02008nas a2200145 4500008004100000245011000041210006900151300001200220490000800232520152000240100002301760700002001783700001801803856004101821 2004 eng d00aTemporal Shifts in Conspicuousness: Mate Attraction Displays of the Texas Field Cricket, Gryllus texensis0 aTemporal Shifts in Conspicuousness Mate Attraction Displays of t a963-9750 v1103 a

Conspicuous mate attraction displays can simultaneously draw the attention of potential mates and predators, placing the signaller in peril of becoming prey. The balance between these countervailing forms of selection has the potential to shape mate attraction displays. Male Texas field crickets (Gryllus texensis; Orthoptera) signal acoustically to attract mates. Mating signals also attract acoustically orienting parasitoid flies (Ormia ochracea; Tachinidae). Both the abundance of female crickets and parasitoid flies fluctuates throughout the night. We show mate attraction displays exhibit diel shifts that correlate positively with expected female cricket presence and negatively with expected parasitoid fly activity. During early evening, when parasitoids are most common and mating is scarce, crickets signal less often and with reduced conspicuousness. During the second half of the evening, when sexually receptive females are abundant and parasitoids are scarce, crickets signal more often and with enhanced conspicuousness. These diel shifts in mate attraction displays do not appear to result from male crickets detecting parasitoid flies or female crickets and altering their behaviour accordingly. Males in close proximity to parasitoid flies or female crickets do not signal differently than lone males. Instead, diel pattern shifts in mate attraction displays appear to be a selective response to trade-offs between natural selection via parasitism and sexual selection via mate choice.

1 aBertram, Susan, M.1 aOrozco, Xochitl1 aBellani, Rudy uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/it/node/5845802577nas a2200157 4500008004100000245015500041210006900196260001600265300001400281490000800295520199800303100002602301700002102327700001702348856005402365 2018 eng d00aLimited flexibility in female Pacific field cricket ( Teleogryllus oceanicus) exploratory behaviors in response to perceived social environment0 aLimited flexibility in female Pacific field cricket iTeleogryllu cJan-09-2018 a650 - 6560 v1243 a

How populations adapt, or not, to rapid evolution of sexual signals has important implications for population viability, but is difficult to assess due to the paucity of examples of sexual signals evolving in real time. In Hawaiian populations of the Pacific field cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus), selection from a deadly parasitoid fly has driven the rapid loss of a male acoustic signal, calling song, that females use to locate and evaluate potential mates. In this newly quiet environment where many males are obligately silent, how do phonotactic females find mates? Previous work has shown that the acoustic rearing environment (presence or absence of male calling song) during late juvenile stages and early adulthood exposes adaptive flexibility in locomotor behaviors of males, as well as mating behaviors in both sexes that helps facilitate the spread of silent (flatwing) males. Here, we tested whether females also show acoustically induced plasticity in walking behaviors using laboratory‐reared populations of T. oceanicus from Kauai (HI; >90% flatwings), Oahu (HI; ~50% flatwings), and Mangaia (Cook Islands; no flatwings or parasitoid fly). Though we predicted that females reared without song exposure would increase walking behaviors to facilitate mate localization when song is rare, we discovered that, unlike males, female T. oceanicus showed relatively little plasticity in exploratory behaviors in response to an acoustic rearing environment. Across all three populations, exposure to male calling song during development did not affect latency to begin walking, distance walked, or general activity of female crickets. However, females reared in the absence of song walked slower and showed a marginally non‐significant tendency to walk for longer durations of time in a novel environment than those reared in the presence of song. Overall, plasticity in female walking behaviors appears unlikely to have facilitated sexual signal loss in this species.

1 aHeinen-Kay, Justa, L.1 aStrub, Daina, B.1 aZuk, Marlene uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/eth.2018.124.issue-901255nas a2200145 4500008004100000245004800041210004800089260001600137300001400153490000800167520084400175100002001019700001601039856005401055 2018 eng d00aTree cricket baffles are manufactured tools0 aTree cricket baffles are manufactured tools cJan-09-2018 a691 - 6930 v1243 a

Tree crickets use sound to attract mates and make acoustic baffles to increase their sound production efficiency. It has been recently discovered that these insects use a flexible yet inherited behavioural programme to make acoustically optimal baffles. Whether these baffles qualify as tools, however, remains controversial. Here, baffle‐using and baffle‐making behaviours are analysed using the most current and authoritative definition of tool use. The current definition of tool use does not require the tool to be detached from the substrate and includes attached but manipulable external objects. Given this schema, tree cricket baffles, which are attached but manipulated prior to use, must be considered tools. The mode of manufacture for a baffle is “Subtract,” and the mode of use is “Drape”.

1 aMhatre, Natasha1 aBertram, S. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/eth.2018.124.issue-900625nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245012500055210006900180260001600249300001600265490000800281100002600289700002000315856014400335 2001 eng d a0179-161300aDivergence between the Courtship Songs of the Field Crickets Gryllus texensis and Gryllus rubens (Orthoptera, Gryllidae)0 aDivergence between the Courtship Songs of the Field Crickets Gry cMay-12-2003 a1075 - 10850 v1071 aFitzpatrick, Mark, J.1 aGray, David, A. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1439-0310.2001.00730.xhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1046%2Fj.1439-0310.2001.00730.x