02446nas a2200205   4500008004100000245007100041210006900112520175400181653002401935653002401959653002601983653002402009653001102033653001902044100002602063700002202089700002202111700002102133856008602154       2019                        eng d00aExperience modulates an insect’s response to anthropogenic noise0 aExperience modulates an insect s response to anthropogenic noise3 a<p>In response to anthropogenic noise, vertebrates express modified acoustic communication signals either through individual plasticity or local population adaptation. In contrast, how insects respond to this stressor is poorly studied. Field crickets Gryllus bimaculatus use acoustic signals to attract and locate mates and are commonly found in noisy roadside environments, offering a powerful system to study the effects of anthropogenic noise on insect communication. Rapid repetition of sexual calls (chirps) is essential to attract females, but calling incurs energetic costs and attracts predators. As a result, males are predicted to reduce calling rates when background noise is high. Here, we combine observations and experimental playbacks to show that the responses of field cricket males to anthropogenic noise also depend on their previous experience with passing cars. First, we show that males living on highway edges decrease their chirp rate in response to passing cars. To assess whether this behavioral response depends on previous exposure to car noise, we then broadcast recordings of car noise to males located at different distances from the road and, therefore, with different previous exposure to car noise. Although all tested individuals responded to broadcasted traffic noise, males closest to the road decreased their chirp rate less than individuals calling further from the road. These results suggest that regular exposure to anthropogenic noise may decrease individuals&rsquo; sensitivity and behavioral responses to noise, allowing them to maintain effective signaling rates. Behavioral plasticity modulated by experience may thus allow some insect species to cope with human-induced environmental stressors.</p>
10aacoustic adaptation10aanthropogenic noise10abehavioral plasticity10aGryllus bimaculatus10aInsect10asexual signals1 aGallego-Abenza, Mario1 aMathevon, Nicolas1 aWheatcroft, David1 aCandolin, Ulrika  uhttps://academic.oup.com/beheco/advance-article/doi/10.1093/beheco/arz159/557470301850nas a2200121   4500008004100000245010800041210006900149260001600218520140700234100002201641700002201663856004301685       2017                        eng d00aReproductive character displacement of female, but not male song discrimination in an avian hybrid zone0 aReproductive character displacement of female but not male song   cNov-05-20173 a<p>Divergence of male sexual signals and female preferences for those signals often maintains reproductive boundaries between closely related, co-occurring species. However, contrasting sources of selection, such as interspecific competition, can lead to weak divergence or even convergence of sexual signals in sympatry. When signals converge, assortative mating can be maintained if the mating preferences of females diverge in sympatry (reproductive character displacement; RCD), but there are few explicit examples. Pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) are sympatric with collared flycatchers (F. albicollis) on the Baltic island of &Ouml;land, where males from both species compete over nestboxes, their songs converge, and the two species occasionally hybridize. We compare song discrimination of male and female pied flycatchers on &Ouml;land and in an allopatric population on the Swedish mainland. Using field choice trials, we show that male pied flycatchers respond similarly to the songs of both species in sympatry and in allopatry, while female pied flycatchers express stronger discrimination against heterospecific songs in sympatry than in allopatry. These results are consistent with RCD of song discrimination of female pied flycatchers where they co-occur with collared flycatchers, which should maintain species assortative mating despite convergence of male sexual signals.</p>
1 aWheatcroft, David1 aQvarnström, Anna  uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/evo.13267