<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O'Farrell, Michael J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller, Bruce W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A New Examination of Echolocation Calls of Some Neotropical Bats (Emballonuridae and Mormoopidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of MammalogyJournal of Mammalogy</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anabat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">echolocation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pteronotus davyi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pteronotus parnellii</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pteronotus personatus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhynchonycteris naso</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saccopteryx bilineata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocal signatures</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">954-963</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;In northwestern Belize, two emballonurids Rhynchonycteris naso and Saccopteryx bilineata) and three mormoopids Pteronotus parnellii, P. davyi, and P. personatus) were examined acoustically with the Anabat II bat detector and associated analysis system. R. naso used calls consisting of a short constant frequency CF) at 47 kHz and concave downward frequency modulated FM) sweep to about 40 kHz with two strong harmonics. Echolocation sequences of S. bilineata revealed a paired cadence of calls. Both signals in a pair slowly increased in frequency, forming a quasi-CF QCF) component and terminated with a short, downward FM sweep. The initial call of a pair ranged from 44.5 to 46.6 kHz and the second ranged from 46.6 to 48.7 kHz. P. parnellii used a long CF call at 63.5 kHz, with a terminal downward FM sweep to about 54.5 kHz. P. davyi produced calls with an initial short CF at 68.1 kHz, a downward FM sweep, and a terminal short CF at 58.0 kHz. P. personatus emitted calls similar in shape to P. davyi, with the initial CF at 83.0 kHz and the terminal CF at about 68.0 kHz. Previous descriptions of echolocation calls for these species compare favorably with those obtained in this study, but the Anabat equipment generally revealed more variation and detail than previously described. The echolocation calls described in this study provide precise vocal signatures for the accurate identification of free-flying individuals of the species studied.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O'Farrell, Michael J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller, Bruce W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of vocal signatures for the inventory of free-flying Neotropical bats</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BiotropicaBiotropica</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acoustic identification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anabat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bauerus dubiaquercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chiroptera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diversity assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emballonuridae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eptesicus furinalis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inventory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mormoopidae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mormoops megalophylla</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myotis elegans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neotropics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noctilio leporinus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pteronotus davyi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pteronotus parnellii</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pteronotus personatus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhogeessa tumida</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saccopteryx bilineata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saccopteryx leptura</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">507-516</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;An ongoing study is being conducted to test the efficacy of the Anabat II detector and analysis system in obtaining reliable vocal signatures for the identification of non-phyllostomid species of bats. We sampled a wide range of elevations and associated habitat types throughout Belize. Anabat provides an instantaneous output of echolocation call structure with a laptop computer. Select sequences can be saved directly to the hard drive, avoiding extraneous noise and sound distortion commonly associated with tape recorders. To date, 18 of the 37 species known or expected&lt;br /&gt;
	to occur in the study region were identified by recognizable differences in the time-frequency characteristics of echolocation calls. In general, each family is recognizable by call structure patterns and species readily separated by frequency range parameters. Species that commute or forage at high altitudes are not susceptible to capture but are conspicuous by acoustic sampling. Further work is needed to determine limitations of the equipment, establish better sampling procedures, and develop a comprehensive library of vocal signatures incorporating the range of variation&lt;br /&gt;
	inherent in each species. As this work progresses, we predict the addition of hitherto unknown species occurring within the study region.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O'Farrell, Michael J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller, Bruce W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gannon, William L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qualitative Identification of Free-flying Bats Using the Anabat Detector</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of MammalogyJournal of Mammalogy</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anabat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chiroptera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">echolocation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eptesicus furinalis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">identification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasionycteris noctivagans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasiurus cinereus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasiurus ega</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molossus ater</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molossus molossus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molossus sinaloae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myotis californicus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myotis ciliolabrum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myotis yumanensis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noctilio leporinus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saccopteryx bilineata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tadarida brasiliensis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technique</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocal signatures</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11-23</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A variety of ultrasonic bat detectors have been used over the past 3 decades to identify freeflying bats. Analyses of recorded echolocation calls were slow and typically restricted to few calls and at a resolution obscuring details of call structure. The Anabat II detector and associated zerocrossings analysis system allows an immediate examination, via a laptop computer, of the timefrequency structure of calls as they are detected. These calls can be stored on the hard drive for later examination, editing, and measurement. Many North American bats can be identified to species by qualitatively using certain structural characteristics of calls, primarily approximate maximum and minimum frequencies and morphological aspects of calls e.g., linearity and changes in slope). To identify calls precisely, it is important to use a continuous sequence of calls from an individual in normal flight rather than from single isolated calls. All calls are not equally useful, and many fragmentary calls must be discarded before making a determination. Each sequence of calls must be examined to ensure that multiple bats have not been simultaneously recorded, which confounds correct identification. We found the percentage of nonusable calls within usable vocal sequences to be highest in vespertilionids 20-40%), whereas for other families this was frequently &amp;lt;10%. Active rather than passive collection of data maximizes quality and quantity of diagnostic calls and provides a contextual base for the investigator.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRS</style></notes></record></records></xml>