<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Souriau, Abel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geberzahn, Nicole</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivanitskii, Vladimir V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marova, Irina M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vokurková, Jana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reifová, Radka</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reif, Jiři</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petrusková, Tereza</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singing behind the stage: thrush nightingales produce more variable songs on their wintering grounds</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Element variability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-breeding singing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Song consistency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Song function</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Song plasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thrush nightingale</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00265-019-2765-x</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The songs of migratory passerine birds have a key role in mate attraction and territory defence during the breeding season. Many species also sing on their wintering grounds, but the function of this behaviour remains unclear. One possible explanation, proposed by the song improvement hypothesis, is that the birds take advantage of this period to develop their singing skills for the next breeding season. If so, non-breeding songs should reflect features of an early phase in song development, characterized by high vocal plasticity. In our study, we tested this prediction by comparing songs of thrush nightingales (Luscinia luscinia) recorded at two different breeding areas in Europe and one wintering area in Africa. While all songs from European localities had a typical structure characteristic of the study species, 89% of the songs recorded from Africa were highly variable, lacking such typical structure. We conducted further detailed analysis of breeding and winter songs that exhibited species-specific structure. First, we explored plasticity at the syllable level using a cross-correlation analysis, to obtain similarity scores as a measure of consistency. Second, we asked multiple human observers to quantify element variability. Our results showed significant differences in syllable consistency between breeding and wintering grounds, with more consistent delivery of syllables in the breeding areas. Likewise, element variability was substantially lower in the breeding populations. While both results fit the predictions of the song improvement hypothesis, more research is needed to elucidate the roles of singing on the wintering grounds.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Boheemen, Sharina J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diblíková, Lucie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bílková, Jana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petrusek, Adam</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petrusková, Tereza</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extraordinary variation in a simple song: No geographical patterns in initial phrase variation of the Yellowhammer, a passerine with pronounced dialectsAbstract</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/doi/10.1093/auk/ukz055/5601449</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Geographical variation of birdsong is used to study various topics from cultural evolution to mechanisms responsible for reproductive barriers or song acquisition. In species with pronounced dialects, however, patterns of variation in non-dialect parts of the song are usually overlooked. We focused on the individually variable initial phrase of the song of the Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella), a common Palearctic passerine which became a model species for dialect research. We used a quantitative method to compare the similarity of initial phrases from the repertoires of 237 males recorded at different spatial scales in a central European country covering all main dialect types. We hypothesized that patterns of initial phrase sharing and/or phrase similarity are affected by dialect boundaries and geographical proximity (i.e. that birds from the same dialect regions use more similar phrases or share them more often). Contrary to our expectations, initial phrase variation seems unrelated to dialects, as we did not find higher similarity either among recordings from the same dialect areas or among those from the same locality. Interestingly, despite the immense variability of phrase types detected (only 16% of 368 detected initial phrase types were shared between at least 2 males), a relatively high proportion of males (45%) was involved in sharing, and males using the same initial phrase were located anywhere from tens of meters to hundreds of kilometers apart. The patterns of variation suggest that precise copying during song learning as well as improvisation play important roles in forming individual repertoires in the Yellowhammer. Our data also confirm previous indications that the repertoires of Yellowhammer males (i.e. the composition of initial phrases) are individually unique and temporally stable. This makes the species a good candidate for individual acoustic monitoring, useful for detailed population or behavioral studies without the need for physical capture and marking of males.&lt;/p&gt;
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