00609nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245011500055210006900170260001600239300000800255490000900263100001700272700002600289700002100315856011500336 2019 eng d a1175-532600aFirst description of sound emission of Rhaphiptera affinis Thomson, 1868 (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Pteropliini)0 aFirst description of sound emission of Rhaphiptera affinis Thoms cJun-03-2020 a5800 v45671 aHEPP, FÁBIO1 aBezerra, Andressa, M.1 aBotero, Juan, P. uhttps://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4567.3https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4567.3.901522nas a2200133 4500008004100000245011900041210006900160300001200229490000800241520097300249100002201222700002101244856012301265 1996 eng d00aSound production and cannibalism in larvae of the pine-sawyer beetle Monochamus sutor L.(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)0 aSound production and cannibalism in larvae of the pinesawyer bee a29–330 v1173 a

One-year old larvae of the pine-sawyer beetle, Monochamus sutor L. (Coleoptera: Ceram­ bycidae), produced regular, chirping sounds, easily heard up to 10 meters away. Larvae were positioned within their hibernation tunnel in sapwood of recently fire-killed spruce and pine trees. Their heads were directed outwards, and the sound was probably produced by the scratching of their mandibles against the bark. Since the larvae produce this sound in spite of the risk of attracting parasites and predators such as wood-peckers, this behaviour most likely has an adaptive value. We suggest that sound production helps a larva to secure resources around its hibernation tunnel for its own development by keeping away other potentially competitive larvae. That the larvae are cannibalistic was demonstrated during a trial perfor­ med in petri dishes filled with sawdust. Any larva ignoring the sound signal could therefore face a real threat of being killed.

1 aVictorsson, Jonas1 aWikars, Lars-Ove uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/sound-production-and-cannibalism-larvae-pine-sawyer-beetle-monochamus-sutor-lcoleoptera03978nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245010600055210006900161260001600230300001400246490000800260520349400268100002203762856004803784 1980 eng d a0340-759400aInsect disturbance stridulation: Characterization of airborne and vibrational components of the sound0 aInsect disturbance stridulation Characterization of airborne and cJan-01-1980 a259 - 2680 v1353 a

Some insects stridulate when attacked by a predator. This behavior has been interpreted as a defensive response, the sound being a warning to predators of the insect's noxiousness. Since to humans many such disturbance sounds are audibly similar, it is possible that they may in fact be mutually mimetic. This idea was investigated through analysis of the temporal and spectral characteristics of the disturbance sounds of a variety of insects that stridulate by a file- and -scraper device. Properties of both the airborne sound and the underlying cuticular vibration (detected by a special vibration measuring instrument) were examined, and four characteristic features found:

    1. The temporal pattern is simple. Bursts of toothstrike impulses are about 80 ms long, and are separated by pauses about 90 ms long. Bursts occur at a rate of about 5 to 10/s.
    
    2. The temporal pattern is irregular. For toothstrike interval, burst duration, pause duration and interburst interval, the standard deviation is usually >30% of the mean. Much of the irregularity is presumably caused by the insect struggling at the same time it stridulates. Some insects show less variability, and these appear to lack tight coupling between stridulatory movements and struggling movements, so struggling does not interfere with stridulation.
    
    3. The airborne sound pressure waveform is impulsive. The frequency coverage of the sounds is quite broad with an average 10-dB bandwidth of about 40 kHz centered at 25 kHz. The sounds are not intense, ranging from about 10 to 60 dB (re 20×10−6 Pa) at 10 cm.
    
    4. The cuticular vibration waveform is sharply peaked and contains maximum energy at a frequency determined by the tooth-strike rate, usually about 1 kHz. The average decrease in power above this frequency is about 12 dB/octave. The maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of cuticular motion is about 1 to 10 μm.
    

These common characteristics may lead predators to treat insects producing disturbance sounds similarly, although this possibility should be tested empirically. If acoustic mimicry exists, the communicatory interchange between predator and prey may be subtler than is commonly appreciated.

Supported in part by an NSF predoctoral fellowship and Bache Fund stipend from the National Academy of Sciences (Masters), and NIH grant AI-02908 and NSF grant PCM77-25807 (T. Eisner). I thank the insect identification service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and E.R. Hoebeke for identification of insects. I am grateful to the Director and staff of the Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Florida, for their hospitality while I was there. To my chairman, Dr. Thomas Eisner, I wish to acknowledge my great debt for his original proposal that I study insect disturbance sounds and the suggestion that the sounds might be mutually mimetic, and for his unfailing support throughout my graduate career. I also thank Drs. Eisner, R.R. Capranica, D.J. Aneshansley, W.L. Brown and J. Camhi for helpful criticism of the manuscript, Drs. Capranica and G. Hausfater for loan of equipment, and Dr. A. George for discussions of acoustics. Finally, for invaluable help with all phases of this research, I thank my wife, Anne Moffat.

1 aMasters, Mitchell uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0065725401706nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245012600055210006900181260001600250300001400266490000700280520102500287100001701312700001901329700001801348856017001366 1972 eng d a0013-874600aStridulatory Apparatus and Analysis of the Acoustics of Four Species of the Subfamily Lamiinae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)0 aStridulatory Apparatus and Analysis of the Acoustics of Four Spe cMar-05-1973 a644 - 6470 v653 a

Investigation of 4 species of the subfamily Lamiinae—Tylocerina nodosus (F.), Neacanthocinus obsoletus (Olivier), Monochamus titillator (F.), and Plectrodera scalator (F.)—shows that both sexes of each species produce a stridulatory sound when disturbed. The stridulatory apparatus of each species consists of a plectral ridge on the inner surface of the posterior margin of the pronotum and a pars stridens on the dorsal surface of the mesocutellum of the mesothorax. Scanning electron micrographs show the plectral ridges to be smooth, while the pars stridens consists of regularly spaced striae with height, width, and spacing measurements characteristic for each species. Audiospectrographic analysis of the beetle-produced sounds reveals definite frequency bands, pulse lengths, and relative intensities for each species. Investigation of behavioral aspects of the sounds indicates that they are not a necessary component of courtship and mating behavior, but they may serve as an alarm signal.

1 aFinn, W., E.1 aMastro, V., C.1 aPayne, T., L. uhttps://academic.oup.com/aesa/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/aesa/65.3.644https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/65/3/644/30148/Stridulatory-Apparatus-and-Analysis-of-the