01074nas a2200133 4500008004100000245012500041210007100166300001000237490000900247520051300256100002600769700001500795856013000810 2021 eng d00aPlatylomia kohimaensis n. sp.—a new cicada species (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from the Naga Hills in the Eastern Himalayas0 aPlatylomia kohimaensis n sp—a new cicada species Hemiptera Cicad a81-910 v50473 a

A new cicada species, Platylomia kohimaensis n. sp., belonging to the Platylomia radha group is described from the Naga Hills in the eastern Himalayas. It is a dusk singing, large-sized cicada that calls for a short window during the evening twilight hours. Timbalisation is in the form of a continuous and regular cackling. Photographs of adult male and female along with genitalia illustration and distribution map are provided. A sonogram along with Acoustic Identification Card is also provided.

1 aHajong, Sudhanya, Ray1 aLimatemjen uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/platylomia-kohimaensis-n-sp%E2%80%94-new-cicada-species-hemiptera-cicadidae-naga-hills-eastern02309nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245008500055210006900140260001600209300001400225490000800239520163900247653003501886653002101921653001401942653002301956653002401979100001802003700001902021856005102040 1999 eng d a0952-836900aAcoustic signals in cicada courtship behaviour (order Hemiptera, genus Tibicina)0 aAcoustic signals in cicada courtship behaviour order Hemiptera g cJan-01-1999 a217 - 2240 v2623 a

During pair formation, cicadas produce acoustic signals that allow sexual partners to meet. The male is generally the emitter, producing calling songs at long range and courtship songs at short range, and the female generally the receiver. The male–female courtship behaviour of seven taxa belonging to the Palaearctic genus Tibicina is described here for the first time. Male courtship songs consisted of a succession of groups of pulses arranged in two sub‐groups. They were short in duration with strong amplitude variations. In all taxa, courtship songs were preceded by a series of 1–5 audible wing‐flicks. Differences in courtship song structure between two pairs of sympatric species, respectively T. corsica corsica/T. nigronervosa and T. corsica fairmairei/T. tomentosa, suggest that courtship signals could act as distinctive species mating recognition systems. In response to male acoustic signalling, females of T. c. corsica, T. c. fairmairei and T. nigronervosa produced audible wing‐flicks such that both sexes established an acoustic duet ending in physical contact. In addition, males and females of T. tomentosa produced silent wing‐flicks, a previously unknown behaviour, which could facilitate pheromone diffusion. Females did not exhibit a species‐specific temporal pattern in acoustic reply to male courtship song and female wing‐flick behaviour does not seem necessary for pair formation. Nevertheless, this strategy through male and female signalling ensured a reciprocal phonotactic approach that probably enhanced the likelihood for the two sexes to meet in complex habitats.

10aaudible and silent wing-flicks10acicadas Tibicina10acourtship10amale–female duet10asound communication1 aSueur, Jerome1 aAubin, Thierry uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1017/S095283690300468002623nas a2200193 4500008004100000245015600041210006900197520182100266653002402087653003302111653002502144653001802169100001702187700002502204700001802229700002402247700002702271856013102298 2018 eng d00aExtreme call amplitude from near-field acoustic wave coupling in the stridulating water insect Micronecta scholtzi (Micronectinae)0 aExtreme call amplitude from nearfield acoustic wave coupling in 3 a

Underwater acoustic transducers, particularly at low frequencies, are beset by problems of scale and inefficiency due to the large wavelengths of sound in water. In insect mating calls, a high call volume is usually desirable, increasing the range of signal transmission and providing a form of advertisement of the signaller's quality to a potential mate; however, the strength of the call is constrained by body size and by the need to avoid predators who may be listening in. Male crickets and water boatmen avoid some of the limitations of body size by exploiting resonant structures, which produce sharply tuned species-specific songs, but call frequency and volume remain linked to body size. Recently, the water boatman Micronecta scholtzi was found to circumvent this rule, producing a louder mating call than that of similar, but much larger, Corixa. The resonant structure in Corixidae and Micronectinae is believed to be the trapped air reserves around the insect as it dives, driven by a stridulatory apparatus. However, the method by which energy is transferred from the striated area to the bubble is unknown. Here, we present modelling of a system of near-field coupling of acoustic sources to bubbles showing an exponential increase in sound power gain with decreasing distance that provides a simple solution to the stimulus of the air bubbles in Corixidae and Micronectinae and explains the discrepancy of M. scholtzi's extreme call volume. The findings suggest a possible route to engineered systems using near-field coupling to overcome size constraints in low-frequency (less than 500 Hz) underwater transducers, where the input efficiency of a piezoelectric device can be coupled through the hydrodynamic field to the high radiative efficiency of a near-ideal monopole emitter.

10aMicronecta scholtzi10anear-field acoustic coupling10aunderwater acoustics10awater boatmen1 aReid, Andrew1 aHardie, David, J. W.1 aMackie, David1 aJackson, Joseph, C.1 aWindmill, James, F. C. uhttps://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2017.0768https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsif.2017.076801753nas a2200133 4500008004100000245011400041210006900155520126000224100001801484700001801502700002701520700001901547856005301566 2011 eng d00aSo Small, So Loud: Extremely High Sound Pressure Level from a Pygmy Aquatic Insect (Corixidae, Micronectinae)0 aSo Small So Loud Extremely High Sound Pressure Level from a Pygm3 a

To communicate at long range, animals have to produce intense but intelligible signals. This task might be difficult to achieve due to mechanical constraints, in particular relating to body size. Whilst the acoustic behaviour of large marine and terrestrial animals has been thoroughly studied, very little is known about the sound produced by small arthropods living in freshwater habitats. Here we analyse for the first time the calling song produced by the male of a small insect, the water boatman Micronecta scholtzi. The song is made of three distinct parts differing in their temporal and amplitude parameters, but not in their frequency content. Sound is produced at 78.9 (63.6–82.2) SPL rms re 2.1025 Pa with a peak at 99.2 (85.7– 104.6) SPL re 2.1025 Pa estimated at a distance of one metre. This energy output is significant considering the small size of the insect. When scaled to body length and compared to 227 other acoustic species, the acoustic energy produced by M. scholtzi appears as an extreme value, outperforming marine and terrestrial mammal vocalisations. Such an extreme display may be interpreted as an exaggerated secondary sexual trait resulting from a runaway sexual selection without predation pressure.

1 aSueur, Jerome1 aMackie, David1 aWindmill, James, F. C.1 aSoares, Daphne uhttps://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002108901307nas a2200229 4500008004100000245009400041210006900135520054700204653001700751653001400768653001000782653001100792653001400803653002100817653002000838100001700858700001900875700002400894700002300918700002200941856011400963 2020 eng d00aFirst data on Cicadas of Kefalonia, Greece (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), including bioacoustics0 aFirst data on Cicadas of Kefalonia Greece Hemiptera Cicadidae in3 a

No cicada records for the Greek Ion- ian island of Kefalonia existed so far. The fauna of singing cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of Kefalonia island (Cephalonia) has been investigated on the field excursions in 2010, 2016 and 2018 with classic and bioacoustic methods, using recording equipment for sonic range and ultrasonic detectors. We discovered 5 species: Lyristes plebejus (Scopoli, 1763), Cicada orni Linnaeus, 1758, Cicadatra atra (Olivier, 1790), Dimis- salna dimissa (Hagen, 1856), and Tettigettula pygmea (Olivier, 1790).

10abioacoustics10aCicadidae10afauna10aGreece10aHemiptera10aKefalonia Island10asinging cicadas1 aTrilar, Tomi1 aGogala, Matija1 aGraziani, Francesca1 aCeccolini, Filippo1 aCianferoni, Fabio uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/first-data-cicadas-kefalonia-greece-hemiptera-cicadidae-including-bioacoustics01487nas a2200109 4500008004100000245011600041210006900157520092800226100002201154700001901176856018201195 1971 eng d00aFirst recording of the sound produced by the black citrus aphid, Toxoptera aurantii (Boy.)0 aFirst recording of the sound produced by the black citrus aphid 3 a

The black citrus aphid, Toxaptera aurantii (Boy.), produces a distinct scraping sound by rhythmic movements of whole colonies. It is the only species of aphid known to produce audible sounds and the acoustical content of a preliminary recording of these sounds is reported in detail. During one recording the aphids stridulated 15 times in 21 seconds, giving an average period of 1–4 seconds between emissions and this rate remained virtually constant for at least an hour. Analysis of the recording established a clear peak frequency band at about 4–6 kHz with another around 800 Hz-1 kHz and possibly another in the ultra-sonic range above 18 kHz. Morphological adaptations of the abdominal cuticle and of the hind tibiae to form a stridulatory apparatus are illustrated and possible functions of stridulation as a defence mechanism or as a means of intraspecific communication are briefly discussed.

1 aBroughton, W., B.1 aHarris, K., M. uhttps://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007485300042322/type/journal_articlehttps://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S000748530004232201733nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245008900055210006900144260001600213300001600229490000800245520119600253100001801449700002601467700001901493856005101512 2010 eng d a0001-496600aSound emission and reception tuning in three cicada species sharing the same habitat0 aSound emission and reception tuning in three cicada species shar cJan-03-2010 a1681 - 16880 v1273 a

Many animal species acoustically communicate at the same place and time generating complex acoustic environments. However, the acoustic parameter space is usually structured, with each species emitting identifiable signals. While signal partitioning has been reported, very few analyses include the mechanical spectral response of auditory organs. The loud chorus generated by . The vibration pattern of L. plebejus shows traveling waves as previously observed in Ctra. atra. The spectral properties of both calling songs and tympanal auditory systems primarily indicate that each species uses its own frequency band.y, except for C. orni, which is sensitive to the lowest frequency band of its song. In contrast, female TMs are broadly tuned to the male songs. Ctra. atra females differ by tuning to frequencies slightly higher than the male song. Hence, acoustic space partitioning occurs for both emitter and receiver, but does not seem to fully preclude interference risk as some spectral overlap exists. In addition to the local physical ecology of each species, selective attention to conspecific signals is likely to be enhanced by further mechanical and neuronal processing.

1 aSueur, Jerome1 aWindmill, James, F.C.1 aRobert, Daniel uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.329103602717nas a2200241 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131260001600200300001400216490000600230520187200236653001802108653001602126653001202142653001802154653001702172653001202189653002402201100001802225700002502243700002702268856018002295 2019 eng d00aStink Bug Communication with Multimodal Signals Transmitted through Air and Substrate0 aStink Bug Communication with Multimodal Signals Transmitted thro cJan-12-2019 a407 - 4240 v33 a

This review represents complex mechanisms and processes of multimodal communication in stink bugs. During reproductive behavior the airborne and substrate-borne signals enable mate recognition, mediate directionality of movement, eliminate rivals and motivate partners for copulation. Species specific characteristics prevent hybridization at various levels of mating behavior. Male sex and/or aggregation pheromones as uni- or multicomponent signals attract mates to land on the same plant and there, trigger females to call males by vibratory signals, transmitted through the plant. Communication during courtship runs at short distance with visual, airborne, substrate-borne and contact chemical and mechanical signals. Abdomen vibrations produce the main repertoire of female and male calling, courtship and rival vibratory signals. To increase their informational value, stink bugs tune signal frequency, amplitude and temporal characteristics with mechanical properties of plants. The airborne component of species non-specific and high amplitude signals, produced by body tremulation and wing buzzing enables communication contact between mates standing on mechanically isolated plants. Female vibratory signals increase the amount of male emitted pheromone and the latter keeps female calling. Interaction, synergy and characteristics of visual, contact chemical and vibratory signals, exchanged during courtship remain under-investigated. Female and male competition for access to copulation in imbalanced sex conditions is characterized by duetting with rival song vibratory signals. Different receptors in and on different parts of the body are able to detect with high sensitivity multimodal airborne and substrate-borne communication signals. The relevance of the multimodal communication for the reproductive success of stink bugs is discussed.

10acommunication10aenvironment10ainsects10aMultimodality10aPentatomidae10aSignals10aTransmission Medium1 aČokl, Andrej1 aŽunič-Kosi, Alenka1 aLaumann, Raul, Alberto uhttps://ijournalse.org/index.php/ESJ/article/view/215https://ijournalse.org/index.php/ESJ/article/viewFile/215/pdfhttps://ijournalse.org/index.php/ESJ/article/viewFile/215/pdf01942nas a2200205 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121520124300190653001701433653001201450653002901462653002101491653001401512653002101526653001301547100001401560700002701574700001501601856012001616 2008 eng d00aSexual dimorphism in auditory mechanics: tympanal vibrations of Cicada orni0 aSexual dimorphism in auditory mechanics tympanal vibrations of C3 a

In cicadas, the tympanum is anatomically intricate and employs complex vibrations as a mechanism for auditory frequency analysis. Using microscanning laser Doppler vibrometry, the tympanal mechanics of Cicada orni can be characterized in controlled acoustical conditions. The tympanum of C. orni moves following a simple drum-like motion, rather than the travelling wave found in a previous study of Cicadatra atra. There is a clear sexual dimorphism in the tympanal mechanics. The large male tympanum is unexpectedly insensitive to the dominant frequency of its own calling song, possibly a reflection of its dual purpose as a sound emitter and receiver. The small female tympanum appears to be mechanically sensitive to the dominant frequency of the male calling song and to high-frequency sound, a capacity never suspected before in these insects. This sexual dimorphism probably results from a set of selective pressures acting in divergent directions, which are linked to the different role of the sexes in sound reception and production. These discoveries serve to indicate that there is far more to be learnt about the development of the cicada ear, its biomechanics and evolution, and the cicada's acoustic behaviour.

10abiomechanics10ahearing10ahigh-frequency reception10alaser vibrometry10apredation10aselective forces10atympanum1 aSueur, J.1 aWindmill, James, F. C.1 aRobert, D. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.018804https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.01880401726nas a2200193 4500008004100000245008300041210006900124520106900193653001201262653001701274653001101291653002901302653001201331653001301343100002701356700001401383700001501397856012001412 2009 eng d00aThe next step in cicada audition: measuring pico-mechanics in the cicada's ear0 anext step in cicada audition measuring picomechanics in the cica3 a

Female cicadas use sound when they select a mate from a chorus of singing males. The cicada has a tympanal ear; and the tympanal membrane, and constituent tympanal ridge, act as both acousto-mechanical transducers and frequency filters. The tympanal ridge is physically connected to a large number of mechanoreceptor neurons via a cuticular extension known as the tympanal apodeme. Using microscanning laser Doppler vibrometry, we measured for the first time the in vivo vibrations of the apodeme of female Cicadatra atra in response to the motion of the tympanum driven by sound. These measurements reveal that the nanoscale motion of the tympanal membrane is over a magnitude greater than that of the apodeme. Furthermore, the apodeme acts as an additional mechanical frequency filter, enhancing that of the tympanal ridge, narrowing the frequency band of vibration at the mechanoreceptor neurons to that of the male calling song. This study enhances our understanding of the mechanical link between the external ear of the cicada and its sensory cells.

10aapodeme10abiomechanics10aCicada10afrequency discrimination10ahearing10atympanum1 aWindmill, James, F. C.1 aSueur, J.1 aRobert, D. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.033019https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.03301901954nas a2200193 4500008004100000245009700041210006900138520127800207653001701485653001101502653002901513653001201542653002001554653001301574100001801587700002601605700001901631856011001650 2006 eng d00aTuning the drum: the mechanical basis for frequency discrimination in a Mediterranean cicada0 aTuning the drum the mechanical basis for frequency discriminatio3 a

Cicadas are known to use sound to find a mate. While the mechanism employed by male cicadas to generate loud calling songs has been described in detail, little information exists to explain how their ears work. Using microscanning laser Doppler vibrometry, the tympanal vibrations in the cicada Cicadatra atra are measured in response to acoustic playbacks. The topographically accurate optical measurements reveal the vibrational behaviour of the anatomically complex tympanal membrane. Notably, the tympanal ridge, a distinct structural element of the tympanum that is a link to the receptor cells, undergoes mechanical vibrations reminiscent of a travelling wave. In effect, the frequency for which the maximum deflection amplitude is observed regularly decreases from the apex to the base of the ridge. It is also shown that whilst female ears are mechanically tuned to the male's song, the male's tympanum is only partially tuned to its own song. This study establishes the presence of a peripheral auditory mechanism that can potentially process auditory frequency analysis. In view of the importance of acoustic signalling in cicadas, this unconventional tympanal mechanism may be employed in the context of species recognition and sexual selection.

10abiomechanics10aCicada10afrequency discrimination10ahearing10atravelling wave10atympanum1 aSueur, Jerome1 aWindmill, James, F.C.1 aRobert, Daniel uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/tuning-drum-mechanical-basis-frequency-discrimination-mediterranean-cicada02141nas a2200205 4500008004100000245015200041210006900193520135900262653001501621653002201636653002001658653003301678653002801711653001401739653001801753653002101771100002701792700002201819856009401841 2019 eng d00aNoisy neighbours among the selfish herd: a critical song distance mediates mate recognition within cicada emergences (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)Abstract0 aNoisy neighbours among the selfish herd a critical song distance3 a

Cicadas probably experience mate recognition challenges as a result of the densities that may occur during adult emergence events, and in Okanagana, the most speciose genus of North American cicadas, high alpha diversities during protoperiodical emergences will exacerbate the mate recognition problem. Using 227 songs from 23 taxa, a linear plateau model regressed recognition potential, estimated from linear discriminant analysis, against song distance, revealing a critical song distance of 0.728 standard deviations in z-transformed song parameter space accompanied by a recognition of 91.6%. Based on detailed examination of museum specimen localities, field observations and habitat, taxa were classified as sympatric or allopatric. Sympatric species were separated by song distances that were significantly greater than this critical distance. As expected for mate recognition characters, little within-species variance was observed in the songs of most species, and the relationship between increases in syllable rate and improved recognition was one of diminishing returns. For several taxa that sang with extreme syllable rates of high variance, a mate recognition – sexual selection continuum is proposed. Along this continuum rapid rates simultaneously prevent mate recognition errors while signalling male quality to females.

10aCalifornia10afemale preference10aindicator trait10alinear discriminant function10alinear plateau analysis10aOkanagana10areceiver bias10asexual selection1 aChatfield-Taylor, Will1 aCole, Jeffrey, A. uhttps://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/blz132/560269702420nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001400041245014400055210006900199260001600268300001200284490000700296520152100303653001101824653001101835653001201846653001801858653001601876653002101892653001601913653001001929653001501939653001501954653001201969100001701981700001901998700001802017700002002035856005102055 2008 eng d a0006-897700aAuditory Sensitivity of an Acoustic Parasitoid (Emblemasoma sp., Sarcophagidae, Diptera) and the Calling Behavior of Potential Hosts0 aAuditory Sensitivity of an Acoustic Parasitoid iEmblemasomai sp  cJan-01-2008 a16 - 260 v723 a

Using field broadcasts of model male calling songs, we tested whether Tibicen pruinosa and T. chloromera (Homoptera: Cicadidae) are candidate hosts for acoustic parasitoid flies. The model calling song of T. pruinosa attracted 90% of the flies (Sarcophagidae: Emblemasoma sp.; all larvapositing females) when broadcast simultaneously with the model T. chloromera song, a phonotactic bias reconfirmed in single song playbacks. In paired broadcasts of model T. pruinosa songs with different relative amplitudes (3 dB or 6 dB), significantly more flies were attracted to the more powerful song, a result consistent with the responses predicted by a model proposed by Forrest and Raspet [1994]. Using intracellular recordings and dye injections, we characterized the sensitivity of auditory units in sound-trapped flies. Intracellular recordings from six auditory units (5 interneurons, 1 afferent) revealed best sensitivity for frequencies near 3-4 kHz, matching the predominant spectral components of the calling songs of both species of cicada. Interestingly, although flies could be attracted to T. pruinosa broadcasts throughout the day, hourly censuses of singing males revealed that calling occurred exclusively at dusk. Furthermore, the duration of the dusk chorus in T. pruinosa was significantly shorter than the midday chorus of the less attractive song of T. chloromera. We propose that the tight temporal aggregation of the dusk chorus time could function to reduce risk from attracted parasitoids.

10aChorus10aCicada10acricket10aDiel Behavior10aEmblemasoma10afrequency tuning10ainterneuron10aOrmia10aparasitoid10aphonotaxis10aTibicen1 aFarris, H.E.1 aOshinsky, M.L.1 aForrest, T.G.1 aHoy, Ronald, R. uhttps://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/13945800460nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245007300055210006900128260001600197300001400213490000700227100001900234856007300253 1985 eng d a0066-417000aAcoustic Signals in the Homoptera: Behavior, Taxonomy, and Evolution0 aAcoustic Signals in the Homoptera Behavior Taxonomy and Evolutio cJan-01-1985 a297 - 3170 v301 aClaridge, M, F uhttp://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.en.30.010185.00150101622nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245009900055210006900154260001600223520096200239653002601201653001801227653001701245653001601262653002401278100002201302700001601324700002001340856005601360 2019 eng d a0003-686200aVibrations in hemipteran and coleopteran insects: behaviors and application in pest management0 aVibrations in hemipteran and coleopteran insects behaviors and a cNov-01-20193 a

Many groups of insects utilize substrate-borne vibrations for communication. They display various behaviors in response to vibrations in sexual and social communication and in predator–prey interactions. Although the number of reports on com- munication and behaviors using vibrations has continued to increase across various insect orders, there are several studies of the exploitation of vibrations for pest management in Hemiptera and Coleoptera. Here, we review the studies of behaviors and communication using vibrations in hemipteran and coleopteran insects. For instance, pentatomid bugs display species- and sex-specific vibrational signals during courtship, whereas cerambycid beetles show startle responses to vibrations in the context of predator–prey interactions. Concepts and case studies in pest management using vibrations—especially regarding the disruption of communication and behavior—are also presented.

10aBehavioral disruption10acommunication10aPest control10aSense organ10avibrational signals1 aTakanashi, Takuma1 aUechi, Nami1 aTatsuta, Haruki uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13355-018-00603-z03054nas a2200205 4500008004100000245018500041210006900226260001600295490000700311520225700318653002102575653002602596653001402622653002702636653004602663100001802709700003002727700001402757856007702771 2019 eng d00aGenetic divergence, population differentiation and phylogeography of the cicada Subpsaltria yangi based on molecular and acoustic data: an example of the early stage of speciation?0 aGenetic divergence population differentiation and phylogeography cJan-12-20190 v193 a

Background
Geographical isolation combined with historical climatic fluctuations have been identified as two major factors that contribute to the formation of new species. On the other hand, biotic factors such as competition and predation are also able to drive the evolution and diversification of organisms. To determine whether geographical barriers contributed to population divergence or speciation in the rare endemic cicada Subpsaltria yangi the population differentiation, genetic structure and phylogeography of the species were investigated in the Loess Plateau and adjacent areas of northwestern China by analysing mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and comparing the calling song structure of 161 male individuals.

Results
The results reveal a low level of genetic differentiation and relatively simple phylogeographic structure for this species, but two independent clades corresponding to geographically isolated populations were recognised. Genetic and geographical distances were significantly correlated among lineages. Results of divergence-time estimation are consistent with a scenario of isolation due to glacial refugia and interglacial climate oscillation in northwestern China. Significant genetic divergence was found between the population occurring in the Helan Mountains and other populations, and recent population expansion has occurred in the Helan Mountains and/or adjacent areas. This population is also significantly different in calling song structure from other populations.

Conclusions
Geographical barriers (i.e., the deserts and semi-deserts surrounding the Helan Mountains), possibly coupled with related ecological differences, may have driven population divergence and allopatric speciation. This provides a possible example of incipient speciation in Cicadidae, improves understanding of population differentiation, acoustic signal diversification and phylogeographic relationships of this rare cicada species of conservation concern, and informs future studies on population differentiation, speciation and phylogeography of other insects with a high degree of endemism in the Helan Mountains and adjacent areas.

10aacoustic signals10aAllopatric speciation10aCicadidae10aGeographical isolation10aNorthern China Population differentiation1 aLiu, Yunxiang1 aDietrich, Christopher, H.1 aWei, Cong uhttps://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-018-1317-802351nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001300041245008300054210006900137260001600206300001700222490000700239520161500246100001401861700002201875700001801897700002101915856023301936 2019 eng d a0960982200aEgg-Cracking Vibration as a Cue for Stink Bug Siblings to Synchronize Hatching0 aEggCracking Vibration as a Cue for Stink Bug Siblings to Synchro cJan-01-2019 a143 - 148.e20 v293 a

Egg clutches of many animals hatch synchronously due to parental control [1, 2] or environmental stimu- lation [3, 4]. In contrast, in some animals, embryos actively synchronize their hatching timing with their siblings to facilitate adaptive behavior in sibling groups, such as mass migration [5, 6]. These em- bryos require synchronization cues that are detect- able from eggs and indicative of when the siblings hatch, such as pre-hatching vocalizations in birds and crocodiles [7, 8]. Previous studies, using methods including artificial presentation of non-spe- cific mechanical stimuli, demonstrated that vibra- tions or other mechanical forces caused by sibling movements are cues used by some turtles and in- sects [9–13]. However, there is no evidence about which movements of tiny embryos or hatchlings, among multiple possibilities, can generate mechani- cal cues actually detectable through eggs. Here, we show that embryos of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, synchronize hatching by responding to single pulsed vibrations generated when siblings crack open their eggshells. An egg- cracking vibration seems to be transmitted to distant eggs within a clutch while still maintaining its func- tion as a cue, thus leading to the highly synchronized hatching pattern previously reported [14]. In this spe- cies, it is possible that embryos attempt to hatch with short lags after earlier-hatched siblings to avoid egg cannibalism by them [14]. The present study illus- trates the diversity of social-information use by ani- mal embryos for success in the sibling group.

1 aEndo, Jun1 aTakanashi, Takuma1 aMukai, Hiromi1 aNumata, Hideharu uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982218314908https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0960982218314908?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0960982218314908?httpAccept=text/plain02746nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001300041245008100054210006900135260001600204300001100220490000800231520184600239653002402085653002502109653001502134653002502149653002002174653002102194100001802215700001702233700002102250856023302271 2018 eng d a0003347200aConvenience polyandry and the role of lone and reciprocal calls in a psyllid0 aConvenience polyandry and the role of lone and reciprocal calls  cJan-11-2018 a1 - 100 v1453 a

It is widely accepted that receptivity to mating may be asymmetrical between the sexes. While reproductive benefits for males are cumulative, females may not benefit equally from polyandry, especially in species where females can store sperm. Female psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) are reportedly polyandrous. However, the adaptive significance of this mating strategy has not been thoroughly investigated. Studies involving other insect species indicate that polyandry may be driven by benefits (direct or indirect) or by the need to minimize costs associated with male harassment. Drooping she-oak psyllids, Aacanthocnema dobsoni (Triozidae), use substrate-borne vibrations for mate attraction but they are not a prerequisite for mating. We suspected that polyandry in this species could be driven by male harassment because males exhibit indiscriminate mating behaviour (consistent with a scramble competition mating strategy), often mating with unresponsive (mated) females. We investigated relationships between calling, feeding and mating status to test whether females mate to minimize harassment by males and whether they gain any direct benefits from polyandry. We found that lone calls were commonly, but reciprocal calls were rarely followed by mating. As reciprocal calls should reflect female receptivity, copulations without them highlight the existence of sexual conflict over mating. Observations revealed that feeding females were less likely to resist mating than nonfeeding females. We did not find that females obtained any direct benefits from polyandry. Our results suggest that polyandry in this species may be a consequence of male harassment and that mated females, while feeding, may remate for convenience to minimize costs associated with stylet retraction/penetration and location of new feeding sites.

10aeconomics of mating10afeeding requirements10aPsylloidea10areproductive success10asexual conflict10asexual selection1 aLubanga, U.K.1 aPeters, R.A.1 aSteinbauer, M.J. uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347218302707https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0003347218302707?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0003347218302707?httpAccept=text/plain02298nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001300041245015700054210006900211260001600280300000800296490000700304520176200311100002502073856005402098 1981 eng d a0021879000aSpatial Dynamics and Breeding Ecology in the Cicada Cystosoma saundersii: The Interaction Between Distributions of Resources and Intraspecific Behaviour0 aSpatial Dynamics and Breeding Ecology in the Cicada Cystosoma sa cJan-10-1981 a9250 v503 a

(1) The population dynamics of adults of Cystosoma saundersii are examined with special emphasis on the spatial dynamics of males and on the mating success associated with contrasting patterns of reproductive behaviour.

(2) More males spend longer periods on, and attract more females to, smaller bushes (<8 m3) than larger bushes (>8 m3).

(3) The spatial arrays of males are clumped independently of the distributions of the bushes from which they sing. Bushes were given relative weightings based on male preferences for different size classes of bushes. The inclusion of these weighting factors did not affect the above conclusion.

(4) Males who share bushes space out so that they are 1.0 to 1.5 m apart.

(5) The spatial arrays of males were found to depend, to a certain extent, on the distribution of males on the previous night.

(6) Females select males only on the basis of their acoustic displays. The most successful males at obtaining matings were those which appeared to enhance the propagation of their songs by adopting several behavioural strategies. These strategies include the selection of smaller bushes; singing at a height which is maximally efficient for transmitting their song frequency; and by singing in close proximity to other males. Males occurred in pairs, trios and other multiples in bushes more frequently than would be expected in random distributions. Such males attract more females per capita than do isolated males.

(7) The probability of attracting a female is independent of the amount of time a male has already been singing. Thus the most successful males are those which adopt the patterns of behaviour outlined above for the longest time (2-3 weeks).

1 aNally, Ralph, C. Mac uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/4147?origin=crossref03049nas a2200241 4500008004100000245011800041210006900159300001400228490000600242520224000248653001602488653001502504653002402519653001202543653002002555653001802575653001702593653002002610653001202630653001902642100002102661856012502682 1981 eng d00aMale spacing and the influence of female courtship behaviour in the bladder cicada, Cystosoma saundersii Westwood0 aMale spacing and the influence of female courtship behaviour in  a269–2760 v93 a

1. Experimental choruses of males of Cystosoma saundersii with manipulated densities -12 times that usually found in bushes of the same size were set up and compared with choruses with natural densities of males. Greater numbers of both males and females were attracted to the louder, denser choruses.

2. There were higher rates of dispersal away from and movements within the experimental choruses than those found at natural densities. This indicated some form of repulsion occurring between males in close proximity.

3. Playback experiments to calling males in the field showed that males would stop singing and move away in response to high intensities of a conspecific calling song. The intensities eliciting this reaction cor- responded to a conspecific male singing at separations of less than or equal to 0.5 m. Aggression between males or aggressive songs have not been observed.

4. Females fly in to the chorus and alight generally within 0.5 m of the male of their choice. They then produce a pheromone which they disperse by wing-flicking. The rate of wing-flicking was used as a quan- titative measure of the willingness of a female to mate.

5. Twice as many females were attracted to higher densities of males than to natural densities. However, in the experimental situation, the probability of an attracted female actually mating was half that occur- ring in natural densities. This appeared to be due to an inhibition of the female wing-flicking behaviour.

6. Playback experiments showed that females will respond by wing-flicking to a male only when his song is at least 9 dB louder than that of his nearest neighbour (when the sound pressure levels of the sources are measured separately at the position of the female). Using this figure as a threshold, volumes in which females would respond were calculated for males with a series of nearest-neighbour distances. At the average separation found between males sharing bushes in the field, the volume in which a female would respond covered most of the volume in which a female is likely to land. Thus, the discriminating capabilities of the female were shown to govern the minimum separation occurring between males.

10aAggregation10aamphibians10aanimal vocalization10aCicadas10aInsect behavior10aInsect sounds10aLoudspeakers10amating behavior10aSinging10aSound pressure1 aDoolan, Jane, M. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/male-spacing-and-influence-female-courtship-behaviour-bladder-cicada-cystosoma-saundersii02069nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245015300055210006900208260001600277300000600293490000900299520124400308653002401552653002001576653001701596653001401613653002301627653001901650653002101669653001901690653002401709100002401733856005801757 2017 eng d a1175-532600aA revision of the Myopsalta crucifera (Ashton) species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) with 14 new species from mainland Australia0 arevision of the iMyopsalta cruciferai Ashton species group Hemip cFeb-10-2019 a10 v43403 a

The genus Myopsalta Moulds is distributed throughout much of Australia. Previous studies have associated several undescribed species with the Myopsalta crucifera (Ashton) species complex. The present study informally divides the cicadas in the genus Myopsalta into two species groups. It provides a revision of the M. crucifera species group, which includes redescriptions of M. crucifera s. str. and M. mackinlayi (Distant). The identity of the latter species is further refined and attributed to material formerly presented under the name Myopsalta atrata (Goding & Froggatt). In addition to the redescriptions, 14 new species belonging to the M. crucifera species group are described, including M. albiventris n. sp., M. bassiana n. sp., M. chrysopedia n. sp., M. gordoni n. sp., M. leona n. sp., M. longicauda n. sp., M. majurae n. sp., M. melanobasis n. sp., M. parvula n. sp., M. platyptera n. sp., M. riverina n. sp., M. septa n. sp., M. umbra n. sp. and M. xerograsidia n. sp. A key to species in the genus Myopsalta is provided. Standard morphological descriptions and descriptions of calling songs unique to each species are included along with a discussion on different song types in the M. crucifera species group.

10aacoustic signalling10aAuchenorrhyncha10abioacoustics10aHemiptera10aidentification key10amating signals10asong specificity10asong structure10asystematic taxonomy1 aPopple, Lindsay, W. uhttps://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4340.101831nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245017600055210006900231260001600300520117000316653000901486653001601495653001801511653002701529100001901556700001901575856005501594 2017 eng d a0892-755300aFirst Evidence of Vibrational Communication in Homotomidae (Psylloidea) and Comparison of Substrate-Borne Signals of Two Allied Species of the Genus Macrohomotoma Kuwayama0 aFirst Evidence of Vibrational Communication in Homotomidae Psyll cMay-10-20183 aSubstrate-borne signals are widely used in Hemiptera and are known to be utilized in mate searching and recognition. Within this Order, the superfamily Psylloidea is a diverse taxon which uses this type of signal modality during mating behavior between the two sexes. This study describes and compares the previously unreported vibrational communication of two closely related species of Macrohomotoma (Homotomidae). Both genders of these two species, Macrohomotoma gladiata Kuwayama 1908 and Macrohomotoma robusta Yang 1984, emit vibrational signals and establish duets during mating. The structure of male calling consists of two chirps while the female response is a single chirp. Males may sometimes follow the female response by emitting a single chirp that sounds similar to the female response with respect to the chirp duration and dominant frequency. This behavior is novel among Psylloidea and its potential function is discussed. Specific comparison of signal characteristics has revealed that the two species of Macrohomotoma are clearly distinguishable from each other which opens the possibility of acoustic signals being used for species delineation.10aduet10aHomotomidae10aMacrohomotoma10asubstrate-borne signal1 aLiao, Yi-Chang1 aYang, Man-Miao uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10905-017-9640-201415nas a2200157 4500008004100000245021500041210006900256260001600325520078600341653001701127653001101144653002501155653001301180100002101193856004301214 2017 eng d00aCaledopsalta gen. nov., a new genus for the New Caledonian cicadas previously assigned to Pauropsalta Goding & Froggatt, plus the description of four new species (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae)0 aiCaledopsaltai gen nov a new genus for the New Caledonian cicada cMay-08-20183 a

Species currently assigned to Pauropsalta Goding & Froggatt in New Caledonia are reviewed. Molecular and morphological studies indicate that New Caledonian cicadas placed in this genus belong in a different genus. The genus Caledopsalta gen. nov. is therefore erected to accommodate Caledopsalta johanae comb. nov., and Caledopsalta judithae. comb. nov., as well as the following four new species: Caledopsalta ouitchamboensis sp. nov., C. canteminvantum sp. nov., C. garrula sp. nov. and C. sciaphila sp. nov. Male calling songs of all species are analysed and described from field recordings. A key to the species of Caledopsalta gen. nov. is provided. This new genus is included within the tribe Cicadettini, with Pauropsalta johanae designated as the type species.

10abioacoustics10aCicada10ashort-range endemism10ataxonomy1 aDelorme, Quentin uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/aen.1229503978nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245010600055210006900161260001600230300001400246490000800260520349400268100002203762856004803784 1980 eng d a0340-759400aInsect disturbance stridulation: Characterization of airborne and vibrational components of the sound0 aInsect disturbance stridulation Characterization of airborne and cJan-01-1980 a259 - 2680 v1353 a

Some insects stridulate when attacked by a predator. This behavior has been interpreted as a defensive response, the sound being a warning to predators of the insect's noxiousness. Since to humans many such disturbance sounds are audibly similar, it is possible that they may in fact be mutually mimetic. This idea was investigated through analysis of the temporal and spectral characteristics of the disturbance sounds of a variety of insects that stridulate by a file- and -scraper device. Properties of both the airborne sound and the underlying cuticular vibration (detected by a special vibration measuring instrument) were examined, and four characteristic features found:

    1. The temporal pattern is simple. Bursts of toothstrike impulses are about 80 ms long, and are separated by pauses about 90 ms long. Bursts occur at a rate of about 5 to 10/s.
    
    2. The temporal pattern is irregular. For toothstrike interval, burst duration, pause duration and interburst interval, the standard deviation is usually >30% of the mean. Much of the irregularity is presumably caused by the insect struggling at the same time it stridulates. Some insects show less variability, and these appear to lack tight coupling between stridulatory movements and struggling movements, so struggling does not interfere with stridulation.
    
    3. The airborne sound pressure waveform is impulsive. The frequency coverage of the sounds is quite broad with an average 10-dB bandwidth of about 40 kHz centered at 25 kHz. The sounds are not intense, ranging from about 10 to 60 dB (re 20×10−6 Pa) at 10 cm.
    
    4. The cuticular vibration waveform is sharply peaked and contains maximum energy at a frequency determined by the tooth-strike rate, usually about 1 kHz. The average decrease in power above this frequency is about 12 dB/octave. The maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of cuticular motion is about 1 to 10 μm.
    

These common characteristics may lead predators to treat insects producing disturbance sounds similarly, although this possibility should be tested empirically. If acoustic mimicry exists, the communicatory interchange between predator and prey may be subtler than is commonly appreciated.

Supported in part by an NSF predoctoral fellowship and Bache Fund stipend from the National Academy of Sciences (Masters), and NIH grant AI-02908 and NSF grant PCM77-25807 (T. Eisner). I thank the insect identification service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and E.R. Hoebeke for identification of insects. I am grateful to the Director and staff of the Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Florida, for their hospitality while I was there. To my chairman, Dr. Thomas Eisner, I wish to acknowledge my great debt for his original proposal that I study insect disturbance sounds and the suggestion that the sounds might be mutually mimetic, and for his unfailing support throughout my graduate career. I also thank Drs. Eisner, R.R. Capranica, D.J. Aneshansley, W.L. Brown and J. Camhi for helpful criticism of the manuscript, Drs. Capranica and G. Hausfater for loan of equipment, and Dr. A. George for discussions of acoustics. Finally, for invaluable help with all phases of this research, I thank my wife, Anne Moffat.

1 aMasters, Mitchell uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0065725401571nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245017200055210006900227260001600296300000800312490000900320520078600329653002201115653001601137653001801153653002801171653001901199653001501218100002401233700002301257856006101280 2017 eng d a1175-532600aA new Neotibicen cicada subspecies (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from the southeastern USA forms hybrid zones with a widespread relative despite a divergent male calling song0 anew Neotibicen cicada subspecies Hemiptera Cicadidae from the so cJul-05-2019 a5290 v42723 a

A morphologically cryptic subspecies of Neotibicen similaris (Smith and Grossbeck) is described from forests of the Apalachicola region of the southeastern United States. Although the new form exhibits a highly distinctive male calling song, it hybridizes extensively where it meets populations of the nominate subspecies in parapatry, by which it is nearly surrounded. This is the first reported example of hybridization between North American nonperiodical cicadas. Acoustic and morphological characters are added to the original description of the nominate subspecies, and illustrations of complex hybrid song phenotypes are presented. The biogeography of N. similaris is discussed in light of historical changes in forest composition on the southeastern Coastal Plain.

10aacoustic behavior10ahybrid zone10ahybridization10aparapatric distribution10asexual signals10aspeciation1 aMarshall, David, C.1 aHill, Kathy, B. R. uhttp://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4272.401489nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245014400055210006900199260001600268300001400284490000700298520094300305100001401248700001401262856005501276 2003 eng d a0028-104200aIs microhabitat segregation between two cicada species ( Tibicina haematodes and Cicada orni ) due to calling song propagation constraints?0 amicrohabitat segregation between two cicada species Tibicina hae cJan-07-2003 a322 - 3260 v903 a

The cicada species Tibicina haematodes and Cicada orni are two sympatric species often inhabiting vineyards. We show that they occupy two distinct levels: males of T. haematodes produce their calling songs from a high position in vine foliage while males of C. orni call from a low position near the ground on vine trunks. Experiments consisting of broadcasting and re-recording experimental signals in natural habitats from low and high positions show that signals are more and more modified as sender–receiver distance increases. T. haematodes would have an advantage when calling on trunks rather than on branches whereas C. orni would be able to call indiscriminately from both low and high positions. Thus, the microhabitat segregation observed between T. haematodes and C orni in vineyards does not seem to be related to calling song propagation constraints, but may be due to other ethological or ecological factors.

1 aSueur, J.1 aAubin, T. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00114-003-0432-501884nas a2200121 4500008004100000245010200041210006900143260001600212520144500228100001901673700002101692856004901713 2017 eng d00aThe reproductive strategy and the vibrational duet of the leafhopper Empoasca vitis Göthe0 areproductive strategy and the vibrational duet of the leafhopper cJan-03-20173 a

The recent description of a new vibrational mating disruption method to control the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus Ball opened questions about its possible application to other leafhopper pests. Since the prerequisite for the method's successful application is a deep knowledge of the species mating behavior and the exact role of associated signals, we conducted behavioral assays on the green leafhopper Empoasca vitis Göthe, a pest of grapevine and other crops in Europe and Asia. Laser vibrometer recordings of single and paired individuals (male and female) during a 24-hour period enabled us to detect and describe two male and one female signal. The pair formation starts when the female replies to a male call and a duet is established, then it continues through two different behavioral stages: Location and Courtship. The proper courtship begins only when the male locates the female. The latter is characterized by a significant change in temporal parameters that regards both the signals and the duet structure. Although the male calling activity and the female replying rate were the same during the 24 hours, a lower number of matings was recorded during the night. We discuss the possible role of vision and of the species ecology as factors of reproductive success and mating strategy. Our conclusion is that the mechanical mating disruption technique seems feasible for future application to this species.

1 aNieri, Rachele1 aMazzoni, Valerio uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1744-7917.1245402216nas a2200289 4500008004100000022001400041245018900055210006900244260001600313300000800329490000900337520126200346653001101608653001401619653001201633653001401645653001601659100002601675700002001701700002201721700001901743700002601762700002801788700002401816700002901840856005701869 2017 eng d a1175-532600aMorphology, songs and genetics identify two new cicada species from Morocco: Tettigettalna afroamissa sp. nov. and Berberigetta dimelodica gen. nov. & sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Cicadettini)0 aMorphology songs and genetics identify two new cicada species fr cJan-03-2017 a5170 v42373 a

Morocco has been the subject of very few expeditions on the last century with the objective of studying small cicadas. In the summer of 2014 an expedition was carried out to Morocco to update our knowledge with acoustic recordings and genetic data of these poorly known species. We describe here two new small-sized cicadas that could not be directly assigned to any species of North African cicadas: Tettigettalna afroamissa sp. nov. and Berberigetta dimelodica gen. nov. & sp. nov. In respect to T. afroamissa it is the first species of the genus to be found outside Europe and we frame this taxon within the evolutionary history of the genus. Acoustic analysis of this species allows us to confidently separate T. afroamissa from its congeners. With B. dimelodica, a small species showing a remarkable calling song characterized by an abrupt frequency modulation, a new genus had to be erected. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses with DNA-barcode sequences of Cytochrome C Oxidase 1 support the monophyly of both species, their distinctness and revealed genetic structure within B. dimelodica. Alongside the descriptions we also provide GPS coordinates of collection points, distributions and habitat preferences

10aCicada10aHemiptera10aMorocco10anew genus10anew species1 aCosta, Gonçalo João1 aNunes, Vera, L.1 aMarabuto, Eduardo1 aMendes, Raquel1 aLaurentino, Telma, G.1 aQuartau, José, Alberto1 aPAULO, OCTÁVIO, S.1 aSimões, Paula, Cristina uhttp://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4237.301569nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245011800055210006900173260001600242300000800258490000900266520093300275653001701208653001201225653003301237653002601270100002201296856005701318 2017 eng d a1175-532600aA new species of Megatibicen endemic to Mescalero-Monahans shinnery sands (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae)0 anew species of Megatibicen endemic to MescaleroMonahans shinnery cNov-02-2018 a5530 v42363 a

Megatibicen harenosus sp. n. is described from the Mescalero-Monahans shinnery sands of New Mexico and Texas, U.S.A. The new species is diagnosed from similar species, especially M. tremulus which it resembles closely, by male genital morphology, color pattern, calling song, and ecology. Seven characters from the male calling song are described from analysis of field recordings, of which all four temporal song characters are significantly different from M. tremulus. With one of the most southwestern distribution of any Megatibicen species, M. harenosus is a new addition to the rich, endemic, and understudied Mescalero-Monahans shinnery sands biota. The possibility that M. harenosus and M. tremulus are sister species is raised. The ecological, biological, and evolutionary species concepts support species status for M. harenosus, and an hypothesis of peripatric speciation in peripheral isolation is advanced.

10abioacoustics10aendemic10aevolutionary species concept10aperipatric speciation1 aCole, Jeffrey, A. uhttp://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4236.300379nas a2200097 4500008004100000245005900041210005800100300001400158100002000172856008900192 1973 eng d00aUn type nouveau d'appareil stridulant chez les Cigales0 aUn type nouveau dappareil stridulant chez les Cigales a1487-14891 aBoulard, Michel uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/un-type-nouveau-dappareil-stridulant-chez-les-cigales00990nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245007600055210007200131260001600203300001200219490000700231520049200238100002000730856009400750 1976 eng d a0770-281700aLa stridulation des cigales. Poésie grecque et réalité entomologique0 aLa stridulation des cigales Poésie grecque et réalité entomologi cJan-01-1976 a75 - 940 v453 a

Ancient Greek People lways liked cicada's song, but did not know clearly at first which organ was causing it. So, Hesiodos (VIII B.C.) and, after him, Alcaeos (VII/VI B.C.) referred cicada's song to movement fo wings. However, it is demonstrated from fragment 88 Diehl of the lyric poet Archilochos (VII B.C.) that orignal elements of stridulation were uncovered by the Ionians about 650 B.C. These ones are developed by aristotle (Naturalia) and the following authors).

1 aBodson, Liliane uhttp://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/antiq_0770-2817_1976_num_45_1_181103493nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007000041210006500111300001200176490000800188520307700196100002503273700001303298856004803311 1998 eng d00aSound radiation by the bladder cicada Cystosoma saundersii0 aSound radiation by the bladder cicada iCystosoma saundersiii a701-7150 v2013 a

Male Cystosoma saundersii have a distended thin-walled abdomen which is driven by the paired tymbals during sound production. The insect extends the abdomen from a rest length of 32-34 mm to a length of 39-42 mm while singing. This is accomplished through specialised apodemes at the anterior ends of abdominal segments 4-7, which cause each of these intersegmental membranes to unfold by approximately 2 mm. 

The calling song frequency is approximately 850 Hz. The song pulses have a bimodal envelope and a duration of approximately 25 ms; they are produced by the asynchronous but overlapping action of the paired tymbals. The quality factor Q of the decay of the song pulses is approximately 17. 

The abdomen was driven experimentally by an internal sound source attached to a hole in the front of the abdomen. This allowed the sound-radiating regions to be mapped. The loudest sound-radiating areas are on both sides of tergites 3-5, approximately 10 mm from the ventral surface. A subsidiary sound-radiating region is found mid-ventrally on sternites 4-6. Sound is radiated in the same phase from all these regions. As the abdomen was extended experimentally from its resting length to its maximum length, the amplitude of the radiated sound doubled and the Q of the resonance increased from 4 to 9. This resonance and effect are similar at both tergite 4 and sternite 5. 

Increasing the effective volume of the abdominal air sac reduced its resonant frequency. The resonant frequency was proportional to 1/(check)(total volume), suggesting that the air sac volume was the major compliant element in the resonant system. Increasing the mass of tergite 4 and sternites 4-6 also reduced the resonant frequency of the abdomen. By extrapolation, it was shown that the effective mass of tergites 3-5 was between 13 and 30 mg and that the resonant frequency was proportional to 1/(check)(total mass), suggesting that the masses of the tergal sound-radiating areas were major elements in the resonant system.

The tymbal ribs buckle in sequence from posterior (rib 1) to anterior, producing a series of sound pulses. The frequency of the pulse decreases with the buckling of successive ribs: rib 1 produces approximately 1050 Hz, rib 2 approximately 870 Hz and rib 3 approximately 830 Hz. The sound pulse produced as the tymbal buckles outwards is between 1.6 and 1.9 kHz. Simultaneous recordings from close to the tymbal and from tergite 4 suggest that the song pulse is initiated by the pulses produced by ribs 2 and 3 of the leading tymbal and sustained by the pulses from ribs 2 and 3 of the second tymbal.

An earlier model suggested that the reactive elements of the abdominal resonance were the compliance of the abdominal air sac volume and the mass of the abdomen undergoing lengthwise telescoping. The present work confirms these suggestions for the role of the air sac but ascribes the mass element to the in-out vibrations of the lateral regions of tergites 3-5 and the central part of sternites 4-6.

1 aBennet-Clark, H., C.1 aYoung, D uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/201/5/70102759nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006000041210005800101300001200159490000800171520236000179100002502539700001302564856004802577 1992 eng d00aA MODEL OF THE MECHANISM OF SOUND PRODUCTION IN CICADAS0 aMODEL OF THE MECHANISM OF SOUND PRODUCTION IN CICADAS a123-1530 v1733 a

1. Dried cicada bodies of the species Cyclochila australasiae and model cicadas made from a miniature earphone driving a plastic cavity were used to study the acoustics of sound production in male cicadas.

2. A model cicada with shape and dimensions similar to those of the abdomen of a male C. australasiae resonates at the natural song frequency of the species (4.3 kHz). The abdominal air sac of C. australasiae also resonates at frequencies close to the natural song frequency when excited by external sounds. In an atmosphere of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gas, the resonant frequency is lowered in keeping with the decrease in velocity of sound in the CFC gas.

3. At the model's resonant frequency, the driving earphone dissipates more electrical power with the cavity attached than without the cavity. The cavity of the model cicada acts as a narrow-band acoustic acceptance filter, tuned to the natural song frequency.

4. When the miniature earphone emits brief clicks, mimicking those produced by the natural tymbal mechanism, the model cicada produces sound pulses that vary in duration and shape according to the number and timing of the clicks. A coherent train of two or three resonant clicks results in a long slowly-decaying sound pulse similar to that in the natural song.

5. The natural song frequency can be predicted from the dimensions of the abdominal cavity and the tympana in C. australasiae using a simple equation for the resonant frequency of a Helmholtz resonator. This equation also predicts the song frequency of Macrotristria angularis and Magicicada cassini, but it fails with the low-frequency song of Magicicada septendecim. This discrepancy can be accounted for by the unusually thick tympana of M. septendecim, which tend to lower the resonant frequency of the system.

6. We conclude that the abdomen of male cicadas forms a Helmholtz resonator, the components of which are the large air sac as the cavity and the tympana as the neck of the resonator. We suggest that cicada sound production depends on the coupling of two resonators, that of the tymbal and that of the abdominal air sac, from which sound is radiated through the tympana. The coupled resonator system would produce the long sound pulses required for stimulating a sensitive sharply tuned auditory organ.

1 aBennet-Clark, H., C.1 aYoung, D uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/173/1/12303995nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245009300055210006900148260000900217300001200226490000800238520352300246100002503769856005503794 1997 eng d a1477-914500aTymbal mechanics and the control of song frequency in the cicada Cyclochila australasiae0 aTymbal mechanics and the control of song frequency in the cicada c1997 a1681-940 v2003 a

The anatomy of the tymbal of Cyclochila australasiae was re-described and the mass of the tymbal plate, ribs and resilin pad was measured. The four ribs of the tymbal buckle inwards in sequence from posterior to anterior. Sound pulses were produced by pulling the tymbal apodeme to cause the tymbal to buckle inwards. A train of four sound pulses, each corresponding to the inward buckling of one rib, could be produced by each inward pull of the apodeme, followed by a single pulse as the tymbal buckled outwards after the release of the apodeme. Each preparation produced a consistent sequence of pulses. Each of the pulses produced had its maximum amplitude during the first cycle of vibration. The waveform started with an initial inward-going rarefaction followed by a larger outward compression, followed by an approximately exponential decay, as is typical of a resonant system. The mean dominant frequencies of the pulses produced during the inward movement were 4.37, 4.19, 3.92 and 3.17 kHz respectively. The pulse produced during the outward movement had a mean resonant frequency of 6.54 kHz. This suggests that the mass-to-stiffness ratio that determines the resonant frequencies of the various pulses differs from pulse to pulse. If succeeding pulses followed rapidly, the next pulse tended to start on the inward-going half-cycle of its predecessor and to produce a coherent waveform. Coherence was lost if the preceding pulse had decayed to below approximately one-tenth of its peak amplitude. When the tymbal plate was loaded by a 380 µg wire weight, the resonant frequency of all sound pulses was reduced. Pulses produced later in the inward buckling sequence were less affected by the loading than earlier ones. This suggests that the effective mass determining the resonance in the later pulses is greater than that in the earlier pulses. The frequency of the pulses produced in the outward movement was affected most, suggesting that the mass involved was less than that in any of the pulses produced by the inward movement. The quality factor, Q, of the pulses produced by the inward buckling of the unloaded tymbal was approximately 10. For the outward buckling, Q was approximately 6. The Q of loaded tymbals was higher than than that of unloaded tymbals. The Q of the resonances varied approximately as the reciprocal of the resonant frequency. Experimental removal of parts of the tymbal showed that the thick dorsal resilin pad was an important elastic determinant of the resonant frequency, but that the mass and elasticity of the tymbal ribs were also determinants of the resonant frequency. The major element of mass is the tymbal plate. The integrity of the tymbal ribs was essential if the buckling movement were to occur. The force required to cause inward buckling of the tymbal was approximately 0.25 N. The force required to hold the tymbal in the buckled-in position was approximately 0.05 N. This asymmetry in the tymbal compliance, together with the different masses involved in inward and outward buckling, may account for the difference between the resonant frequencies of the inward-going and outward-going clicks. The tymbal appears to act as an energy storage mechanism that releases energy as the tymbal ribs buckle inwards in sequence. Each pulse provides a large initial impulse to the abdominal resonator, followed by a sustaining resonant vibration at, or close to, the song frequency. Subsequent pulses maintain the coherent resonance of the song pulse.

1 aBennet-Clark, H., C. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/200/11/1681.long02247nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245009400055210006900149260001300218300001200231490001600243520173700259100002501996700001302021856005502034 1999 eng d a1477-914500aTransduction of mechanical energy into sound energy in the cicada Cyclochila australasiae0 aTransduction of mechanical energy into sound energy in the cicad c1999 Jul a1803-170 v202 (Pt 13)3 a

The anatomy of the paired tymbal muscles of Cyclochila australasiae was described. Force-distance relationships of the sound-producing in-out cycle of tymbal movement were measured. The largest forces were measured when the push occurred at the apodeme pit on the tymbal plate at angles similar to the angles of internal pull of the tymbal muscle. Initially, inward movement was opposed by the elasticity of the tymbal, which stored energy. At a mean force of 0. 38 N after a mean inward strain of 368 microm, the tymbal ribs buckled, the mean energy release being 45.1 microJ. The energy release occurred over 2-10 ms in three or four sound-producing steps as successive tymbal ribs buckled inwards. After the ribs had buckled, the force decreased to a mean value of 0.17 N. The force returned to zero during the outward movement, during which the tymbal ribs buckled outwards. The mean energy dissipated in the outward movement was 32.8 microJ. During contraction, the tymbal muscle produced mean values for the peak active force of 0.31 N over 295 microm, which gave mean values for the area of the work loops of 47.0 microJ. The calling song of C. australasiae had a mean pulse rate of 234 Hz (117 Hz for each side of the insect). The peak power to mean power ratio for the songs was 8.51:1 (+9.30 dB). Measurements of the sound field around tethered insects and of the peak power to mean power ratio of the songs gave values for the mean power of the song of 3.15-7 mW; these correspond to an energy per song pulse of 13.5-30 microJ. Previously reported mean values are 3. 15 mW for protest song and 5.1 mW for calling song. The efficiency of transduction of mechanical energy into sound energy is between 18 and 46 %.

1 aBennet-Clark, H., C.1 aDaws, AG uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/202/13/1803.long03638nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245005400055210005000109260000900159300001200168490000800180520318300188100001303371700002503384856007103409 1995 eng d a1477-914500aThe role of the tymbal in cicada sound production0 arole of the tymbal in cicada sound production c1995 a1001-200 v1983 a

1. The tymbal of Cyclochila australasiae consists of a biconvex membrane bearing alternating long and short ribs anteriorly and an irregularly shaped tymbal plate posteriorly. These sclerotised regions are coupled together by the surrounding highly flexible cuticle, which contains resilin. Dorsally, there is a thick pad of resilin, which functions as a spring, returning the tymbal to the out position and maintaining the stress on the long ribs. 2. Contraction of the tymbal muscle causes the tymbal plate to swing inwards, acting as a lever so that the surface of the tymbal moves through more than twice the distance of muscle shortening. This produces an inward movement and twisting of the dorsal ends of the long ribs, which then buckle in sequence, with each rib undergoing a sudden deformation from a convex to a V-shaped profile. Buckling takes place at the rib's weakest point, which is the narrow, highly sclerotised mid-region. 3. Inward buckling of the tymbal generates a loud click with a dominant frequency around 4 kHz. Resonances close to 4 kHz can be demonstrated in a buckled-in tymbal when driven by internal sound or by vibration at the tymbal plate. These resonances occur in sealed cicadas and those in which the abdominal air sac has been opened at both its anterior and posterior ends, which shows that the resonances are not due to the air sac; the tymbal itself is a resonant system. The maximum amplitude of tymbal vibration occurs at the V-shaped dimples in the centre of the long ribs. 4. When the tymbal plus abdominal air sac system is driven by vibration at the tymbal plate, the Q3dB of the sound radiated through the tympana is about 12.5, which is approximately the sum of those of the tymbal (Q=9.3) and of the air sac (Q=3.4) resonators. When the tymbal is not loaded by the air sac, i.e. in the sealed cicada and open cicada preparations, the Q3dB of its resonance is higher, between 13 and 20. 5. The click produced as the tymbal pops out is over 20 dB quieter than the in-click and has a dominant frequency around 6 kHz. When driven in the resting position, resonances are found close to 6 kHz but there is only a weak general vibration of the ribs and tymbal plate. When the tymbal is pushed in gradually, the resonant frequency changes from about 5.5 kHz to about 4.3 kHz as the tymbal buckles inwards. The left and right tymbals of the same insect may differ slightly in their acoustic properties. 6. As the tymbal buckles inwards, it displaces a volume of approximately 6 µl into the abdominal air sac volume of about 2 ml. The resulting sound pressure inside the air sac attains peak values of 155­159 dB SPL; the root mean square values are 141­144 dB SPL. The mean peak value just outside the tympana is 148.5 dB SPL. 7. Overall, the present work supports and extends our earlier model of cicada sound production: the tymbal click provides a coherent resonant source that drives the abdominal resonator, from which sound is radiated via the tympana. At the same time, the system provides the pressure transformation between muscle power and sound power that is desirable for efficient sound radiation.

1 aYoung, D1 aBennet-Clark, H., C. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/role-tymbal-cicada-sound-production00503nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245012800055210006900183260001600252300001600268490000700284100001800291856006000309 1982 eng d a0008-430100aEffects of group density on call rate, phonokinesis, and mating success in Palmacorixa nana (Heteroptera: Corixidae)0 aEffects of group density on call rate phonokinesis and mating su cJan-07-1982 a1665 - 16720 v601 aAiken, R., B. uhttp://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z82-21800476nas a2200109 4500008004100000245010100041210006900142300001000211490000700221100002200228856011600250 1982 eng d00aSound production and mating in a waterboatman, Palmacorixia nana (Heteroptera: Corixidae)0 aSound production and mating in a waterboatman iPalmacorixia nana a54-610 v301 aAiken, Ronald, B. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/sound-production-and-mating-waterboatman-palmacorixia-nana-heteroptera-corixidae00397nas a2200109 4500008004100000245006600041210006500107300001200172490000700184100002200191856007400213 1958 eng d00aStudies on the acoustical behaviour of seventeen-year cicadas0 aStudies on the acoustical behaviour of seventeenyear cicadas a107-1270 v581 aMoore, Thomas, E. uhttps://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/4517/1/V58N02_107.pdf00315nas a2200097 4500008004100000245004400041210004400085490000800129100000500137856007500142 1963 eng d00aSinging Crickets and Periodical Cicadas0 aSinging Crickets and Periodical Cicadas0 vXIV1 a uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/singing-crickets-and-periodical-cicadas00512nas a2200109 4500008004100000245016900041210006900210300001200279490000700291100002800298856007600326 2017 eng d00aNew data on vibrational calling signals of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha) from the Asian part of Palaearctic with new records of three species of Cixiidae0 aNew data on vibrational calling signals of Fulgoroidea Homoptera a307-3220 v251 aTishechkin, Dmitri, Yu. uhttp://kmkjournals.com/upload/PDF/REJ/25/ent25_4_307_322_Tishechkin.pdf01923nas a2200289 4500008004100000022001400041245014800055210006900203300000800272490000900280520101600289653001401305653001601319653002701335653001701362653001001379653001501389653001601404653002401420653002901444653001301473100002101486700002401507700002201531700002301553856005701576 2016 eng d a1175-532600aCicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from Camiguin of Mindanao Province and Dinagat Island in the Philippines, with a new genus and three new species0 aCicadas Hemiptera Cicadidae from Camiguin of Mindanao Province a a1870 v40973 a

This paper provides the first faunal checklist for the family Cicadidae (Hemiptera) from Camiguin of Mindanao Province and Dinagat Island in the Philippines, comprising ten species belonging to nine genera. Cryptotympana shillana Lee & Mohagan sp. nov., Orientopsaltria inermis (Stål, 1870), Purana crassinotata Lee, 2015, and Huechys parvula Haupt, 1924 are recorded for the first time from Camiguin. Platypleura dinagatensis Lee sp. nov., Chremistica kyoungheeae Lee, 2010, Dundubia vaginata (Fabricius, 1787), Oncotympana pallidiventris Stål, 1870, and Philipsalta nigrina Lee, Marshall & Hill sp. nov. are newly recorded from Dinagat Island. A new genus Philipsalta Lee, Marshall & Hill gen. nov. is erected. Huechysini Distant, 1905 syn. nov. is synonymized with Cicadettini Buckton, 1889. Information on geographic distributions of the Camiguin and Dinagat species is also provided.

10achecklist10aCicadettini10aCryptotympana shillana10adistribution10afauna10aHuechysini10aPhilipsalta10aPhilipsalta nigrina10aPlatypleura dinagatensis10ataxonomy1 aLee, Young, June1 aMarshall, David, C.1 aMohagan, Alma, B.1 aHill, Kathy, B. R. uhttp://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4097.202567nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245015200055210006900207300001000276490000600286520197800292100001802270700001902288700001902307700002302326856004802349 2015 eng d a1314-283600aGlobal Cicada Sound Collection I: Recordings from South Africa and Malawi by B. W. Price & M. H. Villet and harvesting of BioAcoustica data by GBIF0 aGlobal Cicada Sound Collection I Recordings from South Africa an ae57920 v33 a

Background
Sound collections for singing insects provide important repositories that underpin existing research (e.g. Price et al. 2007 at http://bio.acousti.ca/node/11801; Price et al. 2010) and make bioacoustic collections available for future work, including insect communication (Ordish 1992), systematics (e.g. David et al. 2003), and automated identification (Bennett et al. 2015). The BioAcoustica platform (Baker et al. 2015) is both a repository and analysis platform for bioacoustic collections: allowing collections to be available in perpetuity, and also facilitating complex analyses using the BioVeL cloud infrastructure (Vicario et al. 2011). The Global Cicada Sound Collection is a project to make recordings of the world's cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) available using open licences to maximise their potential for study and reuse. This first component of the Global Cicada Sound Collection comprises recordings made between 2006 and 2008 of Cicadidae in South Africa and Malawi.

New Information
This collection of sounds includes 219 recordings of 133 voucher specimens, comprising 42 taxa (25 identified to species, all identified to genus) from South Africa and Malawi. The recordings have been used to underpin work on the species limits of cicadas in southern Africa, including Price et al. 2007 and Price et al. 2010. The specimens are deposited in the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa (AMGS).

The harvesting of acoustic data as occurrence records by GBIF has been implemented by the Scratchpads Team at the Natural History Museum, London. This link increases the value of individual recordings and the BioAcoustica platform within the global infrastructure of biodiversity informatics by making specimen/occurence records from BioAcoustica available to a wider audience, and allowing their integration with other occurence datasets that also contribute to GBIF.

1 aBaker, Edward1 aPrice, Ben, W.1 aRycroft, Simon1 aVillet, Martin, H. uhttp://bdj.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=579201936nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245008400055210006900139520139000208100001901598700002001617700001901637700001601656700001801672700002101690856005501711 2015 eng d a0892-755300aSubstrate-Borne Vibrational Signals in Mating Communication of Macrolophus Bugs0 aSubstrateBorne Vibrational Signals in Mating Communication of Ma3 aThe mirid bugs Macrolophus pygmaeus and M. costalis use substrate-borne vibrational signals during pair formation and in male-male interactions as determined by laser vibrometry. The vibrational communication of Macrolophus is more complex than in other mirids, with a signal repertoire composed of two elements, only produced by males, while the females are mute. The "yelp" signal consists of one or several consecutive brief pulses with harmonic structure and is commonly produced by stationary males before mating, as a key-element of courtship. "Yelping" is also associated with contacts between males. The "roar" signal differs from "yelps" in that it has a broadband frequency pattern, a longer and more variable duration than "yelping", and is produced by males in association with walking on the leaf. Playback experiments did not affect male vibration emission, but when "roaring" was used as stimulus, it elicited a significant increase in the time spent walking. We detected significant differences between M. costalis and M. pygmaeus in some spectral parameters of the "roar" and "yelp" signals, so these signals could contain species-specific information. We conclude that "roaring" and "yelping" vibrational signals are used by Macrolophus in social communication, in particular in the context of mating behavior.1 aGemeno, César1 aBaldo, Giordana1 aNieri, Rachele1 aValls, Joan1 aAlomar, Oscar1 aMazzoni, Valerio uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10905-015-9518-002125nas a2200217 4500008004100000245018900041210006900230300001400299490000700313520129700320653001301617653001901630653002301649653002101672653001501693653001501708100001901723700001901742700002301761856012301784 2007 eng d00aPatterns and processes underlying evolutionary significant units in the Platypleura stridula L. species complex (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa0 aPatterns and processes underlying evolutionary significant units a2574-25880 v163 a

Cicadas have been shown to be useful organisms for examining the effects of distribution, plant association and geographical barriers on gene flow between populations. The cicadas of the Platypleura stridula species complex are restricted to the biologically diverse Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa. They are thus an excellent study group for eluci- dating the mechanisms by which hemipteran diversity is generated and maintained in the CFR. Phylogeographical analysis of this species complex using mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) and ribosomal 16S sequence data, coupled with preliminary morphological and acoustic data, resolves six clades, each of which has specific host-plant associations and distinct geographical ranges. The phylogeographical structure implies simultaneous or near-simultaneous radiation events, coupled with shifts in host-plant associations. When calibrated using published COI and 16S substitution rates typical for related insects, these lineages date back to the late Pliocene – early Pleistocene, coincident with vegetation change, altered drainage patterns and accelerated erosion in response to neotectonic crustal uplift and cyclic Pleistocene climate change, and glaciation-associated changes in climate and sea level.

10aendemism10aphylogeography10aplant associations10asea-level change10aspeciation10avicariance1 aPrice, Ben, W.1 aBarker, N., P.1 aVillet, Martin, H. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/patterns-and-processes-underlying-evolutionary-significant-units-platypleura-stridula-l