02163nas a2200157 4500008004100000245019700041210006900238520132700307653001301634653007501647100002201722700002901744700002101773700002801794856018301822 2020 eng d00aAdvertisement call of two threatened red-bellied-toads, Melanophryniscus cambaraensis and M. macrogranulosus (Anura: Bufonidae), from the Atlantic Rainforest, southern Brazil0 aAdvertisement call of two threatened redbelliedtoads Melanophryn3 a

In anuran amphibians, acoustic signals are fundamental mechanisms of mate recognition and mate choice, which makes frog calls a fundamental tool for anuran taxonomy. In this work, we describe the advertisement call of two species for the genus Melanophryniscus, M. cambaraensis and M. macrogranulosus and use the descriptions to try to solve a taxonomic problem between them. We collected data after heavy rains in three different sample sites in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2012 and 2013. The advertisement call of both species is composed of two segments. It always begins with part A (about 0.44–6 seconds) composed of single modulated pulses separated by long time intervals. It is followed by part B, a long train of unmodulated pulses with short time intervals, lasting from 9 to 32.2 seconds. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated some variation between temporal parameters of the two species, but Multivariate Analysis of Variance showed no significant differences. Within-individual Coefficient of Variation (CV) showed only two static parameters: pulse rate and peak frequency, both in the part B of the call. Despite intra-male variation in some acoustic parameters, it is not possible to differentiate between M. cambaraensis and M. macrogranulosus species only using bioacoustics.

10aAmphibia10aTaxonomy; Bioacoustics; Amphibian; Endemic species; Endangered species1 aCAORSI, VALENTINA1 aBORDIGNON, DEBORA, WOLFF1 aMárquez, Rafael1 aBORGES-MARTINS, MÁRCIO uhttps://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4894.2https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4894.2.2https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/viewFile/65968/6438502374nas a2200181 4500008004100000245009100041210006900132260001600201300001400217490000800231520178000239100002802019700002802047700002102075700002602096700001502122856005502137 2017 eng d00aBehavioural response evoked by conspecific distress calls in two neotropical treefrogs0 aBehavioural response evoked by conspecific distress calls in two cJan-12-2017 a942 - 9480 v1233 a

Anurans emit distress calls when attacked by predators as a defensive mechanism. As distress calls may trigger antipredator behaviour even in individuals that are not under attack, we tested whether this defensive behaviour induced behavioural changes in neighbouring conspecifics. We compared the behavioural responses of two species of Neotropical hylid frogs (genus Boana) to conspecific distress calls and white noise. Individuals of both species interrupted their vocal activity and decreased call rate after hearing the distress call. Natural variation on signal intensity calibrated among the nearest neighbours did not influence the response and we did not observe negative phonotaxis after any acoustic stimulus. Despite the fact that many predators are acoustically oriented, we could not determine if such response (reduced call rate) was induced by risk assessment or by the masking effect on advertisement calls. Boana faber responded similarly to white noise and distress calls, while B. bischoffi responded more intensely to distress calls. Duration of silence after playbacks in B. faber was longer than B. bischoffi. We suggest that, if the signals are interpreted as a risk cue by neighbouring conspecifics, each species may be preyed upon by different predators, as they may have led to distinct defensive strategies and different responses to distress calls. If risk assessment information is included in distress calls, it triggers behavioural responses only in the nearest neighbours, as we did not observe responses on the vocal activity of the interspecific chorus. Our results add relevant data about acoustic communication and interpretations by anurans, highlighting the importance of considering cues within common and widespread signals.

1 aForti, Lucas, Rodriguez1 aForti, Anna, Bárbara B1 aMárquez, Rafael1 aToledo, Luís, Felipe1 aFoster, S. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/eth.2017.123.issue-12