02276nas a2200241 4500008004100000245023300041210006900274520123300343653001201576653001701588653001601605653001501621653001301636653001101649100002601660700002201686700002801708700003001736700002801766700003001794700002701824856018301851 2020 eng d00aGryllotalpa weisei Simeu-Noutchom & Kekeunou sp. nov. and the first record of Gryllotalpa microptera (Chopard 1939) (Orthoptera, Gryllotalpidae) from Cameroon with redescription of the species0 aemGryllotalpaem emweiseiem SimeuNoutchom Kekeunou sp nov and the3 a

Gryllotalpa weisei Simeu-Noutchom & Kekeunou sp. nov. was collected only in Tombel in the South-West region of Cameroon, during a survey conducted from March 2016 to March 2018 in the West, South-West and Centre regions of Cameroon. This species is close to Gryllotalpa microptera, collected for the first time in Cameroon during these investigations, only in the West region. G. weisei is different from G. microptera due to the hind wings that are vestigial; average fore wings length of 5.85±0.56 mm in male and 5.34±0.45 mm in female, not reaching the fifth abdominal segment; anal end of fore wings slightly concave; a stridulatory file with 54±8.02 teeth (47–71) in average, fairly spaced, with an average of 30±5.06 teeth per millimeter; hind tibia bearing 11 spines; internal process of ectophallus quite short. G. weisei abounds in mixed crop fields, followed by cocoa agro-forests; it is scarce in grassy fallows and in forest undergrowth. G. microptera was present in all types of vegetations in Bafoussam, Babeté and Bangoulap in the West region where it has been abundant in mixed crop fields, grass-fallow and coffee agro-forest but rare in forest undergrowth.

10aecology10aMole cricket10anew species10aOrthoptera10ataxonomy10aTombel1 aSIMEU-NOUTCHOM, ALAIN1 aKEKEUNOU, SEVILOR1 aWANDJI, ALAIN, CHRISTEL1 aNZIKE, MARCELLE, MBADJOUN1 aNGOUTE, CHARLY, OUMAROU1 aMESSI, NADEGE, BRIGITTE M1 aTAMESSE, JOSEPH, LEBEL uhttps://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4763.1https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4763.1.5https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/viewFile/61010/6062903010nas a2200181 4500008004100000245009100041210006900132520234200201653002902543653001202572653002402584653004202608653003302650653002302683100002202706700001902728856008102747 2013 eng d00aDiversity of acoustic tracheal system and its role for directional hearing in crickets0 aDiversity of acoustic tracheal system and its role for direction3 a

Background: Sound localization in small insects can be a challenging task due to physical constraints in deriving sufficiently large interaural intensity differences (IIDs) between both ears. In crickets, sound source localization is achieved by a complex type of pressure difference receiver consisting of four potential sound inputs. Sound acts on the external side of two tympana but additionally reaches the internal tympanal surface via two external sound entrances. Conduction of internal sound is realized by the anatomical arrangement of connecting trachea. A key structure is a trachea coupling both ears which is characterized by an enlarged part in its midline (i.e., the acoustic vesicle) accompanied with a thin membrane (septum). This facilitates directional sensitivity despite an unfavorable relationship between wavelength of sound and body size. Here we studied the morphological differences of the acoustic tracheal system in 40 cricket species (Gryllidae, Mogoplistidae) and species of outgroup taxa (Gryllotalpidae, Rhaphidophoridae, Gryllacrididae) of the suborder Ensifera comprising hearing and non hearing species.

Results: We found a surprisingly high variation of acoustic tracheal systems and almost all investigated species using intraspecific acoustic communication were characterized by an acoustic vesicle associated with a medial septum. The relative size of the acoustic vesicle - a structure most crucial for deriving high IIDs - implies an important role for sound localization. Most remarkable in this respect was the size difference of the acoustic vesicle between species; those with a more unfavorable ratio of body size to sound wavelength tend to exhibit a larger acoustic vesicle. On the other hand, secondary loss of acoustic signaling was nearly exclusively associated with the absence of both acoustic vesicle and septum.

Conclusion: The high diversity of acoustic tracheal morphology observed between species might reflect different steps in the evolution of the pressure difference receiver; with a precursor structure already present in ancestral non-hearing species. In addition, morphological transitions of the acoustic vesicle suggest a possible adaptive role for the generation of binaural directional cues.

10aAcoustic tracheal system10acricket10adirectional hearing10aInteraural intensity difference (IID)10aPressure difference receiver10aSound localization1 aSchmidt, Arne, KD1 aRömer, Heiner uhttp://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-9994-10-6100482nas a2200109 4500008004100000245011100041210006900152300001000221490000700231100002000238856011400258 2018 eng d00aAn update on the Mole-cricket Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Linnaeus, 1758) in the New Forest, Hampshire0 aupdate on the Molecricket iGryllotalpa gryllotalpai Linnaeus 175 a37-400 v621 aBrock, Paul, D. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/update-mole-cricket-gryllotalpa-gryllotalpa-linnaeus-1758-new-forest-hampshire02798nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245006300055210005900118260001600177300001300193490000600206520211400212653001702326653001102343653001602354653001802370653001502388653002102403100001702424700002502441700002102466856006902487 1996 eng d a0952-462200aTHE MECHANISM OF TUNING OF THE MOLE CRICKET SINGING BURROW0 aMECHANISM OF TUNING OF THE MOLE CRICKET SINGING BURROW cJan-01-1996 a81 - 1170 v73 a

1. Experimental and theoretical studies on the acoustics of the singing burrow of the mole cricket Gryllotalpa australis are reported.


2. The burrow typically consists of a bulb about 26 mm long and 20 mm in diameter, connected through a constriction of diameter about 10 mm to a flaring horn with length about 40 mm and equivalent mouth diameter about 34 mm. The mouth geometry of the burrow differs from one species to another, and the aperture may be either single, double or even multiple. The end of the bulb opposite the horn connects to a narrow exit tunnei of diameter about 8 mm and length up to 1 m. The singing cricket positions itself close to the constriction between the bulb and the horn and produces a song with a frequency around 2.5 kHz.


3. Measurements of sound pressure within the burrow when it is excited by an external sound source at the song frequency show a pressure minimum at the constriction and an amplitude and phase distribution that is consistent with resonance of the burrow at its second modal frequency. The burrow is approximately three-quarters of a wavelength long at this frequency. The same result is obtained when the burrow is excited by a dipole source located near the constriction.


4. Non-parametric model calculations confirm this conclusion and also give broad agreement with the measured response curves over a frequency range from about 1.5 to 5 kHz. The calculated curves indicate an additional resonance at about 1.2 kHz associated with the first mode of the burrow—the Helmholtz or Klipsch resonance—which is apparently not utilised by the insect. This detail is consistent with earlier measurements, and is also supported by measured responses reported here that show an increase in sound pressure with decreasing frequency below 2 kHz as predicted by the model.


5. The measured performance of the burrow is broadly consistent with the model. According to the model, the burrow geometry is close to optimal for maximal sound power radiation.

10abioacoustics10aburrow10aGryllotalpa10amole crickets10aresonators10asound production1 aDAWS, A., G.1 aBennet-Clark, H., C.1 aFLETCHER, N., H. uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09524622.1996.975332101583nas a2200193 4500008004100000245005600041210005600097260001600153300001300169490000700182520103100189100001901220700001901239700002001258700002001278700001901298700002001317856005201337 2018 eng d00aFour types of vibration behaviors in a mole cricket0 aFour types of vibration behaviors in a mole cricket cOct-10-2018 ae02046280 v133 a

Vibrational communication is known in some subterranean insects. Except for their use in sexual signaling, vibration behavior has rarely been reported. We report here four distinct types of substrate-based vibration behaviors in the mole cricket, Gryllotalpa orientalis, which are not associated with sexual signaling because of the occurrence of these behaviors in nymphs: (1) scraping with the forelegs; (2) foreleg taps (tapping with the forelegs); (3) palpal taps (tapping with the maxillary palpi); and (4) tremulation (back-and-forth movement of the whole body). Scraping is hypothesized to be used for the inspection of borrows. Foreleg taps are possibly informing nearby individuals of their presence, because it is never observed in solitary conditions. Palpal taps are rarely observed and its function is unknown. Tremulation is possibly related to avoidance of conspecific individual approaching and touching. The combination of the four vibration behaviors in the mole cricket may be unique among insects.

1 aHayashi, Yaoko1 aYoshimura, Jin1 aRoff, Derek, A.1 aKumita, Tetsuro1 aShimizu, Akira1 aRobillard, Tony uhttp://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.020462800400nas a2200109 4500008004100000245006200041210006200103300001200165490000700177100001600184856009000200 1982 eng d00aAcoustic communication and baffling behaviors of crickets0 aAcoustic communication and baffling behaviors of crickets a33–440 v651 aForrest, TG uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/acoustic-communication-and-baffling-behaviors-crickets01456nas a2200121 4500008004100000245013600041210006900177300001200246490000800258520092300266100002301189856012201212 1987 eng d00aThe Efficiency of Sound Production in Two Cricket Species, Gryllotalpa Australis and Teleogryllus Commodus (Orthoptera: Grylloidea)0 aEfficiency of Sound Production in Two Cricket Species Gryllotalp a107-1190 v1303 a

1. Males of Gryllotalpa australis (Erichson) (Gryllotalpidae) and Teleogryllus commodus (Walter) (Gryllidae) produced their calling songs while confined in respirometers.

2. G. australis males used oxygen during calling at a mean rate of 4.637 ml O2 h−1, equivalent to 27.65 mW of metabolic energy, which was 13 times higher than the resting metabolic rate. T. commodus males used oxygen during calling at a rate of 0.728 ml O2 h−1, equivalent to 4.34 mW, which was four times the resting metabolic rate.

3. The sound field during calling by males represents a sound power output of 0.27 mW for G. australis and l.51 × l0.3 mW for T. commodus.

4. The efficiency of sound production was 1.05% for males of G. australis and 0.05% for males of T. commodus. Comparison with other insect species suggests that none is more than a few percent efficient in sound production.

1 aKavanagh, Mark, W. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/efficiency-sound-production-two-cricket-species-gryllotalpa-australis-and-teleogryllus00415nas a2200097 4500008004100000245008200041210006900123300001000192100002000202856009500222 2017 eng d00aMole Cricket Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (L.) in the New Forest, Hampshire0 aMole Cricket iGryllotalpa gryllotalpai L in the New Forest Hamps a27-331 aBrock, Paul, D. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/mole-cricket-gryllotalpa-gryllotalpa-l-new-forest-hampshire00475nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008500041210006900126260001400195300001000209490000700219100001900226856010800245 1951 eng d00aThe Seasonal Succession of Orthopteran Stridulation near Raleigh, North Carolina0 aSeasonal Succession of Orthopteran Stridulation near Raleigh Nor cJune 1951 a87-950 v671 aFulton, B., B. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/seasonal-succession-orthopteran-stridulation-near-raleigh-north-carolina00396nas a2200109 4500008004100000245006200041210006100103300000800164490000700172100002400179856008300203 1905 eng d00aObservations of some Peculiar Habits of the Mole-crickets0 aObservations of some Peculiar Habits of the Molecrickets a8550 v211 aBaumgartner, W., J. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/observations-some-peculiar-habits-mole-crickets00966nas a2200121 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131300001200200490000700212520049700219100001700716856011100733 1981 eng d00aOrientation of Southern Mole Cricket, Scapteriscus acletus, Landing at a Sound Source0 aOrientation of Southern Mole Cricket Scapteriscus acletus Landin a463-4680 v643 a

Mole crickets, Scapteriscus acletus, attracted to a synthetic male calling song, can use visual cues as they end their flight. The insects landed significantly (P<0.001) more often on stripes than on a contrasting background. The visual form of the stimulus was more important in attracting mole crickets than the contour (perigrammotaxis) or the low reflectance (scototaxis) of the patterns. In windy weather the proportion of crickets landing on top of the sound source is less.

1 aBeugnon, Guy uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/orientation-southern-mole-cricket-scapteriscus-acletus-landing-sound-source02469nas a2200121 4500008004100000245004600041210004200087300001200129490000800141520212500149100002502274856004802299 1987 eng d00aThe Tuned Singing Burrow of Mole Crickets0 aTuned Singing Burrow of Mole Crickets a383-4090 v1283 a

During burrow digging by the mole cricket Scapteriscus acletus Rehn and Hubbard, the burrow is enlarged and shaped in a series of digging cycles, each lasting 1–2min, and song chirps are produced after every cycle. The song becomes up to 18 dB louder and acoustically purer during burrow building. The shape of the song pulse envelope changes so that its average power density becomes greater and its build-up and decay become more gradual.

The forewings show a single resonance of the harp (Cu 1 cell) regions at 2.5-3.0 kHz: the normal song carrier frequency is 2.5-2.7kHz. Removal of the outer parts of the forewings does not affect the radiated sound power.

The singing burrow has an exponential horn opening at the soil surface and an internal bulb. The calculated cut-off frequency of the horn is 1–34 kHz and that of the first resonance is 2.5-2.7 kHz. The volume of the bulb is close to that required to tune the throat: obliteration of the burrow bulb causes a substantial decrease in the radiated sound pressure levels before singing ceases.

The horn mouth acts as a finite sound source, with large acoustic reactance. The acoustics of the burrow were measured with a small doublet source inserted at the position at which the cricket sings. At this position, the burrow resonates at 2.75-3 kHz, with a quality factor (Q), measured both by the - 3 dB bandwidth and by the build-up and decay of tone bursts, of 2.5-2.7. The sound pressure produced by the doublet source is up to 24 dB louder when it is in the burrow than when it is in free air. Further in or out from the insect's singing position, the effective gain of the burrow is reduced and other resonances and anti-resonances are observed. Obliteration of the burrow bulb reduces the effective gain of the burrow by 6–10 dB and the burrow ceases to resonate at 2.75 kHz.

It is proposed that the tuned burrow acts as a resistive load on the vibrating harps, so allowing good coupling between the small wings and the surrounding medium while allowing a pure carrier frequency to be radiated.

1 aBennet-Clark, H., C. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/128/1/38300476nas a2200121 4500008004100000245012500041210006900166260001600235300001400251490000700265100002500272856005700297 1970 eng d00aA new French mole cricket, differing in song and morphology from Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L. (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)0 anew French mole cricket differing in song and morphology from Gr cJan-12-1970 a125 - 1320 v391 aBennet-Clark, H., C. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/syen.1970.39.issue-9-1001288nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245020500055210006900260260001600329300001000345490000600355520068200361100001801043700002101061856004801082 2015 eng d a1314-283600aNatural History Museum Sound Archive I: Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae Leach, 1815, including 3D scans of burrow casts of Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Linnaeus, 1758) and Gryllotalpa vineae Bennet-Clark, 19700 aNatural History Museum Sound Archive I Orthoptera Gryllotalpidae cSep-12-2016 ae74420 v33 a

The Natural History Museum (NHM) sound archive contains recordings of Gryllotalpidae, and the NHM collection holds plaster casts of the burrows of two species. These recordings and burrows have until now not been made available through the NHM's collection database, making it hard for researchers to make use of these resources.
New information

Eighteen recordings of mole crickets (three identified species) held by the NHM have been made available under open licenses via BioAcoustica. 3D scans of the burrows of Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Linnaeus, 1758) and Gryllotalpa vineae Bennet-Clark, 1970 have been made available via the NHM Data Portal.

1 aBaker, Edward1 aBroom, Yoke-Shum uhttp://bdj.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=744200422nas a2200109 4500008004100000245007000041210006600111300001200177490000700189100002500196856009100221 1970 eng d00aThe Mechanism and Efficiency of Sound Production in Mole Crickets0 aMechanism and Efficiency of Sound Production in Mole Crickets a619-6520 v521 aBennet-Clark, H., C. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/mechanism-and-efficiency-sound-production-mole-crickets