02126nas a2200289   4500008004100000245004100041210004100082260001600123300001400139490000700153520135700160653002401517653001901541653000901560653001201569653001201581653002301593653001601616100002201632700002501654700002501679700002201704700002201726700002001748700002501768856004301793       2018                        eng d00aManatee behavioral response to boats0 aManatee behavioral response to boats  cJan-10-2018  a924 - 9620 v343 a<p>The long‐term viability of the Florida manatee is threatened in part by mortality from boat collisions. This study investigated manatee behavior during boat approaches to better understand factors that lead to manatee&ndash;boat collisions. Digital acoustic recording tags (DTAGs) and Argos‐linked GPS tags were deployed on 18 manatees in southwest Florida, and boat traffic around them was mapped. Suites of manatee behavioral, environmental, and boat‐related factors were recorded during opportunistic boat passes. We built generalized linear mixed models to determine which factors accounted for variation in occurrence, number, and timing of manatee behavioral changes during boat passes. Manatees responded to boats, changing their orientation, depth, and fluking behavior most often when a boat approached closely (&lt;10 m). Manatees were also more likely to change their depth when not on a seagrass bed and when actively fluking before a boat pass. Boat speed did not affect the occurrence or intensity of manatee response. Compared to fast approaches, however, slower passes allowed the manatee more time to respond, and behavioral change occurred earlier relative to the time of the boat&#39;s closest point of approach. We conclude that faster boats likely pose a greater risk of collision with manatees than do slower boats.</p>
10abehavioral response10aboat collision10aDTAG10aFlorida10amanatee10aTrichechus manatus10aWest Indian1 aRycyk, Athena, M.1 aDeutsch, Charles, J.1 aBarlas, Margaret, E.1 aHardy, Stacie, K.1 aFrisch, Katherine1 aLeone, Erin, H.1 aNowacek, Douglas, P.  uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mms.v34.401980nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245005600055210005300111260001600164300001400180490000800194520140300202653002401605653001201629653002701641653001201668653001701680100002201697856005501719       2004                        eng d  a0340-759400aLong-distance, low-frequency elephant communication0 aLongdistance lowfrequency elephant communication  cJan-10-2004  a791 - 8050 v1903 a<p>The production, transmission, and reception of and the behavioral response to long-distance, low-frequency sound by elephants is reviewed. The structure of low-frequency calls generated by elephants is separated into the &ldquo;source&rdquo; and the &ldquo;filter&rdquo; roles played by the lungs, larynx and vocal track, the composition of the expired air and the ambient air temperature. Implications regarding the size, age, sex, sexual and physical status follow from the call structure and detection. Reception of the signal is discussed in terms of the characteristics of the elephant&rsquo;s ear with particular attention to the determination of the threshold of hearing and the ability to locate the source of low-frequency sounds. Factors which influence the transmission of near infrasound are related to atmospheric structure. The critical role played by the thermal stratification and vertical gradient and magnitude of the wind in determining both the range and the detection of a signal are discussed for open and closed elephant habitats. Infrasound plays a pervasive role in reproduction, resource utilization, avoidance of predation and other social interactions. Current and future technology can be expected to contribute to the detection and interpretation of elephant communication. This will aid in the understanding of behavior and in efforts to sustain the species.</p>
10abehavioral response10acalling10aElephant communication10ahearing10atransmission1 aGarstang, Michael  uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-004-0553-0