00667nas a2200157 4500008004100000245007900041210006900120260001600189490000700205100002200212700001900234700002200253700002400275700002200299856018800321 2020 eng d00aComplex courtship in the Habronattus clypeatus group (Araneae: Salticidae)0 aComplex courtship in the Habronattus clypeatus group Araneae Sal cJan-12-20200 v481 aRivera, Christine1 aHedin, Marshal1 aMason, Andrew, C.1 aMaddison, Wayne, P.1 aElias, Damian, O. uhttps://bioone.org/journals/the-journal-of-arachnology/volume-48/issue-3/JoA-S-18-045/Complex-courtship-in-the-Habronattus-clypeatus-group-Araneae-Salticidae/10.1636/JoA-S-18-045.full02451nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245012100055210006900176260001600245520168800261653001201949653002201961653001501983653002001998653002802018653003002046100002302076700002402099700002102123700002202144856005502166 2018 eng d a0892-755300aSubstrate-Borne Vibration Mediates Intrasexual Agonism in the New Zealand Cook Strait Giant Weta (Deinacrida rugosa)0 aSubstrateBorne Vibration Mediates Intrasexual Agonism in the New cDec-11-20183 a

Substrate-borne vibrational communication is a common mode of information transfer in many invertebrate groups, with vibration serving as both primary and secondary signal channels in Orthopterans. The Cook Strait giant weta, Deinacrida rugosa (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae), is an endangered New Zealand insect whose communication system has not been previously described. After field observations of intraspecific interactions in D. rugosa provided preliminary evidence for substrate-borne vibrational communication in the species, we sought to identify the following: vibrational signal structure, the mechanism of signal production, whether signal production is a sexually dimorphic trait, whether substrate-borne signals encode information regarding sender size, the primary social context in which vibration is utilized and finally, the function of vibrational signaling in the species. We used laser Doppler vibrometry to show that D. rugosa males produce low frequency (DF = 37.00 ± 1.63 Hz) substrate-borne vibrations through dorso-ventral tremulation. Rarely produced by females, male signals appear to target rivals while both are in the direct physical presence of a female. Tremulatory responses to playbacks were only produced by males in male-male-female trial contexts, and neither sex exhibited walking vibrotaxis to playback signals, indicating that substrate-borne vibrational signals are not likely a component of the courtship repertoire. While we found that vibrational signal structure was not closely related to signaler size, males that initiated male-male signaling bouts held a significant advantage in contests.

10aAgonism10aDeinacrida rugosa10agiant weta10aseismic signals10asubstrate-borne signals10avibrational communication1 aHoward, Daniel, R.1 aSchmidt, Ashley, P.1 aHall, Carrie, L.1 aMason, Andrew, C. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10905-018-9700-202015nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245014500055210006900200260001600269300001400285490000700299520121800306653001701524653002101541653002201562653002701584653001701611100002101628700002301649700002401672700002201696856005501718 2015 eng d a1366-638X00aMarking by elytral clip changes stridulatory characteristics and reduces reproduction in the American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus0 aMarking by elytral clip changes stridulatory characteristics and cJan-02-2015 a155 - 1620 v193 a

Some insects produce and use sound during multiple behaviors including many aspects of reproduction. Variation in call structure depends on the evolved mor- phological structures used to produce the sound and encode function. Beetles in the genus Nicrophorus produce strid- ulation by rubbing plectra, located on the ventral side of the elytra, against a pars stridens, located on the caudal end on the fourth and fifth abdominal segment in females and males, respectively. During field surveys for the endan- gered N. americanus, survey crews have historically used a small V-shaped notch cut in the caudal end of the right elytron to serves as a permanent marking method. No study, however, has examined the effect of this marking technique on the characters of stridulation or consequences
for reproductive behavior and fitness. Here we show that one temporal and one spectral character of sound change significantly following elytron clipping, and that repro- ductive success is significantly decreased in all breedings in which a parent beetle is elytron-clipped. We recommend replacement of this marking technique with non-invasive methods to ensure conservation of this endangered species.

10abioacoustics10aElytron clipping10aMarking technique10aNicrophorus americanus10astridulation1 aHall, Carrie, L.1 aHoward, Daniel, R.1 aSmith, Rosemary, J.1 aMason, Andrew, C. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10841-015-9755-802700nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001300041245016900054210006900223260001600292300001400308490000800322520184800330653001702178653001902195653001602214653002102230653001702251100002102268700002202289700002302311700001902334700002402353856006902377 2013 eng d a0013874600aDescription of Acoustic Characters and Stridulatory Pars Stridens of Nicrophorus (Coleoptera: Silphidae): A Comparison of Eight North American Species0 aDescription of Acoustic Characters and Stridulatory iPars Stride cJan-09-2013 a661 - 6690 v1063 a

Insects make use of sound in a variety of behavioral and reproductive contexts. Acoustic signals are known to serve in defense, sexual advertisement, prey location, and in cooperative activities such as offspring care and group foraging. In airborne signals produced by insects, information associated with species identiÞcation is often related to the temporal structure of the sound, while spectral quality is more closely associated with intraspeciÞc variation. The Nicrophorine burying beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Silphidae) are a group known to produce sound through dorso-ventro stridulation, but the bioacoustics of this group remains understudied. Here, we examine the stridu- latory sound produced by eight North American species of Nicrophorus burying beetles, testing the hypothesis that interspeciÞc differences will be encoded in temporal characteristics of the sound, and that signal divergence will be explained by one of three mechanisms: selection as an intraspeciÞc signal, selection for interspeciÞc aposematism, or random divergence through drift. We digitally recorded stridulation in each species, and analyzed recordings to describe each in respect to four spectral and eight temporal acoustic characters. All species produced a low amplitude biphastic sound pulse consisting of from 58 to 126 syllables, and exhibiting weak dominant frequencies (5.8Ð12.7 kHz). Collapsing the 12 variables into three rotated factors using principal component analysis, we found no sex-related differences in sound, but signiÞcant interspecies divergence in respect to all three factors. We constructed a phylogeny for the group based on the morphology of the stridulatory structures and the acoustic characters, and found weak support for an intraspeciÞc signal divergence model.

10abioacoustics10aburying beetle10aNicrophorus10asound production10astridulation1 aHall, Carrie, L.1 aMason, Andrew, C.1 aHoward, Daniel, R.1 aPadhi, Abinash1 aSmith, Rosemary, J. uhttps://academic.oup.com/aesa/article-lookup/doi/10.1603/AN1300101878nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245014500055210006900200260001600269300001200285490000600297520105900303653001701362653001701379653001901396653001101415653001401426653001501440100003301455700002201488700002401510700002201534856006801556 2011 eng d a1477-200000aQuality calls: phylogeny and biogeography of a new genus of neotropical katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with ultra pure-tone ultrasonics0 aQuality calls phylogeny and biogeography of a new genus of neotr cSep-03-2012 a77 - 940 v93 a

This paper describes Artiotonus, a new genus of tropical katydid from Colombia and Ecuador. These acoustic ensiferans are represented by three species with a geographic distribution generally restricted to the rainforest of the Bolivar geosyncline of northwestern South America (Pacific). A phylogenetic analysis based on 28 morphological and six behavioural characters produced a tree (A. artius, (A. tinae, A. captivus)) with a consistency index of 0.9. All species are defined by a few autapomorphic changes. The most reliable character for identification is the temporal pattern of the calling song, suggesting a recent genetic divergence. Biogeographic analysis indicates that such genetic divergence began with geographic isolation produced before the Holocene transgression. Species of this genus are remarkable in that the calling song of males exhibits a narrow spectrum with a high quality factor (37–42), unusual values for such ultrasonic signals. A broad discussion on the evolution of tonal calls and pulse trains is offered.

10aBiogeography10acalling song10aConocephalinae10ahigh-Q10apure tone10aultrasound1 aMontealegre-Zapata, Fernando1 aMorris, Glenn, K.1 aSarria-S, Fabio, A.1 aMason, Andrew, C. uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14772000.2011.56020902009nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245011700055210006900172260001600241300001400257490000800271520132200279653001401601653001701615653003301632653001501665100001601680700002201696856008501718 2017 eng d a0024-406600aHearing sensitivity is more relevant to acoustic conspicuousness than to mechanical constraints in crambid moths0 aHearing sensitivity is more relevant to acoustic conspicuousness cMay-08-2017 a174 - 1840 v1213 a

Moths evolved tympanal hearing organs to detect the echolocation calls of predatory bats. Moths’ auditory responses have been examined mainly for their sensitivity to the frequencies of bat cries: tympanate moths are basically tuned to the call frequencies of sympatric bats. Here, we add the finding that hearing sensitivity to ‘pulse duration’ in cram- bid moths is also affected by predation pressure from echolocating bats. Analysis of interspecific variation showed that minimum auditory thresholds had a significantly negative relationship with the forewing surface area, that is, acoustic conspicuousness to bat sonar, but no relationship with head width, which was assumed to correlate with tympanal organ size. Auditory thresholds increased as pulses shortened in the 1–10 ms duration range, and conspic- uous moths with larger wing areas had lower thresholds than smaller moths. By contrast, ‘intraspecific’ variation, within a single population of the lurcerne moth, revealed no relationship between forewing area and any auditory characteristics. Moth hearing adapts to the echolocation pulse duration of sympatric bat communities, suggesting that evolutionary modification of hearing sensitivity is related to acoustic conspicuousness based on moth wing area.

10aarms race10aecholocation10apredator–prey interactions10aultrasound1 aNakano, Ryo1 aMason, Andrew, C. uhttps://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/blw02902882nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245011900055210006900174260001600243300001400259490000800273520231600281100002302597700002202620700002202642856004802664 1989 eng d a0340-759400aAuditory processing in the black-sided meadow katydid Conocephalus nigropleurum (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)0 aAuditory processing in the blacksided meadow katydid iConocephal cJan-01-1989 a501 - 5120 v1643 a

1. The auditory system of the tettigoniid,Conocephalus nigropleurum was examined using whole auditory nerve responses (averaged summed action potentials (SAPs)) and intracellularly recorded single cells (receptor and interneurone) to pure tone stimuli and con- and heterospecific (C. brevipennis) songs.

2.The morphology of the auditory tracheal system and crista acustica is documented forC. nigropleurum. A broadly open thoracic spiracle (stigma) leads, via a horn, camera and foreleg trachea to a crista acustica of 28 receptor cells.

3. C. nigropleurum's auditory sensitivity is broadly tuned to 15–35 kHz which is below the peak frequency band of its calling song (30–36 kHz). The ear possesses a dynamic range of at least 30 dB and pulsed sounds with short (<0.5 ms) onset times or long interpulse periods (>200 ms) elicit maximal responses. We suggest this is caused by increased auditory receptor firing synchrony to these types of sounds and may facilitate the location of such sounds. There is, however, discrepancy between the pulse periods that elicit maximal SAP amplitudes and those found within the normal calling song, a phenomenon which may be related to the chorusing behaviour of this species.

4.Polar directional plots indicate thatC. nigropleurum is most sensitive to sounds originating posterior to the opening of the prothoracic auditory stigma; this may be caused by the configuration of the prothoracic pronotum. We found no pronounced sensitivity at points facing the tympanal slits.

5.Intracellular recordings reveal prothoracic receptors with widely decussate and narrowly branched termini. No receptor tested was able to track the intra-phonatome pulses (tooth strike sounds) of either species and we conclude that the phonatome is the finest resoluble component of the song.

6. An acoustically-activated interneurone (101) was recorded that resembles both the gryllid int-2 (Omega) cell and that of another tettigoniid. We suggest that tonic interneuronal firing caused by the multiple singer chorused song of either species activates the initial stages of phonotaxis in receptiveC. nigropleurum females but individual species recognition may depend at least partially on the discrimination of phonatome rates.

1 aFullard, James, H.1 aMorris, Glenn, K.1 aMason, Andrew, C. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0061044402623nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245014900055210006900204260002000273300001600293490000800309520186800317100002202185700002402207700002002231700002202251700003302273856012302306 2017 eng d a0022-094900aFunctional morphology of tegmina-based stridulation in the relict species Cyphoderris monstrosa (Orthoptera: Ensifera: Prophalangopsidae)0 aFunctional morphology of tegminabased stridulation in the relict cDec-28-20172143 a1112 - 11210 v2203 a

Male grigs, bush crickets and crickets produce mating calls by tegminal stridulation: the scraping together of modified forewings functioning as sound generators. Bush crickets (Tettigoniidae) and crickets (Gryllinae) diverged some 240 million years ago, with each lineage developing unique characteristics in wing morphology and the associated mechanics of stridulation. The grigs (Prophalangopsidae), a relict lineage more closely related to bush crickets than to crickets, are believed to retain plesiomorphic features of wing morphology. The wing cells widely involved in sound production, such as the harp and mirror, are comparatively small, poorly delimited and/or partially filled with cross-veins. Such morphology is similarly observed in the earliest stridulating ensiferans, for which stridulatory mechanics remains poorly understood. The grigs, therefore, are of major importance to investigate the early evolutionary stages of tegminal stridulation, a critical innovation in the evolution of the Orthoptera. The aim of this study is to appreciate the degree of specialization on grig forewings, through identification of sound radiating areas and their properties. For well-grounded comparisons, homologies in wing venation (and associated areas) of grigs and bush crickets are re-evaluated. Then, using direct evidence, this study confirms the mirror cell, in association with two other areas (termed ‘neck’ and ‘pre-mirror’), as the acoustic resonator in the grig Cyphoderris monstrosa. Despite the use of largely symmetrical resonators, as found in field crickets, analogous features of stridulatory mechanics are observed between C. monstrosa and bush crickets. Both morphology and function in grigs represents transitional stages between unspecialized forewings and derived conditions observed in modern species.

1 aBĂ©thoux, Olivier1 aSarria-S, Fabio, A.1 aJonsson, Thorin1 aMason, Andrew, C.1 aMontealegre-Zapata, Fernando uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/lookup/doi/10.1242/jeb.153106https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.153106