01733nas a2200121 4500008004100000245015200041210006900193520115300262100001901415700002601434700002001460856013101480 2008 eng d00aA re-assessment of the Poecilimon syriacus group (Orthoptera Tettigonioidea, Phaneropteridae) based on bioacoustics, morphology and molecular data 0 areassessment of the Poecilimon syriacus group Orthoptera Tettigo3 a

In this paper a combination of characters is described by which Poecilimon species (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Phaneropteridae) can be recognised as members of the P. syriacus group. All species occur in or around Anatolia – from the island of Samos in the West and the provinces of Artvin and Bitlis in the East to Jerusalem in the South. The molecular data (Ullrich 2007) suggest the following not completely resolved relationship (ersisi (syriacus, (karakushi, (angulatus, obtusicercus n. sp.)), (xenocercus, karabukensis), ((izmirensis, ege) serratus))), while P. uvarovi and P. adentatus as well as P. kutahiensis (molecular data missing) are also considered to belong to the group according to song and/or morphology. The morphological data previously used to define the group are not sufficient to recognize all of its members. Some species differed distinctly in the structure of male genitalia, but the calling songs of all species studied are characterized by an unusually high syllable repetition rate and low number of impulses per syllable. Thus the evolution of genitalia seems to be faster than that of song patterns.

1 aSevgili, Hasan1 aHELLER, KLAUS-GERHARD1 aReinhold, Klaus uhttps://brill.com/view/journals/ise/39/4/article-p361_2.xmlhttps://data.brill.com/files/journals/1876312x_039_04_s002_text.pdf02531nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007900041210006900120520206600189100002902255700002302284700001902307700001802326856005302344 2008 eng d00aMatched Filters, Mate Choice and the Evolution of Sexually Selected Traits0 aMatched Filters Mate Choice and the Evolution of Sexually Select3 a

Background: Fundamental for understanding the evolution of communication systems is both the variation in a signal and how this affects the behavior of receivers, as well as variation in preference functions of receivers, and how this affects the variability of the signal. However, individual differences in female preference functions and their proximate causation have rarely been studied.

Methodology/Principal Findings: Calling songs of male field crickets represent secondary sexual characters and are subject to sexual selection by female choice. Following predictions from the ‘‘matched filter hypothesis’’ we studied the tuning of an identified interneuron in a field cricket, known for its function in phonotaxis, and correlated this with the preference of the same females in two-choice trials. Females vary in their neuronal frequency tuning, which strongly predicts the preference in a choice situation between two songs differing in carrier frequency. A second ‘‘matched filter’’ exists in directional hearing, where reliable cues for sound localization occur only in a narrow frequency range. There is a strong correlation between the directional tuning and the behavioural preference in no-choice tests. This second ‘‘matched filter’’ also varies widely in females, and surprisingly, differs on average by 400 Hz from the neuronal frequency tuning.

Conclusions/Significance: Our findings on the mismatch of the two ‘‘matched filters’’ would suggest that the difference in these two filters appears to be caused by their evolutionary history, and the different trade-offs which exist between sound emission, transmission and detection, as well as directional hearing under specific ecological settings. The mismatched filter situation may ultimately explain the maintenance of considerable variation in the carrier frequency of the male signal despite stabilizing selection.

1 aKostarakos, Konstantinos1 aHartbauer, Manfred1 aRömer, Heiner1 aTregenza, Tom uhttps://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.000300501942nas a2200205 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121520124300190653001701433653001201450653002901462653002101491653001401512653002101526653001301547100001401560700002701574700001501601856012001616 2008 eng d00aSexual dimorphism in auditory mechanics: tympanal vibrations of Cicada orni0 aSexual dimorphism in auditory mechanics tympanal vibrations of C3 a

In cicadas, the tympanum is anatomically intricate and employs complex vibrations as a mechanism for auditory frequency analysis. Using microscanning laser Doppler vibrometry, the tympanal mechanics of Cicada orni can be characterized in controlled acoustical conditions. The tympanum of C. orni moves following a simple drum-like motion, rather than the travelling wave found in a previous study of Cicadatra atra. There is a clear sexual dimorphism in the tympanal mechanics. The large male tympanum is unexpectedly insensitive to the dominant frequency of its own calling song, possibly a reflection of its dual purpose as a sound emitter and receiver. The small female tympanum appears to be mechanically sensitive to the dominant frequency of the male calling song and to high-frequency sound, a capacity never suspected before in these insects. This sexual dimorphism probably results from a set of selective pressures acting in divergent directions, which are linked to the different role of the sexes in sound reception and production. These discoveries serve to indicate that there is far more to be learnt about the development of the cicada ear, its biomechanics and evolution, and the cicada's acoustic behaviour.

10abiomechanics10ahearing10ahigh-frequency reception10alaser vibrometry10apredation10aselective forces10atympanum1 aSueur, J.1 aWindmill, James, F. C.1 aRobert, D. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.018804https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.01880402420nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001400041245014400055210006900199260001600268300001200284490000700296520152100303653001101824653001101835653001201846653001801858653001601876653002101892653001601913653001001929653001501939653001501954653001201969100001701981700001901998700001802017700002002035856005102055 2008 eng d a0006-897700aAuditory Sensitivity of an Acoustic Parasitoid (Emblemasoma sp., Sarcophagidae, Diptera) and the Calling Behavior of Potential Hosts0 aAuditory Sensitivity of an Acoustic Parasitoid iEmblemasomai sp  cJan-01-2008 a16 - 260 v723 a

Using field broadcasts of model male calling songs, we tested whether Tibicen pruinosa and T. chloromera (Homoptera: Cicadidae) are candidate hosts for acoustic parasitoid flies. The model calling song of T. pruinosa attracted 90% of the flies (Sarcophagidae: Emblemasoma sp.; all larvapositing females) when broadcast simultaneously with the model T. chloromera song, a phonotactic bias reconfirmed in single song playbacks. In paired broadcasts of model T. pruinosa songs with different relative amplitudes (3 dB or 6 dB), significantly more flies were attracted to the more powerful song, a result consistent with the responses predicted by a model proposed by Forrest and Raspet [1994]. Using intracellular recordings and dye injections, we characterized the sensitivity of auditory units in sound-trapped flies. Intracellular recordings from six auditory units (5 interneurons, 1 afferent) revealed best sensitivity for frequencies near 3-4 kHz, matching the predominant spectral components of the calling songs of both species of cicada. Interestingly, although flies could be attracted to T. pruinosa broadcasts throughout the day, hourly censuses of singing males revealed that calling occurred exclusively at dusk. Furthermore, the duration of the dusk chorus in T. pruinosa was significantly shorter than the midday chorus of the less attractive song of T. chloromera. We propose that the tight temporal aggregation of the dusk chorus time could function to reduce risk from attracted parasitoids.

10aChorus10aCicada10acricket10aDiel Behavior10aEmblemasoma10afrequency tuning10ainterneuron10aOrmia10aparasitoid10aphonotaxis10aTibicen1 aFarris, H.E.1 aOshinsky, M.L.1 aForrest, T.G.1 aHoy, Ronald, R. uhttps://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/13945802154nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001300041245009700054210006900151260001600220300001600236490000800252520147100260653001501731653001901746653001301765653002501778653003201803100001601835700001501851856007001866 2008 eng d a0028646X00aUltrasonic acoustic emissions in drought-stressed trees - more than signals from cavitation?0 aUltrasonic acoustic emissions in droughtstressed trees more than cJan-09-2008 a1070 - 10790 v1793 a 10acavitation10adrought stress10aembolism10atree water deficit10aultrasonicacoustic emission1 aZweifel, R.1 aZeugin, F. uhttp://blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nph.2008.179.issue-402540nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245010300055210006900158260001600227300001600243490000800259520175600267653001302023653002302036653001302059653001202072653001902084653002002103100002102123700001402144700002002158856012002178 2008 eng d a0022-094900aCues for acoustic detection of prey: insect rustling sounds and the influence of walking substrate0 aCues for acoustic detection of prey insect rustling sounds and t cJan-09-2008 a2799 - 28060 v2113 a

When insects walk, they generally produce sounds. These can reveal the walkers' presence and location to potential predators such as owls, bats and nocturnal primates. Additionally, predators might extract information on taxon, palatability, size or profitability from the rustling sounds. In contrast to ear morphology, hearing physiology and psychoacoustics of acoustically oriented predators, little attention has hitherto been paid to the acoustic structure and information content of prey sounds. An important element in the ecology of acoustic prey detection remained virtually unexplored: the influence of the substrate type on rustling sounds. In this study, we analysed amplitude and frequency parameters from insects walking on various natural substrates, in both Germany (Carabus beetles) and Madagascar (various beetles and cockroaches). The data show that rustling sound amplitude and frequency content depend on substrate type. On moist substrates arthropods produced less intense and less broadband rustling sounds than on dry substrates. Sound pressure level was reduced by about 6 dB, halving the detection range for the predator. For a given insect, rustling sound amplitude increased with walking speed. Finally, we found that the previously established correlation of arthropod size and rustling amplitude holds across multiple substrates. Based on these data, we provide for the first time estimates of realistic detection distances in the field. These distances range from below 1 m to over 13 m, depending on the substrate, insect mass, walking speed and background noise level. These estimates are crucial for an understanding of the foraging ecology, foraging efficiency and sensory ecology of acoustic predators.

10aauditory10adetection distance10aforaging10ahearing10aprey detection10asensory ecology1 aGoerlitz, H., R.1 aGreif, S.1 aSiemers, B., M. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.019596https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.01959602214nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245008800055210006900143260001600212300001600228490000800244520146400252653002101716653001801737653001201755653002501767653001901792100002101811700001501832700001701847856012001864 2008 eng d a0022-094900aComparing passive and active hearing: spectral analysis of transient sounds in bats0 aComparing passive and active hearing spectral analysis of transi cMar-06-2009 a1850 - 18580 v2113 a

n vision, colour constancy allows the evaluation of the colour of objects independent of the spectral composition of a light source. In the auditory system, comparable mechanisms have been described that allows the evaluation of the spectral shape of sounds independent of the spectral composition of ambient background sounds. For echolocating bats, the evaluation of spectral shape is vitally important both for the analysis of external sounds and the analysis of the echoes of self-generated sonar emissions. Here, we investigated how the echolocating bat Phyllostomus discolor evaluates the spectral shape of transient sounds both in passive hearing and in echolocation as a specialized mode of active hearing. Bats were trained to classify transients of different spectral shape as low- or highpass. We then assessed how the spectral shape of an ambient background noise influenced the spontaneous classification of the transients. In the passive-hearing condition, the bats spontaneously changed their classification boundary depending on the spectral shape of the background. In the echo-acoustic condition, the classification boundary did not change although the background- and spectral-shape manipulations were identical in the two conditions. These data show that auditory processing differs between passive and active hearing: echolocation represents an independent mode of active hearing with its own rules of auditory spectral analysis.

10abackground noise10acall analysis10ahearing10aperceptual constancy10aspectral shape1 aGoerlitz, H., R.1 aHubner, M.1 aWiegrebe, L. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.017715https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.01771502119nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245015700055210006900212260002000281300001400301490000700315520132200322653001401644653002301658653002601681653002001707653002901727653002501756100002001781700001701801856007101818 2008 eng d a0367-504100aNew data on the "silver-bell cricket" (Orthoptera, Gryllidae), a forgotten and overlooked cricket subject to a high risk of extinction in western Europe0 aNew data on the silverbell cricket Orthoptera Gryllidae a forgot cSep-25-20082263 a171 - 1800 v643 a

Gryllodinus kerkennensis (Finot, 1893) presents a disjunct distribution in the Southern part of the Western Palearctic from North Africa up to Central Asia inhabiting arid, semidesert or desert land mostly associated with saline soils near water sources of lagoons or river beds depressions. The species was not recorded in Western Europe (Iberian Peninsula) since 1936 and up to now it is currently excluded from all red list books for Orthopteran conservation. In this paper we report a few and localised populations of this cricket in Castilla-La Mancha inhabiting sandy shores of hiper-saline lagoons. We also provide information on its biometrics, phenology, ecology and behaviour including data of all collection specimens of the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN). Because of its audible and particular song, we propose campaigns of night listening points to search for this species in other potential sites where it could be present. We believe that this species may be subject to a high risk of extinction in the Iberian Peninsula, and thus in the whole Western Europe. This is because of their restricted populations and the fragility of its specific habitat. We propose an urgent integral protection and the inclusion of the species in the lists of highly endangered invertebrate species.

10aarid land10aCastilla-La Mancha10adisjunct distribution10aextinction risk10aGryllodinus kerkennensis10ahiper-saline lagoons1 aCordero, P., J.1 aLlorente, V. uhttp://graellsia.revistas.csic.es/index.php/graellsia/issue/view/401367nas a2200169 4500008004100000245010200041210007000143300001000213490000800223520081800231653004101049653001001090653001501100653001401115100002701129856004101156 2008 eng d00aThe Orthoptera Fauna (Insecta: Orthoptera) from Paşcani and Surroundings (Romania, Iasi County)0 aOrthoptera Fauna Insecta Orthoptera from Paşcani and Surroundin a73-800 vLIV3 aPaşcani town is located on the western part of Iaşi County, between the rivers Siret and Moldova, this region being a mosaic of ecosystems: grasslands and lawns, decidous and coniferous forests with glades. During our studies on this area, which begun in 2001, there were identified 60 orthoptera species. Among those, 31 species live in town ecosystems. This high number of species is due to the higher temperatures, with 2-3oC inside the town. The forest Codrii Pascanilor represents the eastern limit for the distribution area of Isophya stysi, so far this species being known from the western and interior parts of the Carpathians Mountains. The species Acheta domestica and Tetrix tuerki are new reportings for Moldova, meanwhile the hybrid Chorthippus albomarginatus × oschei is new for Romanian fauna.10aChorthippus albomarginatus × oschei10afauna10aOrthoptera10aPaşcani1 aIorgu, Ionuț, Ștefan uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/es/node/4780701621nas a2200181 4500008004100000245009300041210006900134300001000203490000800213520106600221653001701287653001301304653001601317653001601333100002701349700002201376856004101398 2008 eng d00aBioacoustic studies on some cricket species (Insecta:Orthoptera: Gryllidae) from Romania0 aBioacoustic studies on some cricket species InsectaOrthoptera Gr a57-640 vLIV3 a

There are 9 cricket species known from Romania belonging to the family Gryllidae. The ordinary stridulation of 7 species of those has been analyzed in this paper. The species belonging to the subfamily Gryllinae: Gryllus campestris, Acheta domestica, Melanogryllus desertus, Modicogryllus frontalis and Modicogryllus truncatus stridulate especially in the afternoon and in the evening, rarely during daytime, meanwhile the species Pteronemobius heydenii from the subfamily Nemobiinae stridulate only during daytime and especially by sunny weather, while the only species belonging to the subfamily Oecanthinae from our country fauna, Oecanthus pellucens, stridulate at night, very rarely during daytime (mostly in autumn). Details of the stridulatory vein and identification criteria for the studied cricket species are presented in this paper; also we have annalysed the spectrograms and the oscillograms for the ordinary stridulation of the 7 species. The species Modicogryllus truncatus, collected at Mărăşeşti, is a new report for Moldavia.

10abioacoustics10acrickets10aoscillogram10aspectrogram1 aIorgu, Ionuț, Ștefan1 aMustata, Gheorghe uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/es/node/4779202447nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001300041245010900054210006900163260001600232300001200248490000800260520173000268653002201998653001302020653001702033653002202050653002002072653003002092100002202122700002702144856004602171 2008 eng d a0021996700aNeuroanatomy of the complex tibial organ of Stenopelmatus (Orthoptera: Ensifera: Stenopelmatidae)0 aNeuroanatomy of the complex tibial organ of iStenopelmatusi Orth cJan-11-2008 a81 - 910 v5113 a

Stenopelmatidae (or “Jerusalem crickets”) belong to the atympanate Ensifera, lacking hearing organs in the foreleg tibiae. Their phylogenetic position is controversial, either as a taxon in Tettigonioidea or within the clade of Gryllacridoidea. Similarly, the origin of tibial auditory systems in Ensifera is controversial. Therefore, we investigated the neuronal structures of the proximal tibiae of Stenopelmatus spec. with the hypothesis that internal sensory structures are similar to those in tympanate Ensifera. In Stenopelmatus the complex tibial organ consists of three neuronal parts: the subgenual organ, the intermediate organ, and a third part with linearly arranged neurons. This tripartite organization is also found in tympanate Ensifera, verifying our hypothesis. The third part of the sense organ found in Stenopelmatus can be regarded by the criterion of position as homologous to auditory receptors of hearing Tettigonioidea. This crista acustica homolog is found serially in all thoracic leg pairs and contains 20 ± 2 chordotonal neurons in the foreleg. The tibial organ was shown to be responsive to vibration, with a broad threshold of about 0.06 ms−2 in a frequency range from 100–600 Hz. The central projection of tibial sensory neurons terminates into two equally sized lobes in the primary sensory neuropil, the medial ventral association center. The data are discussed comparatively to those of other Ensifera and mapped phylogenetically onto recently proposed phylogenies for Ensifera. The crista acustica homolog could represent a neuronal rudiment of a secondarily reduced ear, but neuronal features are also consistent with an evolutionary preadaptation.

10achordotonal organ10aEnsifera10aneuroanatomy10asensory evolution10aStenopelmatidae10avibrational communication1 aStrauß, Johannes1 aLakes-Harlan, Reinhard uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cne.v511%3A102840nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245020100055210006900256260001600325300001400341490000700355520200100362653002102363653002002384653001302404653001902417653001802436653001702454653003002471100002202501700002702523856004802550 2008 eng d a0006-897700aNeuroanatomy and Physiology of the Complex Tibial Organ of an Atympanate Ensiferan, Ametrus tibialis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888) (Gryllacrididae, Orthoptera) and Evolutionary Implications0 aNeuroanatomy and Physiology of the Complex Tibial Organ of an At cJan-01-2008 a167 - 1800 v713 a

We investigated the neuroanatomy and physiology of the complex tibial organ of an atympanate ensiferan, the Gryllacridid Ametrus tibialis. This represents the first analysis of internal mechanoceptors in Gryllacridids. The complex tibial organ is tripartite consisting of a subgenual organ, intermediate organ and a homologue organ to the crista acustica of tympanate ensiferan taxa of Tettigoniidae, Haglidae, and Anostostomatidae. The crista homologue contains 23 ± 2 receptor neurons in the foreleg. It is associated with the leg trachea and found serially in all three thoracic leg pairs. Central projections of the sensory nerve of the complex tibial organ bifurcate in two lobes in the prothoracic ganglion, which do not reach the midline. The axonal endings project into the mVAC, the main vibratory-auditory neuropile of Ensifera. Recordings of the tibial nerve show that the tibial organ is sensitive to vibrational stimuli with a minimum threshold of 0.02 to 0.05 ms–2 at 200–500 Hz, but rather insensitive to airborne sound. The main function of the tibial organ is therefore vibration sensing, although the specific function of the crista homologue remains unclear. The presence of the crista acustica homologue is interpreted in phylogenetic context. Because ensiferan phylogeny is unresolved, two alternative scenarios can be deduced: (a) the crista homologue is a precursor structure which was co-opted as an auditory system and represent a morphologically highly specialized structure before acquisition of its new function; (b) a previously functional tibial ear is evolutionary reduced but the neuronal structures are maintained. Based on comparison of neuroanatomical details, the crista acustica homologue of A. tibialis could present the neuronal complement of an ear evolutionary precursor structure, which was successively made sensitive to airborne sound by elaboration of cuticular tympana, auditory spiracle and trachea for sound propagation.

10aAmetrus tibialis10aauditory system10aEnsifera10aGryllacrididae10ahearing organ10aneuroanatomy10avibrational communication1 aStrauß, Johannes1 aLakes-Harlan, Reinhard uhttp://www.karger.com/doi/10.1159/00011440501245nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245006600055210006500121260001600186300001400202490000700216520072400223100001800947700001900965700002200984856006901006 2008 eng d a0952-462200aSeewave, a free modular tool for sound analysis and synthesis0 aSeewave a free modular tool for sound analysis and synthesis cJan-01-2008 a213 - 2260 v183 a

We review Seewave, new software for analysing and synthesizing sounds. Seewave is free and works on a wide variety of operating systems as an extension of the R operating environment. Its current 67 functions allow the user to achieve time, amplitude and frequency analyses, to estimate quantitative differences between sounds, and to generate new sounds for playback experiments. Thanks to its implementation in the R environment, Seewave is fully modular. All functions can be combined for complex data acquisition and graphical output, they can be part of important scripts for batch processing and they can be modified ad libitum. New functions can also be written, making Seewave a truly open-source tool.

1 aSueur, Jerome1 aAubin, Thierry1 aSimonis, Caroline uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09524622.2008.9753600