01404nas a2200217 4500008004100000245016900041210006900210520050100279653001300780653001400793653001100807653002300818653001300841100002800854700003000882700003200912700002300944700003100967700001700998856017101015 2018 eng d00aTwo new species of crickets Adelosgryllus Mesa & Zefa, 2004 (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from the Araripe-Apodi National Forest, State of Ceará, Brazil0 aTwo new species of crickets Adelosgryllus Mesa Zefa 2004 Orthopt3 a

In this paper we describe two new sympatric species of phalangopsid crickets Adelosgryllus from the Araripe-Apodi Na- tional Forest, State of Ceará, Brazil, highlighting morphological characters, mainly from male genitalia, tegmina and cop- ulatory papilla. We also present a geographical map for the valid species of the genus, as well as photographs of holotypes and paratypes. The type-material is deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP).

10aEnsifera10agenitalia10aInsect10aNeotropical region10ataxonomy1 aCORRÊA, ROBSON, CREPES1 aPEREIRA, MARCELO, RIBEIRO1 aDA COSTA, MARIA, KÁTIA MAT1 aSZINWELSKI, NEUCIR1 aMARTINS, LUCIANO, DE PINHO1 aZefa, Edison uhttps://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4420.1https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4420.1.5https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/viewFile/38768/3312201910nas a2200181 4500008004100000245007300041210006900114520135500183653001001538653001101548653002901559653001101588653001301599100002001612700002101632700002001653856005501673 2014 eng d00aMechanical basis of otoacoustic emissions in tympanal hearing organs0 aMechanical basis of otoacoustic emissions in tympanal hearing or3 a

Tympanal hearing organs of insects emit dis- tortion–product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAes), which in mammals are used as indicator for nonlinear cochlear amplification, and which are highly vulnerable to manipu- lations interfering with the animal’s physiological state. Although in previous studies, evidence was provided for the involvement of auditory mechanoreceptors, the source of DPOAe generation and possible active mechanisms in tympanal organs remained unknown. Using laser Dop- pler vibrometry in the locust ear, we show that DPOAes mechanically emerge at the tympanum region where the auditory mechanoreceptors are attached. Those emission- coupled vibrations differed remarkably from tympanum waves evoked by external pure tones of the same frequency, in terms of wave propagation, energy distribution, and loca- tion of amplitude maxima. Selective inactivation of the auditory receptor cells by mechanical lesions did not affect the tympanum’s response to external pure tones, but abol- ished the emission’s displacement amplitude peak. These findings provide evidence that tympanal auditory recep- tors, comparable to the situation in mammals, comprise the required nonlinear response characteristics, which during two-tone stimulation lead to additional, highly localized deflections of the tympanum.

10aDPOAE10aInsect10alaser Doppler vibrometry10alocust10atympanum1 aMöckel, Doreen1 aNowotny, Manuela1 aKössl, Manfred uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-014-0914-202317nas a2200193 4500008004100000245011500041210006900156520166100225653001101886653002001897653001101917653001501928653001701943100002401960700002401984700002402008700002402032856006702056 2019 eng d00aEffects of artificial light at night and male calling on movement patterns and mate location in field crickets0 aEffects of artificial light at night and male calling on movemen3 a

Anthropogenic factors, such as artificial light at night (ALAN), are increasingly linked to significant modifications in animal behaviours, such as foraging or migration. However, few studies have investigated directly whether the presence of ALAN affects the ability to find a mate (mate location). One direct effect of the presence of ALAN is that it can create a light barrier in an otherwise dark environment. This may have significant behavioural implications for nocturnally active species if it affects their ability to respond to potential mates. Our study, using the acoustically orienting Australian black field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus, determined experimentally whether the presence of a fragmented light environment influenced movement patterns of virgin females and males. Moreover, given the importance of male song for reproductive outcomes in this species, we assessed simultaneously whether such behaviours were modified by the presence of a male attraction call. We found that while initiation of movement was slower in the presence of ALAN, the behavioural shifts associated with its presence were relatively small compared to the influence of a broadcast male attraction call. The response to the male attraction call was typically stronger for females than for males, but both males and females modified aspects of behaviour when it was present regardless of whether their immediate environment was fragmented by artificial light at night or not. Artificial light at night may alter subtle aspects of movement and mating behaviour in this species, but ultimately does not provide a barrier to movement or mate location.

10aInsect10alight pollution10amating10aphonotaxis10areproduction1 aThompson, Eliza, K.1 aCullinan, Naomi, L.1 aJones, Therésa, M.1 aHopkins, Gareth, R. uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721930348302385nas a2200229 4500008004100000245013300041210007000174520162100244653001301865653002501878653001201903653003801915653001101953653002501964653002501989653002502014653000902039653002702048100001502075700002402090856004102114 2001 eng d00aMechanisms of frequency-specific responses of ω neuron 1 in crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus): a polysynaptic pathway for song?0 aMechanisms of frequencyspecific responses of ω neuron 1 in crick3 a

In crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus), the auditory interneuron ω neuron 1 (ON1) responds to sounds over a wide range of frequencies but is most sensitive to the frequency of conspecific songs (4.5 kHz). Response latency is longest for this same frequency. We investigate the mechanisms that might account for the longer latency of ON1 to cricket-like sounds. Intracellular recordings revealed no evidence for appropriately timed postsynaptic inhibition of ON1 that might increase its latency, nor was latency affected by picrotoxin. The onset of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) was delayed for 4.5 kHz stimuli compared with ultrasound stimuli, pointing to a presynaptic locus for the latency difference. When ON1 is stimulated with high frequencies, discrete, apparently unitary EPSPs can be recorded in its dendrite, and these are latency-locked to spikes recorded simultaneously in the auditory nerve. This suggests that input to ON1 from high-frequency-tuned auditory receptor neurons is monosynaptic. In agreement with this, brief ultrasound stimuli evoke a single, short-latency EPSP in ON1. In contrast, the EPSP evoked by a brief 4.5 kHz stimulus consists of an early component, similar in latency to that evoked by ultrasound and possibly evoked by ultrasound-tuned receptors, and a later, dominant component. We interpret the early peak as arising from a monosynaptic afferent pathway and the late peak from a polysynaptic afferent pathway. Multiple-peak EPSPs, with timing similar to those evoked by sound stimuli, were also evoked by electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve.

10aaudition10aauditory interneuron10acricket10aexcitatory postsynaptic potential10aInsect10amonosynaptic pathway10aomega neuron 1 (ON1)10apolysynaptic pathway10asong10aTeleogryllus oceanicus1 aFaulkes, Z1 aPollack, Gerald, S. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/da/node/5762002446nas a2200205 4500008004100000245007100041210006900112520175400181653002401935653002401959653002601983653002402009653001102033653001902044100002602063700002202089700002202111700002102133856008602154 2019 eng d00aExperience modulates an insect’s response to anthropogenic noise0 aExperience modulates an insect s response to anthropogenic noise3 a

In response to anthropogenic noise, vertebrates express modified acoustic communication signals either through individual plasticity or local population adaptation. In contrast, how insects respond to this stressor is poorly studied. Field crickets Gryllus bimaculatus use acoustic signals to attract and locate mates and are commonly found in noisy roadside environments, offering a powerful system to study the effects of anthropogenic noise on insect communication. Rapid repetition of sexual calls (chirps) is essential to attract females, but calling incurs energetic costs and attracts predators. As a result, males are predicted to reduce calling rates when background noise is high. Here, we combine observations and experimental playbacks to show that the responses of field cricket males to anthropogenic noise also depend on their previous experience with passing cars. First, we show that males living on highway edges decrease their chirp rate in response to passing cars. To assess whether this behavioral response depends on previous exposure to car noise, we then broadcast recordings of car noise to males located at different distances from the road and, therefore, with different previous exposure to car noise. Although all tested individuals responded to broadcasted traffic noise, males closest to the road decreased their chirp rate less than individuals calling further from the road. These results suggest that regular exposure to anthropogenic noise may decrease individuals’ sensitivity and behavioral responses to noise, allowing them to maintain effective signaling rates. Behavioral plasticity modulated by experience may thus allow some insect species to cope with human-induced environmental stressors.

10aacoustic adaptation10aanthropogenic noise10abehavioral plasticity10aGryllus bimaculatus10aInsect10asexual signals1 aGallego-Abenza, Mario1 aMathevon, Nicolas1 aWheatcroft, David1 aCandolin, Ulrika uhttps://academic.oup.com/beheco/advance-article/doi/10.1093/beheco/arz159/557470301646nas a2200181 4500008004100000245008100041210006900122520107500191653001301266653001801279653002401297653001101321653001001332653001701342100002501359700002001384856006001404 2019 eng d00aBark beetles use a spring-loaded mechanism to produce variable song patterns0 aBark beetles use a springloaded mechanism to produce variable so3 a

Many insects vary their song patterns to communicate different messages, but the underlying biomechanisms are often poorly understood. Here, we report on the mechanics of sound production and variation in an elytro-tergal stridulator, male Dendroctonus valens bark beetles. Using ablation experiments coupled with high-speed video and audio recordings, we show that: (1) chirps are produced using a stridulatory file on the left elytron (forewing) and a protrusion (plectrum) on the seventh abdominal segment; (2) chirps are produced by ‘spring stridulation’, a catch-and-release mechanism whereby the plectrum catches on a file tooth and, upon release, springs forward along the file; and (3) variability in chirp types is caused by introducing multiple catch-and-release events along the file to create regular interruptions. These results provide experimental evidence for the mechanics of elytro-tergal stridulation, and provide insight into how an insect can incorporate variability into its acoustic repertoire using a spring-loaded mechanism.

10aAcoustic10acommunication10aDendroctonus valens10aInsect10asound10astridulation1 aLindeman, Amanda, A.1 aYack, Jayne, E. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/lookup/doi/10.1242/jeb.190660