02554nas a2200193 4500008004100000245007500041210006900116520185900185653001702044653004502061653001202106653002902118653001102147653001302158100001702171700002602188700002602214856012002240 2011 eng d00aNo evidence for DPOAEs in the mechanical motion of the locust tympanum0 aNo evidence for DPOAEs in the mechanical motion of the locust ty3 a

Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) are present in non-linear hearing organs, and for low-intensity sounds are a by-product of active processes. In vertebrate ears they are considered to be due to hair cell amplification of sound in the cochlea; however, certain animals lacking a cochlea and hair cells are also reported to be capable of DPOAEs. In the Insecta, DPOAEs have been recorded from the locust auditory organ. However, the site of generation of these DPOAEs and the physiological mechanisms causing their presence in the locust ear are not yet understood, despite there being a number of potential places in the tympanal organ that could be capable of generating DPOAEs. This study aimed to record locust tympanal membrane vibration using a laser Doppler vibrometer in order to identify a distinct place of DPOAE generation on the membrane. Two species of locust were investigated over a range of frequencies and levels of acoustic stimulus, mirroring earlier acoustic recording studies; however, the current experiments were carried out in an open acoustic system. The laser measurements did not find any evidence of mechanical motion on the tympanal membrane related to the expected DPOAE frequencies. The results of the current study therefore could not confirm the presence of DPOAEs in the locust ear through the mechanics of the tympanal membrane. Experiments were also carried out to test how membrane behaviour altered when the animals were in a state of hypoxia, as this was previously found to decrease DPOAE magnitude, suggesting a metabolic sensitivity. However, hypoxia did not have any significant effect on the membrane mechanics. The location of the mechanical generation of DPOAEs in the locust’s ear, and
therefore the basis for the related physiological mechanisms, thus remains unknown.

10abioacoustics10adistortion-product otoacoustic emissions10ahearing10alaser Doppler vibrometry10alocust10atympanum1 aMoir, H., M.1 aJackson, Joseph, Curt1 aWindmill, James, F.C. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.056465https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.05646502286nas a2200121 4500008004100000245007100041210006700112520188600179100002002065700001502085700002302100856004102123 1989 eng d00aThe neuroethology of acoustic startle and escape in flying insects0 aneuroethology of acoustic startle and escape in flying insects3 a

The acoustic startle/escape response is a phylogenetically widespread behavioral act, provoked by an intense, unexpected sound. At least six orders of insects have evolved tympanate ears that serve acoustic behavior that ranges from sexual communication to predator detection. Insects that fly at night are vulnerable to predation by insectivorous bats that detect and locate their prey by using biosonar signals. Of the six orders of insects that possess tympanate hearing organs, four contain species that fly at night and, in these, hearing is sensitive to a range of ultrasonic frequencies found in the biosonar signals of bats. Laboratory and field studies have shown that these insects (including some orthopterans, lepidopterans, neuropterans and dictyopterans), when engaged in flight behavior, respond to ultrasound by suddenly altering their flight, showing acoustic startle or negative phonotaxis, which serve as bat-avoidance behavior. A neural analysis of ultrasound-mediated escape behavior was undertaken in the field cricket Telegryllus oceanicus. An identified thoracic interneuron, int-1, was shown to trigger the escape response, but only when the cell was driven (synaptically or electrically) at high spike rates, and only when the insect was performing flight behavior; avoidance steering only occurs in the appropriate behavioral context: flight. Thus, significant constraints operate upon the ability of int-1 to trigger the escape response. The integration of auditory input and flight central pattern generator output occurs in the brain. It is found that neural activity descending from the brain in response to stimulation by ultrasound is increased when the insect is flying compared to when it is not. Although the behavioral act of avoidance steering may appear to be a simple reflex act, further analysis shows it to be anything but simple.

1 aHoy, Ronald, R.1 aNolen, Tom1 aBrodfuehrer, Peter uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/fr/node/5766801128nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001300041245016500054210006900219260002000288300001200308490000800320520040900328653002100737653001400758653001700772653001600789653001500805653001200820653001200832100002300844856003100867 2018 eng d a1026051X00aNote on acoustic signals of grasshopper males of the genera Epacromius and Platypygius (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae) from Russia and adjacent territories0 aNote on acoustic signals of grasshopper males of the genera Epac cJun-16-20182071 a21 - 240 v3703 a

Acoustic courtship of males of three species, Epacromius pulverulentus, E. tergistinus and Platypygius crassus from Russia (Southern Siberia) and Ukraine (Cis-Azov Region), are described and illustrated by oscillograms at the first time. There are two types of stridulation: tegmina-femoral (all species) and tibia-tegminal (E. tergistinus). Calling signals for these species are not recognized.

10aacoustic signals10aAcrididae10agrasshoppers10aOedipodinae10aOrthoptera10aSiberia10aUkraine1 aBenediktov, А.А. uhttp://www.biosoil.ru/FEE/01759nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245018500055210006900240260001600309300001400325490000700339520095800346653001401304653001601318653001701334653001601351653001501367653002101382100001601403700001501419700001801434856006501452 2010 eng d a1125-000300aSound production of two endemic Oedipodinae grasshoppers from the Iberian Peninsula: Jacobsiella imitans and Leptopternis candidus lusitanicus (Orthoptera: Acrididae)0 aSound production of two endemic Oedipodinae grasshoppers from th cSep-12-2010 a443 - 4520 v773 a

In this study, which was conducted with captive specimens kept in wooden cages and separated by sex, the sounds produced by Jacobsiella imitans (Brunner, 1882) and Leptopternis candidus lusitanicus (Ebner, 1941) (Orthoptera, Acrididae) are described. Sounds were recorded with a digital audio tape recorder; the signal was digitized and then analysed with the Avisoft® software. Two types of sound, both produced by stridulation, were recorded in these species: an interaction song, produced when specimens are disturbed by others, and a courtship song, emitted by males when mounting another individual in trying to copulate. In both species, females are mute. Data concerning the time and frequency domains of these sounds are presented. The behaviour observed by both species in nature and that displayed when interacting with other individuals and during courtship are described. The role of song as an isolation mechanism is discussed.

10abehaviour10aJacobsiella10aLeptopternis10aOedipodinae10aOrthoptera10asound production1 aLarrosa, E.1 aGarcia, M.1 aPresa, J., J. uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1125000090345783001713nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245011100055210006900166260001600235300000800251490000700259520123500266100001701501856004901518 1972 eng d a0004-959X00aCommunicative aspects of reproductive behaviour in Australian grasshoppers (Oedipodinae and Gomphocerinae)0 aCommunicative aspects of reproductive behaviour in Australian gr cJan-01-1972 a1390 v203 a

Communicative behaviour of nine species of Australian grasshoppers (seven Oedipodinae and two Gomphocerinae) is described and compared to North American and European species. Most signal types are represented in all three continents. Most similarities between the three groups are probably due to the retention of characteristics present in common ancestors. Other similarities evidently are convergent (i.e. arose independently in each continent); these include: (1) loss of femoro-tegminal stridulation in several species; (2) changes in the function of signals from one communicative context to another; (3) the ritualization of kicking movements (i.e. the evolution of signals from non-communicative kicking movements) ; (4) the evolution of specialized flight sounds in the Gomphocerinae. Female attracting flight displays are performed by relatively few Australian Oedipodinae. Characteristics of an individual that are closely associated with behaviour or physiological states of that individual and that are relevant to the activities or wellbeing of other individuals have a greater probability of becoming signals (becoming ritualized) than movements that occur in many situations (i.e. that are unpredictable).

1 aOtte, Daniel uhttp://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=ZO972013901275nas a2200145 4500008004100000245010200041210006900143260001600212300001200228490000700240520078700247100001401034700002801048856005301076 1970 eng d00aACOUSTICAL AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE GRASSHOPPER CHIMAROCEPHALA PACIFICA PACIFICA (OEDIPODINAE)0 aACOUSTICAL AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE GRASSHOPPER CHIMAROCEPHAL cJan-03-1970 a71 - 840 v133 a

The oedipodine grasshopper Chimarocephala pacifica pacifica employs a variety of acoustic and visual signals for communication between the sexes and between members of the same sex. These signals, which are expressed in the form of stridulations and vibrations by the male or as the waving-gesture by both sexes, characterize either the premating and mating state or the state of disturbance and defence, depending on the circumstances that elicit these expressions. The occurrence and timing of copulation are dictated by the cyclic sexual receptivity and non-receptivity behaviour phases of the female. Oscillograms and spectrograms of vibration and stridulation by the male are presented. The behaviour terminology employed in grasshopper studies is critically reviewed.

1 aLoher, W.1 aChandrashekaran, M., K. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/eea.1970.13.issue-101816nas a2200121 4500008004100000245015000041210006900191300001000260490000700270520135100277100002501628856004101653 1972 eng d00aAcoustic Communication and Differences in the Biology of Two Sibling Species of Grasshoppers, Acrotylus insubricus and A. patruelis0 aAcoustic Communication and Differences in the Biology of Two Sib a17-240 v653 a

In Israel, sexually mature adults of the sibling species of grashoppers Acrotylus insubricus (Scopoli) and A. patruelis (Herrich-Shaffer) occur both allopatrically and sympatrically. To distinguish between the 2 species in areas of sympatry and to help resolve their confused taxonomy, nonmorphological criteria were sought. The mating and acoustic behavior of these species and some aspects of their biology were therefore studies.

No species-specific differences in mating or acoustic behaviour were found. Stridulatory songs of the 2 species were similar for all parameters studied, as was substrate drumming, studied both as airborne sound and solidborne sound (i.e., substrate vibrations). No response to playback of either form of sound, or of substrate vibrations as such, was obtained under the conditions of our experiments.

Under identical conditions of incubation, eggs of A. patreulis hatched in a significantly hsorter time than those of A. insubricus, and gave rise to uniformly grey nymphs differing from the black-headed, light-bodied nymphs of the latter species. Under "no-choice" laboratory conditions, F1 hybrids were obtained from each of teh reciprocal parental crosses. Songs of hybrid males could not be distinguished from those of the parent species.

1 aBlondheim, Syril, A. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/fr/node/1725500594nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245014500055210006900200260001600269300001400285490000700299100002100306700001900327700001800346856007200364 1969 eng d a0031-935X00aThe Stridulation of Sexually Mature Males of Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. and F.) in Relation to Temperature and Some Other Factors0 aStridulation of Sexually Mature Males of Locusta migratoria migr cJan-10-1969 a417 - 4280 v421 aBar-Ilan, A., R.1 aShulov, A., S.1 aPener, M., P. uhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/physzool.42.4.3015551300865nas a2200121 4500008004100000245014100041210006900182300001000251490000700261520041800268100001800686856003900704 1985 eng d00aField Behavior And Sound Production By The Grasshopper Sphingonotus rubescens (Orthoptera, Acrididae) On Tenerife, Canary Islands0 aField Behavior And Sound Production By The Grasshopper iSphingon a37-420 v963 a

Males and females of the oedipodine grasshopper Sphingonotus rubescens crepitate by producing a click-buzz sound. Males have 3 types of stridulation: (1 and 2) a common whistkle-click combination lasting less than 1 sec and often followed by a hop-turn or very short flight, and (3) a bussing lasting ca. 1.2 sec when 2 or more males are less than 1m apart. Male courtship behviour is described.

1 aBland, R., G. uhttp://biostor.org/reference/7703000410nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245005900055210005900114260001600173300001400189490000800203100001700211856004800228 1983 eng d a0340-759400aHind femora influence directionality of the locust ear0 aHind femora influence directionality of the locust ear cJan-01-1983 a509 - 5160 v1521 aAdam, L., J. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00606440