02522nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001300041245008400054210006900138260001600207300001100223490000800234520175500242653001801997653002502015653002302040653003702063653001902100653001702119100001502136700002002151700001502171700001602186856006602202       2017                        eng d  a0003347200aMale hyraxes increase countersinging as strangers become ‘nasty neighbours’0 aMale hyraxes increase countersinging as strangers become nasty n  cJan-12-2017  a9 - 140 v1343 a<p>Many territorial animals interact less aggressively with neighbours than with strangers, a phenomenon known as the &lsquo;dear enemy&rsquo; effect, although some species show the opposite behaviour. Rock hyraxes, Procavia capensis, are social mammals that communicate via a rich acoustic repertoire. Male hyraxes produce elaborate advertisement calls (i.e. songs) both spontaneously and in response to occasional attention-grabbing events (e.g. pup screams, agonistic interaction), as well as to conspecific male songs. When replying to conspecific songs, male hyraxes tend to respond more to familiar males than to strangers, reflecting the &lsquo;nasty neighbour&rsquo; effect. Our study relates to the general question of why some species respond aggressively towards neighbours, while others are more aggressive towards strangers. We hypothesized that male hyraxes eventually familiarize themselves with a stranger, subsequently perceiving its intentions as highly threatening and deserving of a vocal response. To simulate the presence of a stranger in the area we exposed wild hyrax groups to playbacks of natural songs of un- familiar hyraxes. Male rock hyraxes became more likely to reply to a stranger&#39;s song over time, but this was independent of the number of times they heard the song. This suggests that either (1) the threat presented by a stranger increases when it is no longer perceived as transient or (2) because listeners do not physically encounter the stranger, they perceive replying aggressively as a low-risk response. Our work implies that species may demonstrate a range of condition-dependent behaviours instead of a dichotomy between the &lsquo;nasty neighbour&rsquo; and &lsquo;dear enemy&rsquo; strategies.</p>
10aadvertisement10aanimal communication10afloating territory10aneighbour-stranger relationships10asocial mammals10avocalization1 aGoll, Yael1 aDemartsev, Vlad1 aKoren, Lee1 aGeffen, Eli  uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721730324X