associated with a possible stridulatory structure was excised from the wing of a sexually receptive C. carnea male. Additionally, no high-frequency audio sounds were detected by analysis of oscillographs; however, males and females of C. carnea and C. downesi responded to recordings of conspecific calls when the low-frequency oscillations were transmitted to a compliant substrate and when all high-frequency information was filtered out. Therefore, exchange of low-frequency substrate oscillations is sufficient for intraspecific communication in the lacewing species studied. Evolutionary implications are discussed briefly.

}, issn = {0013-8746}, doi = {10.1093/aesa/73.6.617}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/aesa/73.6.617}, author = {Henry, Charles S.} } @article {53133, title = {The function of sound in male spacing behaviour in bush-crickets (Tettigoniidae, Orthoptera)}, journal = {Austral Ecology}, volume = {5}, year = {1980}, month = {Jan-09-1980}, pages = {275 - 286}, abstract = {

This paper examines the spatial dynamics of an aggregation of singing male bush-crickets (Tettigoniidae) in respect to the degree of regularity between males. Our results establish that singing males of the genus Mygalopsis are regularly spaced within aggregations and that sound is involved in spacing. Attention is focussed on the male strategy of regular spacing within a widely dispersed aggregation in order to attract females reaching sexual maturity within the confines of that population. This is seen as an alternate to male aggregations attracting females from outside their boundary.

}, issn = {1442-9985}, doi = {10.1111/aec.1980.5.issue-310.1111/j.1442-9993.1980.tb01253.x}, url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/aec/5/3}, author = {D. Thiele and Winston J. Bailey} } @article {52724, title = {Calling display and mating behaviour of Copiphora rhinoceros Pictet (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {28}, year = {1980}, month = {Jan-02-1980}, pages = {42 - IN1}, abstract = {

Substrate-transmitted signals, known from scattered accounts to occur in several species of acoustic Orthoptera, are brought together and briefly reviewed. Males of a neotropical katydid, Copiphora rhinoceros, were found to alternate stereotyped bouts of body vibration (tremulation) with an 8.7-kHz air-borne song. This calling display is remarkable in combining vegetation-conducted transverse waves with stridulation. A complete acoustic analysis accompanies detailed descriptions of three field matings. Females responded to the male\&$\#$39;s display silently but with similar body shaking. Copulation lasted almost 4 h, and courtship was prolonged by repeated male withdrawals. The male\&$\#$39;s coyness probably reflects a costly nutritional investment in a single mating: his spermatophore includes a huge bilobed spermatophylax, consumed by the female after copulation.

}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80006-6}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347280800066}, author = {Glenn K. Morris} } @article {47926, title = {Sound production in the cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa: evidence for communication by hissing}, journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology}, volume = {6}, year = {1980}, month = {Jan-03-1980}, pages = {305 - 314}, abstract = {

1. Sound production of the giant Madagascar cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa, was examined by behavioral and acoustical methods in order to determine the functions of the hisses produced by this species.

2. Gromphadorhina is able to produce audible hisses from a pair of modified spiracles. Adult males hiss in three social contexts: during aggressive encounters, during courtship (when two types of hisses are discernable), and during copulation. Adults and nymphs of both sexes also hiss when disturbed (Figs 2 and 3).

3. There are reliable differences among hisses emitted in these social contexts which depend on several features: the shape of the amplitude envelope (Fig. 4), the relative loudness (Table 1), and the temporal characteristics both of single hisses and of hiss trains (Table 1 and Fig. 4).

4. In both courtship and aggression, hissing accompanies characteristic, stereotyped behavior patterns (Figs. 5 and 7); during aggressive encounters between males, hissing is predictive of winning (Fig. 6).

5. Males which have been silenced by occlusion of the specialized spiracles carry on apparently normal courtship, but they are unsuccessful in copulating due to a lack of receptive behavior by the female (Fig. 8).

6. Playback of recorded courtship hisses during courtship of females by silenced males leads to receptive behavior by females, and to normal rates of copulation (Fig. 8).

7. Our evidence supports the hypothesis that G. portentosa has evolved a system of communication in which hisses serve as auditory social signals.

}, issn = {0340-5443}, doi = {10.1007/BF00292773}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00292773}, author = {Nelson, Margaret C. and Fraser, Jean} } @article {47712, title = {Insect disturbance stridulation: Characterization of airborne and vibrational components of the sound}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology ? A}, volume = {135}, year = {1980}, month = {Jan-01-1980}, pages = {259 - 268}, abstract = {

Some insects stridulate when attacked by a predator. This behavior has been interpreted as a defensive response, the sound being a warning to predators of the insect\&$\#$39;s noxiousness. Since to humans many such disturbance sounds are audibly similar, it is possible that they may in fact be mutually mimetic. This idea was investigated through analysis of the temporal and spectral characteristics of the disturbance sounds of a variety of insects that stridulate by a file- and -scraper device. Properties of both the airborne sound and the underlying cuticular vibration (detected by a special vibration measuring instrument) were examined, and four characteristic features found:

\ \ \  1. The temporal pattern is simple. Bursts of toothstrike impulses are about 80 ms long, and are separated by pauses about 90 ms long. Bursts occur at a rate of about 5 to 10/s.
\ \ \ \ 
\ \ \  2. The temporal pattern is irregular. For toothstrike interval, burst duration, pause duration and interburst interval, the standard deviation is usually \>30\% of the mean. Much of the irregularity is presumably caused by the insect struggling at the same time it stridulates. Some insects show less variability, and these appear to lack tight coupling between stridulatory movements and struggling movements, so struggling does not interfere with stridulation.
\ \ \ \ 
\ \ \  3. The airborne sound pressure waveform is impulsive. The frequency coverage of the sounds is quite broad with an average 10-dB bandwidth of about 40 kHz centered at 25 kHz. The sounds are not intense, ranging from about 10 to 60 dB (re 20\×10\−6 Pa) at 10 cm.
\ \ \ \ 
\ \ \  4. The cuticular vibration waveform is sharply peaked and contains maximum energy at a frequency determined by the tooth-strike rate, usually about 1 kHz. The average decrease in power above this frequency is about 12 dB/octave. The maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of cuticular motion is about 1 to 10 \μm.
\ \ \ \ 

These common characteristics may lead predators to treat insects producing disturbance sounds similarly, although this possibility should be tested empirically. If acoustic mimicry exists, the communicatory interchange between predator and prey may be subtler than is commonly appreciated.

Supported in part by an NSF predoctoral fellowship and Bache Fund stipend from the National Academy of Sciences (Masters), and NIH grant AI-02908 and NSF grant PCM77-25807 (T. Eisner). I thank the insect identification service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and E.R. Hoebeke for identification of insects. I am grateful to the Director and staff of the Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Florida, for their hospitality while I was there. To my chairman, Dr. Thomas Eisner, I wish to acknowledge my great debt for his original proposal that I study insect disturbance sounds and the suggestion that the sounds might be mutually mimetic, and for his unfailing support throughout my graduate career. I also thank Drs. Eisner, R.R. Capranica, D.J. Aneshansley, W.L. Brown and J. Camhi for helpful criticism of the manuscript, Drs. Capranica and G. Hausfater for loan of equipment, and Dr. A. George for discussions of acoustics. Finally, for invaluable help with all phases of this research, I thank my wife, Anne Moffat.

}, issn = {0340-7594}, doi = {10.1007/BF00657254}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00657254}, author = {Masters, W. Mitchell} } @article {17244, title = {L{\"o}vv{\r a}rtbitarens Leptophyes punctatissima s{\r a}ng}, journal = {Fauna och flora}, volume = {75}, year = {1980}, month = {December 1980}, pages = {265-268}, chapter = {265}, author = {Ingemar Ahl{\'e}n and Hans J{\o}rgen Degn} } @article {17238, title = {Multimodal communication by the black-horned tree cricket, Oecanthus nigricornis (Walker) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {58}, year = {1980}, month = {Jan-10-1980}, pages = {1861 - 1868}, abstract = {

Adult male tree crickets, Oecanthus nigricornis (Walker), employ acoustic, olfactory, and vibratory signals during mating. Females were attracted significantly (p\ \<\ 0.001) to the conspecific courtship song and to conspecific male scent. Males had 63, 39, and 0\% copulation success in normal, waxed-over metanotal gland, and nonsinger groups respectively. Males provide the females with metanotal glandular products and a subsequently ingested spermatophore. Females appear to select mates on the males\&$\#$39; ability to communicate these nutritional investment capabilities.

}, issn = {0008-4301}, doi = {10.1139/z80-254}, url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z80-254}, author = {Paul D. Bell} } @article {16625, title = {A revision of the Pacific species of Conocephalus Thunberg (Orthoptera Tettigoniidae)}, journal = {Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology Series}, volume = {41}, year = {1980}, pages = {315-355}, chapter = {315}, author = {Pitkin, Linda M.} } @article {11154, title = {Acoustic Laboratory}, year = {1980}, month = {10/1980}, publisher = {British Museum (Natural History)}, address = {London, UK}, author = {D. R. Ragge} }