02162nas a2200193   4500008004100000245010800041210006900149520151300218653001101731653002101742653001601763653002401779653001001803100002701813700002401840700001901864700002501883856006001908       2019                        eng d00aEffects of Hypoxia on Acoustic Activity of Two Stored-Product Pests, Adult Emergence, and Grain Quality0 aEffects of Hypoxia on Acoustic Activity of Two StoredProduct Pes3 a<p>Modified atmospheres such as hermetic storage are widely used for the control of stored grain insect pests. To improve their effectiveness, there is need to better understand insect responses to low-oxygen environments. Adult Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) on cowpea and Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on wheat were exposed to hypoxia treatments consisting of 1, 3, and 5% oxygen levels for 14 d. Acoustic activity was monitored during the experiment, and insect mortality and grain quality were examined immediately after the hypoxia treatments. Adult emergence was assessed 45 d post-treatment. All three hypoxia treatments eliminated acoustic activity of both species within 4 d. There was neither insect survival for both species nor significant grain damage immediately after 14-d exposure to hypoxia treatments. No adult insects emerged 45 d post-exposure on grains maintained at 1% oxygen level for 14 d. However, at 3 and 5% oxygen levels, there were eggs on cowpea, holes in wheat, and emerging adults for both insect species 45 d post-exposure. Although insect activity ceased within 4 d when hypoxia was maintained below 5%, there is need to explore exposure beyond 14 d for 3 and 5% oxygen levels, to ensure to avoid potential adult emergence from eggs and other insect life stages post-treatments. Maintaining 3&ndash;5% hypoxia conditions for a longer duration would ensure insufficient oxygen is available for progeny development.</p>
10acowpea10ahermetic storage10ainsect pest10amodified atmosphere10awheat1 aNjoroge, Anastasia, W.1 aMankin, Richard, W.1 aSmith, Bradley1 aBaributsa, Dieudonne  uhttps://academic.oup.com/jee/article/112/4/1989/5488927