02386nas a2200193   4500008004100000245009800041210006900139520176800208653001901976653001201995653002902007653002202036653001302058653001902071100001502090700001402105700001602119856005702135       2011                        eng d00aSound-induced tympanal membrane motion in bushcrickets and its relationship to sensory output0 aSoundinduced tympanal membrane motion in bushcrickets and its re3 a<p>n the auditory system of bushcrickets, sound can reach the receptors via two different paths: (i) by acting on the outside of the tympana situated on both sides of each foreleg or (ii) through the acoustic trachea that opens at a spiracle on the thorax. While the spiracle is considered to be the main point of sound entry for higher audio and ultrasonic frequencies, the role of the tympana is still unclear. The tympana border the air-filled acoustic trachea as well as the fluid-filled haemolymph channel containing the receptor organs. To understand their role during sound transduction, the sound-induced neuronal response of the hearing organ was recorded in combination with measurement of tympanal membrane motion using laser-Doppler vibrometry. For far-field stimulation, the frequency of the most sensitive hearing (&sim;16 kHz) matched the frequency of a pronounced maximum of tympanal membrane vibration. A second maximum of tympanum motion at lower frequencies (&sim;7 kHz) was correlated with an increased nerve activity at higher intensities (&gt;70 dB sound pressure level, SPL). These correlations support the hypothesis of functional coupling between tympanum motion and nerve activity. When sound stimuli were applied locally, through either the tympanum or the spiracle, significant differences between tympanum motion and nerve activity were found. These discrepancies show that tympanum motion and neuronal response are not coupled directly and that there is no linear relationship with the applied SPL. Taken together, these data verify a functional, albeit indirect, coupling of tympanum motion and sensory cell activity for one of the pronounced vibration maxima, which appears to represent a resonance frequency of the tympanum.</p>
10ainsect hearing10akatydid10alaser-Doppler vibrometer10aMecopoda elongata10aspiracle10atympanal nerve1 aHummel, J.1 aKossl, M.1 aNowotny, M.  uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.05444501637nas a2200205   4500008004100000245014200041210006900183300001200252490000700264520097800271653001701249653001201266653001801278653002001296100001901316700001601335700001901351700002001370856004101390       2011                        eng d00aAcoustic and Molecular Differentiation between Macropters and Brachypters of Eobiana engelhardti engelhardti (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea)0 aAcoustic and Molecular Differentiation between Macropters and Br  a636-6440 v503 aThis study focused on the wing dimorphism of Eobiana engelhardti engelhardti (Uvarov 1926). To examine acoustic differences between macropters and brachypters, we recorded and analyzed the calling songs of the 2 forms. Moreover, the vocal organs of E. e. engelhardti were also observed under optical and scanning electric microscopy. As a result, there were 3 “dynamic” song traits which had signi cant differences between the 2 forms, but no obvious differences were observed in vocal organs. For macropters, we assumed that differentiation of these calling songs showed compensation for a reproductive disadvantage. Finally, some molecular biology experiments were conducted to examine differences between the 2 forms at the molecular biology level; as a result, brachypterous insects were grouped in a clade, while macropterous insects were grouped into another, which indicates that these molecular differences had already occurred before these macropters migrated.10ainsect songs10akatydid10atoothed files10awing dimorphism1 aWang, Yinliang1 aZhang, Jian1 aLi, Xiao-Qiang1 aRen, Bing-Zhong  uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/fi/node/47790