Multi-year measurements of the underwater noise field directionality in the shallow Beaufort Sea during open-water and drifting ice flow conditions

Between 2007 and 2014, over 35 Directional Autonomous Seafloor Acoustic Recorders (DASARs) were deployed over a 280 km swath of the Beaufort Sea continental shelf (20–55 m depth) during the open-water season, in order to monitor the fall (westward) bowhead whale migration. DASARs have one omnidirectional pressure sensor and two orthogonal particle motion sensors, which permit instantaneous measurements of the azimuths of both transient signals and continuous noise between 20 and 500 Hz. The lack of significant shipping or industrial noise in this region provided a rare opportunity to directly measure the properties of wind-driven noise in expanding ice-free regions. Here, we map the azimuthal directionality of the diffuse Beaufort ambient noise field as a function of frequency and space across seven seasons. The dominant directionality of the diffuse ambient noise field varied strongly with frequency and was highly correlated with the received power spectral density. Certain directional features of the ambient noise field remained stable over seven deployment seasons, suggesting that judicious processing of the ambient noise soundscape could provide underwater navigational information in arctic waters. The influence of local drifting floes and sheets of ice on this directionality is also examined. [Work sponsored by ONR.]