@article {58051,
	title = {Qualitative Identification of Free-flying Bats Using the Anabat Detector},
	journal = {Journal of MammalogyJournal of Mammalogy},
	volume = {80},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	note = {JRS},
	pages = {11-23},
	abstract = {<p>A variety of ultrasonic bat detectors have been used over the past 3 decades to identify freeflying bats. Analyses of recorded echolocation calls were slow and typically restricted to few calls and at a resolution obscuring details of call structure. The Anabat II detector and associated zerocrossings analysis system allows an immediate examination, via a laptop computer, of the timefrequency structure of calls as they are detected. These calls can be stored on the hard drive for later examination, editing, and measurement. Many North American bats can be identified to species by qualitatively using certain structural characteristics of calls, primarily approximate maximum and minimum frequencies and morphological aspects of calls e.g., linearity and changes in slope). To identify calls precisely, it is important to use a continuous sequence of calls from an individual in normal flight rather than from single isolated calls. All calls are not equally useful, and many fragmentary calls must be discarded before making a determination. Each sequence of calls must be examined to ensure that multiple bats have not been simultaneously recorded, which confounds correct identification. We found the percentage of nonusable calls within usable vocal sequences to be highest in vespertilionids 20-40\%), whereas for other families this was frequently \&lt;10\%. Active rather than passive collection of data maximizes quality and quantity of diagnostic calls and provides a contextual base for the investigator.</p>
},
	keywords = {Anabat, bats, Chiroptera, echolocation, Eptesicus furinalis, identification, Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasiurus ega, Molossus ater, Molossus molossus, Molossus sinaloae, Myotis californicus, Myotis ciliolabrum, Myotis yumanensis, Noctilio leporinus, Saccopteryx bilineata, Tadarida brasiliensis, technique, vocal signatures},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Farrell, Michael J. and Miller, Bruce W. and Gannon, William L.}
}
@article {53540,
	title = {Noise as an informational cue for decision-making: the sound of rain delays bat emergence},
	journal = {The Journal of Experimental Biology},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Sep-01-2020},
	pages = {jeb.192005},
	abstract = {<p>Background noise can have strong negative consequences on animals, reducing individual fitness by masking communication signals, impeding prey detection and increasing predation risk. While the negative impacts of noise across taxa have been well documented, the use of noise as an informational cue, providing animals with reliable information on environmental conditions has been less well studied. In the tropical rainforest, downpours can be intense and frequent. Strong rainfall may impede efficient orientation and foraging for bats that need echolocation to both navigate and detect prey, and can result in higher flight costs due to increased metabolic rates. Using playback experiments at natural roosts we tested whether two bat species, differing in their hunting strategies and foraging habitats, use rain noise as a cue to delay emergence from their roosts. We found that both species significantly delayed their emergence time during rain noise playbacks compared to silence and ambient noise controls. We conclude that bats can use background noise, here the acoustic component of rainfall, as a reliable informational cue to make informed decisions, here about whether to initiate foraging trips or remain in the shelter of their roosts. Our findings suggest that environmental background noise can sometimes be beneficial to animals, in particular in situations where other sensory cues may be absent.</p>
},
	keywords = {bats, decision-making, foraging, information cues, Noise, rain},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	doi = {10.1242/jeb.192005},
	url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/lookup/doi/10.1242/jeb.192005https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.192005https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.192005},
	author = {Geipel, Inga and Smeekes, Marcus J. and Halfwerk, Wouter and Rachel A. Page}
}
