<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, Margaret C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fraser, Jean</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sound production in the cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa: evidence for communication by hissing</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behav Ecol Sociobiol</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-03-1980</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00292773</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">305 - 314</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;1. Sound production of the giant Madagascar cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa, was examined by behavioral and acoustical methods in order to determine the functions of the hisses produced by this species.&lt;br /&gt;
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	2. Gromphadorhina is able to produce audible hisses from a pair of modified spiracles. Adult males hiss in three social contexts: during aggressive encounters, during courtship (when two types of hisses are discernable), and during copulation. Adults and nymphs of both sexes also hiss when disturbed (Figs 2 and 3).&lt;br /&gt;
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	3. There are reliable differences among hisses emitted in these social contexts which depend on several features: the shape of the amplitude envelope (Fig. 4), the relative loudness (Table 1), and the temporal characteristics both of single hisses and of hiss trains (Table 1 and Fig. 4).&lt;br /&gt;
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	4. In both courtship and aggression, hissing accompanies characteristic, stereotyped behavior patterns (Figs. 5 and 7); during aggressive encounters between males, hissing is predictive of winning (Fig. 6).&lt;br /&gt;
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	5. Males which have been silenced by occlusion of the specialized spiracles carry on apparently normal courtship, but they are unsuccessful in copulating due to a lack of receptive behavior by the female (Fig. 8).&lt;br /&gt;
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	6. Playback of recorded courtship hisses during courtship of females by silenced males leads to receptive behavior by females, and to normal rates of copulation (Fig. 8).&lt;br /&gt;
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	7. Our evidence supports the hypothesis that G. portentosa has evolved a system of communication in which hisses serve as auditory social signals.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, Margaret C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sound production in the cockroach,Gromphadorhina portentosa: The sound-producing apparatus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Comparative Physiology ? A</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Comp. Physiol.</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-01-1979</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00617729</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">132</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27 - 38</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;1. The giant Madagascar cockroach,Gromphadorhina portentosa, hisses by expelling air from a pair of specialized abdominal spiracles. The anatomy and innervation of serially homologous respiratory and sound-producing spiracles were compared in order to determine the evolutionary steps by which a new behavior has developed.&lt;br /&gt;
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	2. The trachea leading to the sound-producing (fourth) spiracle shows a constriction proximally; distally it is greatly elongated with a conical bore (Fig. 2). These features, which are lacking in other spiracles, are sufficient to account for the character of the sound (Fig. 10).&lt;br /&gt;
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	3. The motoneurons innervating both types of spiracles were located by axonal diffusion of cobalt, and their morphology was determined in wholemounted ganglia. The number, ganglionic locations, and in some cases branching patterns of motoneurons serving the sound-producing and respiratory spiracles were essentially identical (Figs. 4, 5, 6).&lt;br /&gt;
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	4. Physiological activity was recorded along spiracle nerves and within spiracle muscle fibers; four units were identified for each spiracle, agreeing with the number of cells located anatomically. These included, for each abdominal spiracle, an opener exciter motoneuron, two closer exciter motoneurons, and one closer inhibitor motoneuron (Figs. 7, 8).&lt;br /&gt;
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	5. During normal respiration the output of these 4 units had similar phase relationships in all abdominal spiracles which were examined; lower firing rates in the motoneurons innervating the hissing spiracles rendered these nonfunctional during normal respiration (Fig. 9).&lt;br /&gt;
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	6. The findings are consistent with conservation of motor innervation and of central pattern generators during evolution.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fraser, Jean</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, Margaret C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Communication in the courtship of a madagascan hissing cockroach. I. Normal courtship</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal Behaviour</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal Behaviour</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-02-1984</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347284803371</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">194 - 203</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;he hissing Madagascar cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa, has a prolonged and complex courtship involving signals in several sensory modalities. Courtship was described for 13 pairs of cockroaches and the frequencies and sequencing of 16 behavioural units were analysed. Particular attention was paid to the function and interactions of acoustic, chemical and tactile components. The results indicate that posturing and sound production by males, and antennation by both males and females, are important in courtship. They also suggest that courtship in G. portentosa, rather than depending on a rigid sequence of behaviour determined by a series of discrete releasers, is quite flexible, using &amp;lsquo;behavioural monologues&amp;rsquo; by both sexes as a means of achieving transitions from one stage of courtship to the next.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record></records></xml>