01594nas a2200133 4500008004100000245012500041210006900166300001400235490000800249520104400257100002001301700001901321856012001340 1980 eng d00aThe coding of airborne-sound and vibration signals in bimodal ventral-cord neurons of the grasshopper Tettigonia cantans0 acoding of airbornesound and vibration signals in bimodal ventral a267–2750 v1393 a

In grasshoppers, the auditory and vibra- tional senses converge on the same ventral-cord neurons. All neurons in the ventral cord that discharge impulses in response to either airborne-sound or vi- bration stimuli also receive synaptic inputs from the other sensory system. The latter elicit either sub- threshold excitation or inhibition.

The coding of the conspecific song in the responses of most ventral-cord neurons of Tettigonia cantans is considerably improved when the stimulus consists not of simulated natural sounds alone, but of such
sounds together with either maintained vibration or vibration matched to the temporal structure of the song.

Stridulating tettigoniids produce both airborne and substrate-conducted sound. Thus the perception of airborne sound and vibration, and their simulta- neous processing in individual ventral-cord neurons, may be of fundamental importance - not only in localizing a nearby sound source, but also in facilitat- ing the recognition of conspecific signals.

1 aKalmring, Klaus1 aKühne, Roland uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/coding-airborne-sound-and-vibration-signals-bimodal-ventral-cord-neurons-grasshopper01439nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245011200055210006900167260001600236300001400252490000700266520092200273100002301195856007501218 1980 eng d a0013-874600aThe Importance of Low-Frequency, Substrate-Borne Sounds in Lacewing Communication (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)0 aImportance of LowFrequency SubstrateBorne Sounds in Lacewing Com cMar-11-1981 a617 - 6210 v733 a

Courting green lacewings of Chrysopa carnea Stephens, C. downesi Banks, and several other species communicate with their partners by exchanging acoustical signals produced by vigorous jerking of the abdomen. Intraspecific communication was unaffected when an area of microtrichia associated with a possible stridulatory structure was excised from the wing of a sexually receptive C. carnea male. Additionally, no high-frequency audio sounds were detected by analysis of oscillographs; however, males and females of C. carnea and C. downesi responded to recordings of conspecific calls when the low-frequency oscillations were transmitted to a compliant substrate and when all high-frequency information was filtered out. Therefore, exchange of low-frequency substrate oscillations is sufficient for intraspecific communication in the lacewing species studied. Evolutionary implications are discussed briefly.

1 aHenry, Charles, S. uhttps://academic.oup.com/aesa/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/aesa/73.6.61701113nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245009700055210006900152260001600221300001400237490000600251520061000257100001500867700002400882856004900906 1980 eng d a1442-998500aThe function of sound in male spacing behaviour in bush-crickets (Tettigoniidae, Orthoptera)0 afunction of sound in male spacing behaviour in bushcrickets Tett cJan-09-1980 a275 - 2860 v53 a

This paper examines the spatial dynamics of an aggregation of singing male bush‐crickets (Tettigoniidae) in respect to the degree of regularity between males. Our results establish that singing males of the genus Mygalopsis are regularly spaced within aggregations and that sound is involved in spacing. Attention is focussed on the male strategy of regular spacing within a widely dispersed aggregation in order to attract females reaching sexual maturity within the confines of that population. This is seen as an alternate to male aggregations attracting females from outside their boundary.

1 aThiele, D.1 aBailey, Winston, J. uhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/aec/5/301378nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001300041245010000054210006900154260001600223300001300239490000700252520088500259100002201144856006601166 1980 eng d a0003347200aCalling display and mating behaviour of Copiphora rhinoceros Pictet (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)0 aCalling display and mating behaviour of Copiphora rhinoceros Pic cJan-02-1980 a42 - IN10 v283 a

Substrate-transmitted signals, known from scattered accounts to occur in several species of acoustic Orthoptera, are brought together and briefly reviewed. Males of a neotropical katydid, Copiphora rhinoceros, were found to alternate stereotyped bouts of body vibration (tremulation) with an 8.7-kHz air-borne song. This calling display is remarkable in combining vegetation-conducted transverse waves with stridulation. A complete acoustic analysis accompanies detailed descriptions of three field matings. Females responded to the male's display silently but with similar body shaking. Copulation lasted almost 4 h, and courtship was prolonged by repeated male withdrawals. The male's coyness probably reflects a costly nutritional investment in a single mating: his spermatophore includes a huge bilobed spermatophylax, consumed by the female after copulation.

1 aMorris, Glenn, K. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334728080006602180nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245010400055210006900159260001600228300001400244490000600258520166800264100002501932700001701957856004801974 1980 eng d a0340-544300aSound production in the cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa: evidence for communication by hissing0 aSound production in the cockroach Gromphadorhina portentosa evid cJan-03-1980 a305 - 3140 v63 a

1. Sound production of the giant Madagascar cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa, was examined by behavioral and acoustical methods in order to determine the functions of the hisses produced by this species.

2. Gromphadorhina is able to produce audible hisses from a pair of modified spiracles. Adult males hiss in three social contexts: during aggressive encounters, during courtship (when two types of hisses are discernable), and during copulation. Adults and nymphs of both sexes also hiss when disturbed (Figs 2 and 3).

3. There are reliable differences among hisses emitted in these social contexts which depend on several features: the shape of the amplitude envelope (Fig. 4), the relative loudness (Table 1), and the temporal characteristics both of single hisses and of hiss trains (Table 1 and Fig. 4).

4. In both courtship and aggression, hissing accompanies characteristic, stereotyped behavior patterns (Figs. 5 and 7); during aggressive encounters between males, hissing is predictive of winning (Fig. 6).

5. Males which have been silenced by occlusion of the specialized spiracles carry on apparently normal courtship, but they are unsuccessful in copulating due to a lack of receptive behavior by the female (Fig. 8).

6. Playback of recorded courtship hisses during courtship of females by silenced males leads to receptive behavior by females, and to normal rates of copulation (Fig. 8).

7. Our evidence supports the hypothesis that G. portentosa has evolved a system of communication in which hisses serve as auditory social signals.

1 aNelson, Margaret, C.1 aFraser, Jean uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0029277303978nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245010600055210006900161260001600230300001400246490000800260520349400268100002203762856004803784 1980 eng d a0340-759400aInsect disturbance stridulation: Characterization of airborne and vibrational components of the sound0 aInsect disturbance stridulation Characterization of airborne and cJan-01-1980 a259 - 2680 v1353 a

Some insects stridulate when attacked by a predator. This behavior has been interpreted as a defensive response, the sound being a warning to predators of the insect's noxiousness. Since to humans many such disturbance sounds are audibly similar, it is possible that they may in fact be mutually mimetic. This idea was investigated through analysis of the temporal and spectral characteristics of the disturbance sounds of a variety of insects that stridulate by a file- and -scraper device. Properties of both the airborne sound and the underlying cuticular vibration (detected by a special vibration measuring instrument) were examined, and four characteristic features found:

    1. The temporal pattern is simple. Bursts of toothstrike impulses are about 80 ms long, and are separated by pauses about 90 ms long. Bursts occur at a rate of about 5 to 10/s.
    
    2. The temporal pattern is irregular. For toothstrike interval, burst duration, pause duration and interburst interval, the standard deviation is usually >30% of the mean. Much of the irregularity is presumably caused by the insect struggling at the same time it stridulates. Some insects show less variability, and these appear to lack tight coupling between stridulatory movements and struggling movements, so struggling does not interfere with stridulation.
    
    3. The airborne sound pressure waveform is impulsive. The frequency coverage of the sounds is quite broad with an average 10-dB bandwidth of about 40 kHz centered at 25 kHz. The sounds are not intense, ranging from about 10 to 60 dB (re 20×10−6 Pa) at 10 cm.
    
    4. The cuticular vibration waveform is sharply peaked and contains maximum energy at a frequency determined by the tooth-strike rate, usually about 1 kHz. The average decrease in power above this frequency is about 12 dB/octave. The maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of cuticular motion is about 1 to 10 μm.
    

These common characteristics may lead predators to treat insects producing disturbance sounds similarly, although this possibility should be tested empirically. If acoustic mimicry exists, the communicatory interchange between predator and prey may be subtler than is commonly appreciated.

Supported in part by an NSF predoctoral fellowship and Bache Fund stipend from the National Academy of Sciences (Masters), and NIH grant AI-02908 and NSF grant PCM77-25807 (T. Eisner). I thank the insect identification service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and E.R. Hoebeke for identification of insects. I am grateful to the Director and staff of the Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Florida, for their hospitality while I was there. To my chairman, Dr. Thomas Eisner, I wish to acknowledge my great debt for his original proposal that I study insect disturbance sounds and the suggestion that the sounds might be mutually mimetic, and for his unfailing support throughout my graduate career. I also thank Drs. Eisner, R.R. Capranica, D.J. Aneshansley, W.L. Brown and J. Camhi for helpful criticism of the manuscript, Drs. Capranica and G. Hausfater for loan of equipment, and Dr. A. George for discussions of acoustics. Finally, for invaluable help with all phases of this research, I thank my wife, Anne Moffat.

1 aMasters, Mitchell uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0065725400467nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006000041210005500101260001800156300001200174490000700186100002000193700002400213856009600237 1980 eng d00aLövvårtbitarens Leptophyes punctatissima sång0 aLövvårtbitarens iLeptophyes punctatissimai sång cDecember 1980 a265-2680 v751 aAhlén, Ingemar1 aDegn, Hans, Jørgen uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/l%C3%B6vv%C3%A5rtbitarens-leptophyes-punctatissima-s%C3%A5ng01112nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245012500055210006900180260001600249300001600265490000700281520059900288100001900887856006000906 1980 eng d a0008-430100aMultimodal communication by the black-horned tree cricket, Oecanthus nigricornis (Walker) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)0 aMultimodal communication by the blackhorned tree cricket iOecant cJan-10-1980 a1861 - 18680 v583 a

Adult male tree crickets, Oecanthus nigricornis (Walker), employ acoustic, olfactory, and vibratory signals during mating. Females were attracted significantly (p < 0.001) to the conspecific courtship song and to conspecific male scent. Males had 63, 39, and 0% copulation success in normal, waxed-over metanotal gland, and nonsinger groups respectively. Males provide the females with metanotal glandular products and a subsequently ingested spermatophore. Females appear to select mates on the males' ability to communicate these nutritional investment capabilities.

1 aBell, Paul, D. uhttp://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z80-25400458nas a2200109 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131300001200200490000700212100002200219856010700241 1980 eng d00aA revision of the Pacific species of Conocephalus Thunberg (Orthoptera Tettigoniidae)0 arevision of the Pacific species of Conocephalus Thunberg Orthopt a315-3550 v411 aPitkin, Linda, M. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/revision-pacific-species-conocephalus-thunberg-orthoptera-tettigoniidae00318nas a2200097 4500008004100000245002400041210002400065260005800089100001800147856005500165 1980 eng d00aAcoustic Laboratory0 aAcoustic Laboratory aLondon, UKbBritish Museum (Natural History)c10/19801 aRagge, D., R. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/content/acoustic-laboratory