00458nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008500041210006900126100002000195700002200215700001900237700001900256856006100275 2020 eng d00aSqueaking caterpillars: independent evolution of sonic defense in wild silkmoths0 aSqueaking caterpillars independent evolution of sonic defense in1 aSugiura, Shinji1 aTakanashi, Takuma1 aKojima, Wataru1 aKajiura, Zenta uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ecy.311202167nas a2200217 4500008004100000245010800041210006900149260001600218490000600234520146800240653001301708653001501721653001601736653001401752100002201766700001901788700002201807700001701829700002101846856008201867 2016 eng d00aSubstrate vibrations mediate behavioral responses via femoral chordotonal organs in a cerambycid beetle0 aSubstrate vibrations mediate behavioral responses via femoral ch cJan-12-20160 v23 a

Background
Vibrational senses are vital for plant-dwelling animals because vibrations transmitted through plants allow them to detect approaching predators or conspecifics. Little is known, however, about how coleopteran insects detect vibrations.

Results
We investigated vibrational responses of the Japanese pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus, and its putative sense organs. This beetle showed startle responses, stridulation, freezing, and walking in response to vibrations below 1 kHz, indicating that they are able to detect low-frequency vibrations. For the first time in a coleopteran species, we have identified the sense organ involved in the freezing behavior. The femoral chordotonal organ (FCO), located in the mid-femur, contained 60–70 sensory neurons and was distally attached to the proximal tibia via a cuticular apodeme. Beetles with operated FCOs did not freeze in response to low-frequency vibrations during walking, whereas intact beetles did. These results indicate that the FCO is responsible for detecting low-frequency vibrations and mediating the behavioral responses. We discuss the behavioral significance of vibrational responses and physiological functions of FCOs in M. alternatus.

Conclusions
Our findings revealed that substrate vibrations mediate behavioral responses via femoral chordotonal organs in M. alternatus.

10aBehavior10aColeoptera10aSense organ10avibration1 aTakanashi, Takuma1 aFukaya, Midori1 aNakamuta, Kiyoshi1 aSkals, Niels1 aNishino, Hiroshi uhttp://zoologicalletters.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40851-016-0053-401622nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245009900055210006900154260001600223520096200239653002601201653001801227653001701245653001601262653002401278100002201302700001601324700002001340856005601360 2019 eng d a0003-686200aVibrations in hemipteran and coleopteran insects: behaviors and application in pest management0 aVibrations in hemipteran and coleopteran insects behaviors and a cNov-01-20193 a

Many groups of insects utilize substrate-borne vibrations for communication. They display various behaviors in response to vibrations in sexual and social communication and in predator–prey interactions. Although the number of reports on com- munication and behaviors using vibrations has continued to increase across various insect orders, there are several studies of the exploitation of vibrations for pest management in Hemiptera and Coleoptera. Here, we review the studies of behaviors and communication using vibrations in hemipteran and coleopteran insects. For instance, pentatomid bugs display species- and sex-specific vibrational signals during courtship, whereas cerambycid beetles show startle responses to vibrations in the context of predator–prey interactions. Concepts and case studies in pest management using vibrations—especially regarding the disruption of communication and behavior—are also presented.

10aBehavioral disruption10acommunication10aPest control10aSense organ10avibrational signals1 aTakanashi, Takuma1 aUechi, Nami1 aTatsuta, Haruki uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13355-018-00603-z02351nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001300041245008300054210006900137260001600206300001700222490000700239520161500246100001401861700002201875700001801897700002101915856023301936 2019 eng d a0960982200aEgg-Cracking Vibration as a Cue for Stink Bug Siblings to Synchronize Hatching0 aEggCracking Vibration as a Cue for Stink Bug Siblings to Synchro cJan-01-2019 a143 - 148.e20 v293 a

Egg clutches of many animals hatch synchronously due to parental control [1, 2] or environmental stimu- lation [3, 4]. In contrast, in some animals, embryos actively synchronize their hatching timing with their siblings to facilitate adaptive behavior in sibling groups, such as mass migration [5, 6]. These em- bryos require synchronization cues that are detect- able from eggs and indicative of when the siblings hatch, such as pre-hatching vocalizations in birds and crocodiles [7, 8]. Previous studies, using methods including artificial presentation of non-spe- cific mechanical stimuli, demonstrated that vibra- tions or other mechanical forces caused by sibling movements are cues used by some turtles and in- sects [9–13]. However, there is no evidence about which movements of tiny embryos or hatchlings, among multiple possibilities, can generate mechani- cal cues actually detectable through eggs. Here, we show that embryos of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, synchronize hatching by responding to single pulsed vibrations generated when siblings crack open their eggshells. An egg- cracking vibration seems to be transmitted to distant eggs within a clutch while still maintaining its func- tion as a cue, thus leading to the highly synchronized hatching pattern previously reported [14]. In this spe- cies, it is possible that embryos attempt to hatch with short lags after earlier-hatched siblings to avoid egg cannibalism by them [14]. The present study illus- trates the diversity of social-information use by ani- mal embryos for success in the sibling group.

1 aEndo, Jun1 aTakanashi, Takuma1 aMukai, Hiromi1 aNumata, Hideharu uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982218314908https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0960982218314908?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0960982218314908?httpAccept=text/plain01844nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245010600055210006900161260001600230300001400246490000800260520131000268100002001578700002201598856006601620 2018 eng d a0024-406600aHornworm counterattacks: defensive strikes and sound production in response to invertebrate attackers0 aHornworm counterattacks defensive strikes and sound production i cMay-18-2018 a496 - 5050 v1233 a

Caterpillars (i.e. lepidopteran larvae) have evolved multiple defences against predators, with some large caterpillars showing aggressive defences (e.g. strikes and/or sound production). Although such behaviours can startle or warn vertebrate predators, defences against invertebrates remain unclear. We investigated the behavioural responses of the hornworm Langia zenzeroides (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) against the invertebrate attacker Calosoma maximowiczi (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Fifth (last) instars of L. zenzeroides exhibited a striking response, in which the larva rapidly bent its head and thorax towards the body part stimulated by C. maximowiczi attacks. Strikes were also accompanied by opening of the mandibles, followed by sound production or regurgitation. In some cases, L. zenzeroides larvae caught the legs of C. maximowiczi and threw the beetles using their mandibles. Such counterattacks completely defended against attackers. The sounds that L. zenzeroides generated (pulse durations, 82–314 ms; dominant frequencies, 5.0–8.7 kHz; sound pressure level, 44.0–56.9 dB SPL) were produced by forcing air through the eighth pair of abdominal spiracles. Our results indicate that hornworm larvae are able to deter predacious invertebrates using multiple defences.

1 aSugiura, Shinji1 aTakanashi, Takuma uhttps://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/123/3/496/4850692