02145nas a2200109 4500008004100000245013900041210006900180520169300249100002101942700002401963856004801987 1985 eng d00aPhonotactic specificity of the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus: intensity-dependent selectivity for temporal parameters of the stimulus0 aPhonotactic specificity of the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus in3 a

We have investigated the effects of alterations of several temporal parameters of auditory stimuli, as well as of stimulus intensity changes, on the attractiveness of these stimuli to femaleTeleogryllus oceanicus, as measured by monitoring sound-elicited flight steering responses. AlthoughT. oceanicus has a rhythmically complex calling song, females are attracted by a simpler model consisting of regularly repeating sound pulses. We have found that the two major temporal features of this model, sound pulse duration and pulse repetition rate, are both important for eliciting phonotactic steering responses.

Stimuli with altered temporal features had intensity thresholds indistinguishable from the control stimulus (Fig. 3). The majority of crickets, however, ceased to respond to the altered stimuli when the stimulus intensity was sufficiently increased (Figs. 4–7). In some cases, intensity increases resulted in a reversal of the steering response from positive to negative (Fig. 10). Effects of altered temporal parameters were also apparent at lower stimulus intensities, where the amplitudes of steering responses to stimuli with altered parameters were smaller than those in response to the control stimulus (Figs. 8, 9).

We considered the possibility that the cessation of responsiveness to stimuli with altered temporal features was due to a temporal pattern-specific diminution of binaural cues for sound localization at high intensities. Experiments performed with unilaterally deafened crickets (Fig. 11) led us to conclude that this was not the case, and that our findings instead reflect the properties of the song recognition mechanism.

1 aDoolan, Jane, M.1 aPollack, Gerald, S. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0135002902385nas a2200229 4500008004100000245013300041210007000174520162100244653001301865653002501878653001201903653003801915653001101953653002501964653002501989653002502014653000902039653002702048100001502075700002402090856004102114 2001 eng d00aMechanisms of frequency-specific responses of ω neuron 1 in crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus): a polysynaptic pathway for song?0 aMechanisms of frequencyspecific responses of ω neuron 1 in crick3 a

In crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus), the auditory interneuron ω neuron 1 (ON1) responds to sounds over a wide range of frequencies but is most sensitive to the frequency of conspecific songs (4.5 kHz). Response latency is longest for this same frequency. We investigate the mechanisms that might account for the longer latency of ON1 to cricket-like sounds. Intracellular recordings revealed no evidence for appropriately timed postsynaptic inhibition of ON1 that might increase its latency, nor was latency affected by picrotoxin. The onset of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) was delayed for 4.5 kHz stimuli compared with ultrasound stimuli, pointing to a presynaptic locus for the latency difference. When ON1 is stimulated with high frequencies, discrete, apparently unitary EPSPs can be recorded in its dendrite, and these are latency-locked to spikes recorded simultaneously in the auditory nerve. This suggests that input to ON1 from high-frequency-tuned auditory receptor neurons is monosynaptic. In agreement with this, brief ultrasound stimuli evoke a single, short-latency EPSP in ON1. In contrast, the EPSP evoked by a brief 4.5 kHz stimulus consists of an early component, similar in latency to that evoked by ultrasound and possibly evoked by ultrasound-tuned receptors, and a later, dominant component. We interpret the early peak as arising from a monosynaptic afferent pathway and the late peak from a polysynaptic afferent pathway. Multiple-peak EPSPs, with timing similar to those evoked by sound stimuli, were also evoked by electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve.

10aaudition10aauditory interneuron10acricket10aexcitatory postsynaptic potential10aInsect10amonosynaptic pathway10aomega neuron 1 (ON1)10apolysynaptic pathway10asong10aTeleogryllus oceanicus1 aFaulkes, Z1 aPollack, Gerald, S. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/de/node/5762001824nas a2200205 4500008004100000245012200041210006900163300001200232490000800244520115400252653002701406653003001433653001201463653001901475653002701494653001501521100002401536700001701560856004101577 1998 eng d00aRepresentation of behaviorally relevant sound frequencies by auditory receptors in the cricket teleogryllus oceanicus0 aRepresentation of behaviorally relevant sound frequencies by aud a155-1630 v2013 a

Teleogryllus oceanicus is particularly sensitive to two ranges of sound frequency, one corresponding to intraspecific acoustical signals (4-5 kHz) and the other to the echolocation cries of bats (25-50 kHz). We recorded summed responses of the auditory nerve to stimuli in these two ranges. Nerve responses consist of trains of compound action potentials (CAPs), each produced by the summed activity of a number of receptor neurons. The amplitude of the CAP is up to four times larger for stimuli at 4.5 kHz than for stimuli at 30 kHz, suggesting either that the extracellular spikes produced by receptors that respond to 4.5 kHz are larger than those that respond to 30 kHz, or that receptors fire more synchronously in response to stimulation at 4.5 kHz, or that more receptors respond to stimulation at 4.5 kHz. Neither unit spike amplitude nor conduction velocity (which is expected to vary with spike amplitude) differs for the two frequencies, and the responses to 4.5 kHz are not produced by more tightly synchronized receptor populations, as judged by CAP breadth. We conclude that more receptors respond to 4. 5 kHz than to 30 kHz.

10aacoustic communication10acompound action potential10acricket10asensory coding10aTeleogryllus oceanicus10aultrasound1 aPollack, Gerald, S.1 aFaulkes, Zen uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/de/node/5761802220nas a2200181 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131520162800200653001301828653001801841653001201859653002301871653001501894653002001909100001701929700002401946856006801970 2005 eng d00aEffect of the Temporal Pattern of Contralateral Inhibition on Sound Localization Cues0 aEffect of the Temporal Pattern of Contralateral Inhibition on So3 a

We studied the temporal coding properties of identified interneurons in the auditory system of crickets, using information theory as an analytical tool. The ascending neuron 1 (AN1), which is tuned to the dominant carrier frequency (CF) of cricket songs, selectively codes the limited range of amplitude modulation (AM) frequencies that occur in these signals. AN2, which is most sensitive to the ultrasonic frequencies that occur in echolocation calls of insectivorous bats, codes a broader range of AM frequencies, as occur in bat calls. A third neuron, omega neuron 1 (ON1), which is dually tuned to both ranges of carrier frequency, was shown previously to have CF-specific coding properties, allowing it to represent accurately the differing temporal structures of both cricket songs and bat calls. ON1 is a source of contralateral inhibition to AN1 and AN2, enhancing binaural contrast and facilitating sound localization. We used dichotic stimulation to examine the importance of the temporal structure of contralateral inhibition for enhancing binaural contrast. Contralateral inhibition degrades the coding of temporal pattern by AN1 and AN2, but only if the temporal pattern of inhibitory input matches that of excitation. Firing rate is also decreased most strongly by temporally matched contralateral inhibition. This is apparent for AN1 in its mean firing rate; for AN2, high-frequency firing is selectively suppressed. Our results show that the CF-specific coding properties of ON1 allow this single neuron to enhance effectively localization cues for both cricket-like and bat-like acoustic signals.

10aauditory10acommunication10acricket10ainformation theory10aphonotaxis10atemporal coding1 aMarsat, Gary1 aPollack, Gerald, S. uhttp://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0646-05.200500522nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245012300055210006900178260001600247300001400263490000800277100001900285700002400304856004800328 1987 eng d a0340-759400aResponse properties of prothoracic, interganglionic, sound-activated interneurons in the cricketTeleogryllus oceanicus0 aResponse properties of prothoracic interganglionic soundactivate cJan-01-1987 a681 - 6930 v1611 aAtkins, Gordon1 aPollack, Gerald, S. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0060500901375nas a2200145 4500008004100000245010400041210006900145300001200214490000700226520089100233100002001124700002401144700002001168856004101188 1982 eng d00a Species-Recognition in the Field Cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus: Behavioral and Neural Mechanisms0 aSpeciesRecognition in the Field Cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus B a597-6070 v223 a

Field crickets depend on acoustic organs to detect the presence of potential predators as well as conspecific crickets. Predators are recognized largely on the basis of spectral frequencies that are contained in their acoustic signals. Puffs of air and very low frequencies activate a cricket's cercal receptors and ultrasonic frequencies activate their tympanal organs. Both of these acoustic stimuli release "escape behavior," in the form of evasive movements. An identified neuron sensitive to ultrasound is described. Crickets recognize singing conspecifics by both frequency and temporal properties of cricket songs; however species recognition requires specific temporal information in calling songs. While previous studies have emphasized the role of songs on female behavior, males also recognize conspecific songs; sexual differences in recognition behav

1 aHoy, Ronald, R.1 aPollack, Gerald, S.1 aMoiseff, Andrew uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/3882581 01743nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245007800054210006900132260001600201300001400217490000700231520123200238100002501470700002401495856006601519 1996 eng d a0003347200aRecognition of courtship song in the field cricket,Teleogryllus oceanicus0 aRecognition of courtship song in the field cricketTeleogryllus o cJan-02-1996 a353 - 3660 v513 a

The courtship song of the cricket,Teleogryllus oceanicusplays an important role in inducing the female to mount the male, which is necessary for mating. The song consists of a short, amplitude-modulated chirp, followed by a long trill of constant intensity and high syllable rate. Using playback techniques, it was determined which physical parameters of courtship song are necessary and/or sufficient to evoke normal female mounting of muted, courting males. The higher harmonics of natural courtship song were neither necessary nor sufficient for the effectiveness of the song. The chirp component alone was sufficient to evoke normal levels of mounting, but the trill was only partially effective on its own. The conspicuous amplitude modulation of the chirp was not necessary to evoke normal responses. The results suggest that the high effectiveness of the chirp is due to its characteristic temporal pattern. As in other cricket species, the song repertoire ofT. oceanicusalso includes distinct calling and aggression songs, which contain chirps that are structurally similar to the courtship chirp. Both calling and aggression songs evoked normal mounting responses when played back in the context of courtship.

1 aBalakrishnan, Rohini1 aPollack, Gerald, S. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347296900342