01564nas a2200193   4500008004100000245005200041210005200093520101400145653001901159653000901178653001701187653002301204653002301227653001301250100001401263700001301277700001401290856006601304       2019                        eng d00aSensory gaze stabilization in echolocating bats0 aSensory gaze stabilization in echolocating bats3 a<p>Sensing from a moving platform is challenging for both man-made machines and animals. Animals&#39; heads jitter during movement, so if the sensors they carry are not stabilized, any spatial estimation might be biased. Flying animals, like bats, seriously suffer from this problem because flapping flight induces rapid changes in acceleration which moves the body up and down. For echolocating bats, the problem is crucial. Because they emit a sound to sense the world, an unstable head means sound energy pointed in the wrong direction. It is unknown how bats mitigate this problem. By tracking the head and body of flying fruit bats, we show that they stabilize their heads, accurately maintaining a fixed acoustic-gaze relative to a target. Bats can solve the stabilization task even in complete darkness using only echo-based information. Moreover, the bats point their echolocation beam below the target and not towards it, a strategy that should result in better estimations of target elevation.</p>
10aactive sensing10abats10aecholocation10agaze stabilization10asensory perception10atracking1 aEitan, O.1 aKosa, G.1 aYovel, Y.  uhttps://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.149603094nas a2200397   4500008004100000022001300041245005700054210005700111260001600168520180000184653000801984653002301992653001702015653001302032653000802045653002102053653001502074653001702089100002202106700002202128700001802150700001902168700001602187700002502203700003402228700002402262700002302286700001602309700001802325700002602343700002602369700002602395700002502421700001702446856023302463       2018                        eng d  a0960982200aResource Ephemerality Drives Social Foraging in Bats0 aResource Ephemerality Drives Social Foraging in Bats  cJan-11-20183 a<p>Observations of animals feeding in aggregations are often interpreted as events of social foraging, but it can be difficult to determine whether the animals arrived at the foraging sites after collective search [1, 2, 3, 4] or whether they found the sites by following a leader [5, 6] or even independently, aggregating as an artifact of food availability [7, 8]. Distinguishing between these explanations is important, because functionally, they might have very different consequences. In the first case, the animals could benefit from the presence of conspecifics, whereas in the second and third, they often suffer from increased competition [3, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Using novel miniature sensors, we recorded GPS tracks and audio of five species of bats, monitoring their movement and interactions with conspecifics, which could be inferred from the audio recordings. We examined the hypothesis that food distribution plays a key role in determining social foraging patterns [14, 15, 16]. Specifically, this hypothesis predicts that searching for an ephemeral resource (whose distribution in time or space is hard to predict) is more likely to favor social foraging [10, 13, 14, 15] than searching for a predictable resource. The movement and social interactions differed between bats foraging on ephemeral versus predictable resources. Ephemeral species changed foraging sites and showed large temporal variation nightly. They aggregated with conspecifics as was supported by playback experiments and computer simulations. In contrast, predictable species were never observed near conspecifics and showed high spatial fidelity to the same foraging sites over multiple nights. Our results suggest that resource (un)predictability influences the costs and benefits of social foraging.</p>
10abat10abehavioral ecology10aecholocation10aforaging10aGPS10amovement ecology10anavigation10asociobiology1 aEgert-Berg, Katya1 aHurme, Edward, R.1 aGreif, Stefan1 aGoldstein, Aya1 aHarten, Lee1 aM., Luis, Gerardo He1 aFlores-Martínez, José, Juan1 aValdés, Andrea, T.1 aJohnston, Dave, S.1 aEitan, Ofri1 aBorissov, Ivo1 aShipley, Jeremy, Ryan1 aMedellin, Rodrigo, A.1 aWilkinson, Gerald, S.1 aGoerlitz, Holger, R.1 aYovel, Yossi  uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982218312909https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0960982218312909?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0960982218312909?httpAccept=text/plain