00351nas a2200109   4500008004100000245006200041210006200103300001200165490000700177100001600184856004100200       1982                        eng d00aAcoustic communication and baffling behaviors of crickets0 aAcoustic communication and baffling behaviors of crickets  a33–440 v651 aForrest, TG  uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/it/node/5314202476nas a2200133   4500008004100000022001400041245009800055210006900153260001600222300001400238490000700252520200700259856007602266       1961                        eng d  a0005-795900aAggressiveness, Territoriality, and Sexual Behavior in Field Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)0 aAggressiveness Territoriality and Sexual Behavior in Field Crick  cJan-01-1961  a130 - 2230 v173 a<p>Most contacts between adult male field crickets involve aggressive behavior by one or both individuals and terminate with the obvious retreat of one individual. Aggressive behavior consists of one or more of several actions: in mild encounters there is either rearing of the forebody, lashing of the antennae, and shaking of the body, or else rearing of the hind body, kicking with the hind legs, and shaking of the body; in intense encounters, antennal lashing and rearing of the forebody are followed by spreading the mandibles, stridulating distinctively, rushing forward, sparring with the forelegs, butting with the head, and grappling, wrestling, or biting with the mandibles. A male is often flipped back or thrown sideways, but mutilation as a result of fighting is rare, and only in the most intense encounters is the winner determined by what seems to be superior strength or fighting ability. The outcomes of most encounters are determined by the relative tenacity of the two males, and the intensity of aggression exhibited is correlated with the length of the fight, continued aggressive activity developing into increasingly severe combat until one male finally retreats. Groups of adult male field crickets caged in small arenas form essentially linear dominance hierarchies which are stable for short periods of time and which can be described in terms of several characteristics: (1) each male dominates all or nearly all of his encounters with males below him in the hierarchy, (2) the total number of encounters by individual males decreases gradually toward the bottom of the hierarchy, (3) the intensity of aggression exhibited during encounters decreases more or less gradually toward the bottom of the hierarchy and the numbers of no-decision and no-aggression encounters and actively homosexual contacts increase, and (4) encounters between males which rank next to each other are usually more intense than encounters between males which are far apart in the hierarchy.</p>
  uhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/10.1163/156853961x00042