02442nas a2200181 4500008004100000245012800041210006900169520183000238653001302068653001802081653001502099653001602114653001202130100001402142700002002156700002802176856005602204 2020 eng d00aThe Vocal Repertoire of Golden-Faced Sakis, Pithecia chrysocephala, and the Relationship Between Context and Call Structure0 aVocal Repertoire of GoldenFaced Sakis Pithecia chrysocephala and3 a

Vocalizations are a vital form of communication. Call structure and use may change depending on emotional arousal, behavioral context, sex, or social complexity. Pithecia chrysocephala (golden-faced sakis) are a little-studied Neotropical species. We aimed to determine the vocal repertoire of P. chrysocephala and the influence of context on call structure. We collected data June–August 2018 in an urban secondary forest fragment in Manaus, Amazonian Brazil. We took continuous vocal recordings in 10-min blocks with 5-min breaks during daily follows of two groups. We recorded scan samples of group behavior at the start and end of blocks and used ad libitum behavioral recording during blocks. We collected 70 h of data and analyzed 1500 calls. Lowest frequencies ranged 690.1–5879 Hz in adults/subadults and 5393.6–9497.8Hz in the only juvenile sampled. We identified eight calls, three of which were juvenile specific. We found that, while repertoire size was similar to that of other New World monkeys of similar group size and structure, it also resembled those with larger group sizes and different social structures. The durations of Chuck calls were shorter for feeding contexts compared to hostile, but frequencies were higher than predicted if call structure reflects motivation. This finding may be due to the higher arousal involved in hostile situations, or because P. chrysocephala use Chuck calls in appeasement, similar to behavior seen in other primates. Call structures did not differ between sexes, potentially linked to the limited size dimorphism in this species. Our findings provide a foundation for further investigation of Pithecia vocal behavior and phylogeny, as well as applications for both captive welfare (stress relief) and field research (playbacks for surveys).

10aBehavior10acommunication10aNeotropics10aPitheciidae10aWelfare1 aMuir, Jen1 aBarnett, Adrian1 aSvensson, Magdalena, S. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10764-019-00125-702464nas a2200229 4500008004100000245020100041210006900242520161600311653001701927653001801944653002201962653003401984653002802018653001902046653001602065653002202081653001502103100003202118700002302150700002002173856004102193 2019 eng d00aVariation in Bioacoustic Characteristics in Eleutherodactylus coqui Thomas, 1966 and Eleutherodactylus antillensis (Reinhardt and Lutken, 1863) (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) in the Puerto Rico Bank0 aVariation in Bioacoustic Characteristics in Eleutherodactylus co3 a

Bioacoustics is an interdisciplinary science that combines biology, acoustics, and mathematics. This discipline can be used to study population ecology and behavior. Furthermore, we can use this tool to assess a population and suggest if a species of interest may be in a transitional state of becoming a new species by allopatric speciation. Amphibians communicate via sound and the environment has a key role in metabolism and sound dispersion. By analyzing temporal and spectral properties of acoustical communication in anurans, we can understand better how these animals are evolving to cope with their ever-changing environment. We studied the variation in acoustic parameters among five populations each of the red-eye coqui, Eleutherodactylus antillensis (Reinhardt and Lutken, 1863) and the common coqui, E. coqui Thomas, 1966 across the Puerto Rico Bank. These species are changing their vocalizations. Some populations have higher sound frequencies than other conspecific populations; other nocturnal species have populations with different temporal patterns of sound production. We found strong variation among the five populations examined for each species. In, E. antillensis, the size of the organism relates to temporal variation in sound production (i.e., inter-note interval and total call duration) and did not relate to spectral differentiation. In E. coqui, the population living at highest elevation above sea level assessed had a spectral footprint no other population shares, probably due to geographic isolation from other conspecific populations that live in lower elevations.

10abioacoustics10acommunication10aEleutherodactylus10aEleutherodactylus antillensis10aEleutherodactylus coqui10amicroevolution10aPuerto Rico10asound spectrogram10aspeciation1 aRíos-Franceschi, Alejandro1 aJoglar, Rafael, L.1 aThomas, Richard uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5799702717nas a2200241 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131260001600200300001400216490000600230520187200236653001802108653001602126653001202142653001802154653001702172653001202189653002402201100001802225700002502243700002702268856018002295 2019 eng d00aStink Bug Communication with Multimodal Signals Transmitted through Air and Substrate0 aStink Bug Communication with Multimodal Signals Transmitted thro cJan-12-2019 a407 - 4240 v33 a

This review represents complex mechanisms and processes of multimodal communication in stink bugs. During reproductive behavior the airborne and substrate-borne signals enable mate recognition, mediate directionality of movement, eliminate rivals and motivate partners for copulation. Species specific characteristics prevent hybridization at various levels of mating behavior. Male sex and/or aggregation pheromones as uni- or multicomponent signals attract mates to land on the same plant and there, trigger females to call males by vibratory signals, transmitted through the plant. Communication during courtship runs at short distance with visual, airborne, substrate-borne and contact chemical and mechanical signals. Abdomen vibrations produce the main repertoire of female and male calling, courtship and rival vibratory signals. To increase their informational value, stink bugs tune signal frequency, amplitude and temporal characteristics with mechanical properties of plants. The airborne component of species non-specific and high amplitude signals, produced by body tremulation and wing buzzing enables communication contact between mates standing on mechanically isolated plants. Female vibratory signals increase the amount of male emitted pheromone and the latter keeps female calling. Interaction, synergy and characteristics of visual, contact chemical and vibratory signals, exchanged during courtship remain under-investigated. Female and male competition for access to copulation in imbalanced sex conditions is characterized by duetting with rival song vibratory signals. Different receptors in and on different parts of the body are able to detect with high sensitivity multimodal airborne and substrate-borne communication signals. The relevance of the multimodal communication for the reproductive success of stink bugs is discussed.

10acommunication10aenvironment10ainsects10aMultimodality10aPentatomidae10aSignals10aTransmission Medium1 aČokl, Andrej1 aŽunič-Kosi, Alenka1 aLaumann, Raul, Alberto uhttps://ijournalse.org/index.php/ESJ/article/view/215https://ijournalse.org/index.php/ESJ/article/viewFile/215/pdfhttps://ijournalse.org/index.php/ESJ/article/viewFile/215/pdf01890nas a2200217 4500008004100000245010700041210006900148520112500217653001801342653001401360653003101374653001101405653001101416653001201427100001801439700002601457700001801483700002001501700002001521856013101541 2019 eng d00aWhistling shares a common tongue with speech: bioacoustics from real-time MRI of the human vocal tract0 aWhistling shares a common tongue with speech bioacoustics from r3 a

Most human communication is carried by modulations of the voice. However, a wide range of cultures has developed alternative forms of communication that make use of a whistled sound source. For example, whistling is used as a highly salient signal for capturing attention, and can have iconic cultural meanings such as the catcall, enact a formal code as in boatswain's calls or stand as a proxy for speech in whistled languages. We used real-time magnetic resonance imaging to examine the muscular control of whistling to describe a strong association between the shape of the tongue and the whistled frequency. This bioacoustic profile parallels the use of the tongue in vowel production. This is consistent with the role of whistled languages as proxies for spoken languages, in which one of the acoustical features of speech sounds is substituted with a frequency-modulated whistle. Furthermore, previous evidence that non-human apes may be capable of learning to whistle from humans suggests that these animals may have similar sensorimotor abilities to those that are used to support speech in humans.

10acommunication10aevolution10amagnetic resonance imaging10aspeech10atongue10awhistle1 aBelyk, Michel1 aSchultz, Benjamin, G.1 aCorreia, Joao1 aBeal, Deryk, S.1 aKotz, Sonja, A. uhttps://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.1116https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.2019.111602220nas a2200181 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131520162800200653001301828653001801841653001201859653002301871653001501894653002001909100001701929700002401946856006801970 2005 eng d00aEffect of the Temporal Pattern of Contralateral Inhibition on Sound Localization Cues0 aEffect of the Temporal Pattern of Contralateral Inhibition on So3 a

We studied the temporal coding properties of identified interneurons in the auditory system of crickets, using information theory as an analytical tool. The ascending neuron 1 (AN1), which is tuned to the dominant carrier frequency (CF) of cricket songs, selectively codes the limited range of amplitude modulation (AM) frequencies that occur in these signals. AN2, which is most sensitive to the ultrasonic frequencies that occur in echolocation calls of insectivorous bats, codes a broader range of AM frequencies, as occur in bat calls. A third neuron, omega neuron 1 (ON1), which is dually tuned to both ranges of carrier frequency, was shown previously to have CF-specific coding properties, allowing it to represent accurately the differing temporal structures of both cricket songs and bat calls. ON1 is a source of contralateral inhibition to AN1 and AN2, enhancing binaural contrast and facilitating sound localization. We used dichotic stimulation to examine the importance of the temporal structure of contralateral inhibition for enhancing binaural contrast. Contralateral inhibition degrades the coding of temporal pattern by AN1 and AN2, but only if the temporal pattern of inhibitory input matches that of excitation. Firing rate is also decreased most strongly by temporally matched contralateral inhibition. This is apparent for AN1 in its mean firing rate; for AN2, high-frequency firing is selectively suppressed. Our results show that the CF-specific coding properties of ON1 allow this single neuron to enhance effectively localization cues for both cricket-like and bat-like acoustic signals.

10aauditory10acommunication10acricket10ainformation theory10aphonotaxis10atemporal coding1 aMarsat, Gary1 aPollack, Gerald, S. uhttp://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0646-05.200502556nas a2200205 4500008004100000245009700041210007100138520168500209653001801894653002401912653002301936653001201959653001801971653001701989100002802006700002402034700002902058700002502087856023802112 2019 eng d00aConsistency of females' stridulatory behaviour during inter‐sexual interactions in spiders0 aConsistency of females stridulatory behaviour during inter‐sexua3 a

In a sexual context, it is expected that females base their choice of mate on the be‐ haviours that males perform during courtship, as such behaviours are associated with the male's mate quality. Stridulation is one form of female communication in arthropods, for example, spiders. In spiders, stridulation during sexual interactions is relatively common in some groups but mainly restricted to males. In the pholcid spider Holocnemus pluchei (Pholcidae), both sexes have stridulatory organs. The aims of the present work were to: (a) determine possible differences in the frequency of occurrence of stridulation between females during inter‐sexual interactions, (b) es‐ tablish female consistency in stridulation along repeated interactions and (c) analyse if female stridulation is associated with certain male behaviours during pre‐copula‐ tory courtship and with male size. Female H. pluchei showed highly repeatable dif‐ ferences in their frequency of stridulation across consecutive encounters with males (ICC = 0.64). However, only a modest level of repeatability was detected in total time females spent stridulating across trials (ICC = 0.19). Females’ mean stridulatory be‐ haviour did not change across ten consecutive trials spread across 20 days, and their behaviour was apparently unaffected by male persistence of copulatory attempted and/or size. These results imply that the frequency of female stridulatory behaviour is a trait that is highly characteristic of each individual. Finally, our work opens the door to determine whether behavioural consistency manifests in other ecological contexts and their functional implications.

10acommunication10acopulatory attempts10aHolocnemus pluchei10apholcid10arepeatability10astridulation1 aCalbacho‐Rosa, Lucía1 aCargnelutti, Franco1 aCórdoba‐Aguilar, Alex1 aPeretti, Alfredo, V. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eth.12880https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/eth.12880https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/eth.12880https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1111/eth.1288001646nas a2200181 4500008004100000245008100041210006900122520107500191653001301266653001801279653002401297653001101321653001001332653001701342100002501359700002001384856006001404 2019 eng d00aBark beetles use a spring-loaded mechanism to produce variable song patterns0 aBark beetles use a springloaded mechanism to produce variable so3 a

Many insects vary their song patterns to communicate different messages, but the underlying biomechanisms are often poorly understood. Here, we report on the mechanics of sound production and variation in an elytro-tergal stridulator, male Dendroctonus valens bark beetles. Using ablation experiments coupled with high-speed video and audio recordings, we show that: (1) chirps are produced using a stridulatory file on the left elytron (forewing) and a protrusion (plectrum) on the seventh abdominal segment; (2) chirps are produced by ‘spring stridulation’, a catch-and-release mechanism whereby the plectrum catches on a file tooth and, upon release, springs forward along the file; and (3) variability in chirp types is caused by introducing multiple catch-and-release events along the file to create regular interruptions. These results provide experimental evidence for the mechanics of elytro-tergal stridulation, and provide insight into how an insect can incorporate variability into its acoustic repertoire using a spring-loaded mechanism.

10aAcoustic10acommunication10aDendroctonus valens10aInsect10asound10astridulation1 aLindeman, Amanda, A.1 aYack, Jayne, E. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/lookup/doi/10.1242/jeb.19066001622nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245009900055210006900154260001600223520096200239653002601201653001801227653001701245653001601262653002401278100002201302700001601324700002001340856005601360 2019 eng d a0003-686200aVibrations in hemipteran and coleopteran insects: behaviors and application in pest management0 aVibrations in hemipteran and coleopteran insects behaviors and a cNov-01-20193 a

Many groups of insects utilize substrate-borne vibrations for communication. They display various behaviors in response to vibrations in sexual and social communication and in predator–prey interactions. Although the number of reports on com- munication and behaviors using vibrations has continued to increase across various insect orders, there are several studies of the exploitation of vibrations for pest management in Hemiptera and Coleoptera. Here, we review the studies of behaviors and communication using vibrations in hemipteran and coleopteran insects. For instance, pentatomid bugs display species- and sex-specific vibrational signals during courtship, whereas cerambycid beetles show startle responses to vibrations in the context of predator–prey interactions. Concepts and case studies in pest management using vibrations—especially regarding the disruption of communication and behavior—are also presented.

10aBehavioral disruption10acommunication10aPest control10aSense organ10avibrational signals1 aTakanashi, Takuma1 aUechi, Nami1 aTatsuta, Haruki uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13355-018-00603-z02382nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245007900055210006900134260001600203490000700219520162600226653001701852653001801869653002301887653001501910653002101925653001601946653002001962653002801982100002102010700002002031700002202051856005502073 2018 eng d a0340-544300aTemperature alters multimodal signaling and mating success in an ectotherm0 aTemperature alters multimodal signaling and mating success in an cJan-12-20180 v723 a

Temperature affects ectotherms in a variety of ways. These effects can be especially complex in sexual behaviors, as different sexes may be affected differently by temperature. We examined this in the jumping spider, Habronattus clypeatus. In this species, males court females using visual and vibratory signals. We tested whether key intersexual behaviors would change with temperature in similar, predictable ways across males and females. We first measured temperature and apparent activity of individuals across the day. We found that H. clypeatus are active across a wide range of temperatures (11–56 °C) and are most active at times of day when temperature ranges from 13 to 46 °C. Next, we performed mating experiments across behaviorally relevant temperatures. Females were more likely to allow males to progress to later stages of courtship and had higher mating rates at higher temperatures. Male visual and vibratory courtship behaviors generally became faster, higher-pitched, and lower in amplitude at higher temperatures. This relationship between temperature and signal aspects attained a roughly curvilinear shape, with an asymptote around 40 °C. Intriguingly, mating rates in the lab were highest at temperatures potentially above those during peak spider activity in the field. Our results suggest that temperature’s effects on behavior are complex and can affect males and females differently. This work emphasizes that understanding temperature effects on mating is critical to understanding sexual selection patterns particularly in species which use complex signals.

10abiotremology10acommunication10amultimodal signals10aSalticidae10asexual selection10aTemperature10aThermal ecology10aVibratory communication1 aBrandt, Erin, E.1 aKelley, Patrick1 aElias, Damian, O. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00265-018-2620-502725nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245016200055210006900217260001600286520199500302653001302297653001802310653001202328653002502340653001402365100001802379700002302397700001602420700001602436856005502452 2018 eng d a2193-719200aSinging of Claudia’s Leaf-warbler (Phylloscopus claudiae) in aggressive contexts: role of song rate, song type diversity and song type transitional pattern0 aSinging of Claudia s Leafwarbler Phylloscopus claudiae in aggres cAug-12-20183 a

In many songbirds, males vary certain aspects of their singing behavior when engaged in territorial interactions. Song rate, song type switching rate, song matching, song overlapping, and the usage of specific song types were proposed to be aggressive signals. It is well known that transitions between different song types in a song sequence are non-random in many species, but the signaling significance of non-random vocal streams is poorly understood. We asked whether singing plays a role in male–male interactions in Claudia’s Leaf-warbler. Along with more traditional metrics (i.e., song length, song rate, song type switching rate and song type diversity), we used (1) song sequence linearity (SLIN) and consistency (SCONS) indexes, and (2) applied an information theory approach by means of a first-order relative entropy (RE1) calculation to analyze the role of song type transitional patterns in male–male interactions. The study was conducted in April–June 2016 in Hupingshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan province, China. We simulated territorial intrusion by broadcasting Claudia’s Leaf-warbler songs in territories. Experiments involved 14 different males. A comparison of spontaneous singing with that elicited by playback showed that song rate and song type diversity increased, and that entropy decreased. By contrast, SLIN and SCONS, though significantly correlated with RE1, did not differ between spontaneous singing and singing in response to playback. The decrease of entropy means that the transitions between different song types in a song sequence were determined more by specific factors and predictable and thus more non-random. However, these results were weak, as the decrease of RE1 did not coincide with the expected increase of SLIN, SCONS and S. Our results are thus partly consistent with the idea that non-random vocal structures, along with other song parameters, could play a role in male–male competition.

10abirdsong10acommunication10aEntropy10aPlayback experiments10aTerritory1 aOpaev, Alexey1 aKolesnikova, Yulia1 aLiu, Meishi1 aKang, Zujie uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10336-018-1614-402965nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001300041245012000054210006900174260001600243300001200259490000800271520192300279653002202202653001802224653002502242653001602267653002402283653002202307653001402329100002202343700002402365700002302389700002002412700002202432856023302454 2018 eng d a0003347200aBarn owl nestlings vocally escalate when interrupted by a sibling: evidence from an interactive playback experiment0 aBarn owl nestlings vocally escalate when interrupted by a siblin cJan-11-2018 a51 - 570 v1453 a

To resolve conflicts of interest, animals can vocally signal their resource-holding potential and motivation to compete. This allows conspecifics to adjust their behaviour to each other without fighting physically. Making sure that competitors correctly assess each other's vocal information requires mechanisms to prevent signal interference. Alternating calls with those of an opponent (i.e. waiting until the opponent's call has ended before starting to vocalize) is widely observed in animals and could be partly acquired through learning. Regardless of whether competitors interrupt conspecifics as a signal of dominance or by accident, the information transferred by the interrupted individual is likely to be partly blurred. Interrupted individuals would hence benefit from counterattacking by calling more intensely, indicating to their competitors that calling simultaneously is counterproductive. We tested this ‘social feedback’ hypothesis in the barn owl, Tyto alba, in which young siblings negotiate vocally over which individual will have priority access to the next food item delivered. It has already been shown that nestlings actively avoid interrupting each other, but it remains untested whether nestlings give social feedback when interrupted. To test this, we developed an ‘automated interactive playback’ which broadcast calls that either interrupted or did not interrupt the calls of a singleton nestling. When a playback call interrupted a nestling, this individual immediately intensified vocal communication by quickly producing a long call and by producing more calls. As previously shown, this reaction tends to silence competitors and thereby increases the individual's likelihood of obtaining the next food item. Such social feedback could reinforce the evolutionary stability of vocal sibling negotiation as a nonaggressive way to share food.

10aauditory feedback10acommunication10ainteractive playback10aoverlapping10asibling negotiation10atemporal dynamics10aTyto alba1 aDucouret, Pauline1 aDreiss, Amélie, N.1 aGémard, Charlène1 aFalourd, Xavier1 aRoulin, Alexandre uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347218302732https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0003347218302732?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0003347218302732?httpAccept=text/plain01936nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245006600055210006600121260001600187520115100203653001701354653001801371653002001389653001601409653003001425653000901455653001201464653001701476653002001493653002201513653002001535653002901555100003101584856005501615 2018 eng d a1548-358400aVocal Signals of Sexual Motivation in Male and Female Rodents0 aVocal Signals of Sexual Motivation in Male and Female Rodents cJan-10-20203 a

Purpose of the Review

Rodents produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) under different social contexts, including courtship and reproduction. The present review aims to summarize the behavioral, bioacoustical, and physiological evidence that USV are reliable signals of sexual motivation in both male and female rodents.

Recent Findings

USV are actively produced by both sexes during sexual interactions, contrary to earlier assumptions. Male-typical and female-typical vocal behaviors can be identified. Calling rates and acoustic parameters, such as call duration, frequency, and energy, can be modulated rapidly over time by motivational state and sexual context. USV produced in response to sexual context could be regulated by the brain on a moment-to-moment basis through non-classical mechanisms of steroid action. Finally, I provide some practical considerations for the acoustic and statistical analyses of these vocal signals.

Summary

USV can be used as signals of sexual motivation in both sexes to study brain and hormonal mechanisms underlying sexual behavior or sexual differentiation.

10abioacoustics10acommunication10aGolden hamsters10aHouse mouse10aNongenomic steroid action10aRats10aRodents10aSex steroids10aSexual behavior10aSexual motivation10aSyrian hamsters10aUltrasonic vocalizations1 aFernández-Vargas, Marcela uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11930-018-0179-902397nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245010100055210006900156260001600225300001400241490000800255520172600263653002101989653002302010653001802033653001502051100002702066700002102093856007702114 2005 eng d a0005-795900aAlternate tactics in male bladder grasshoppers Bullacris membracioides (Orthoptera: Pneumoridae)0 aAlternate tactics in male bladder grasshoppers Bullacris membrac cJan-06-2005 a761 - 7780 v1423 a

Bladder grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Pneumoridae) are a unique group of nocturnal, specialized herbivores, endemic to coastal regions of Southern Africa. Adult males are characterized by an inflated abdomen, which develops at the final molt, and a signaling system capable of producing high intensity calls detectable by conspecifics at distances of up to 2 km. Female response to male calls leads to reciprocal duetting and pair formation. We have found an alternative form to the dominant inflated male tactic in three pneumorid species. These alternate males are incapable of flight and lack the air-filled abdominal bladder used in long-range acoustic communication; but may be found in copula with mature females in the field. Here we address the issue of neoteny/paedogenesis in the alternate male by comparing the morphology of inflated and uninflated adult male Bullacris membracioides with that of ultimate and penultimate nymphal instars, to determine whether these forms follow a common developmental trajectory. We then compare the behavioral responsiveness of inflated and noninflated morphs to conspecific advertisement calls, to ascertain whether alternate males have the potential to actively exploit the mate location system of duetting pairs. Morphometric analyses indicate that alternate males are a distinctly divergent form from the primary male developmental tactic. We conclude that males following the alternate tactic eavesdrop on the duets of inflated males and females to exploit the acoustic mate location system. This satellite tactic has potential impact on several aspects of pneumorid biology contributing to biasing sexual selection, sensory drive, and ultimately speciation events.

10aalternative male10abehavioral tactics10acommunication10amorphology1 avan Staaden, Moira, J.1 aDonelson, Nathan uhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/10.1163/156853905472908802724nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001300041245009200054210006900146260001600215300001400231490000800245520190000253653001502153653001802168653001602186653001302202653002902215653001302244653002002257100002202277700002002299700002202319700002202341700001702363856006602380 2017 eng d a0003347200aGestural development of chimpanzees in the wild: the impact of interactional experience0 aGestural development of chimpanzees in the wild the impact of in cJan-12-2017 a271 - 2820 v1343 a

To understand the complexity involved in animal signalling, studies have mainly focused on repertoire size and information conveyed in vocalizations of birds and nonhuman primates. However, recent studies on gestural abilities of nonhuman primates have shown that we also need a detailed understanding of other communicative modalities and underlying cognitive skills to grasp this phenomenon in detail. Here, we thus examined gestural signalling of chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, living in two communities in the wild (Kanyawara, Uganda; Taï South, Co^te d'Ivoire) with a special focus on the influence of the social environment on signal development. Specifically, we investigated to what extent specific social factors, namely behavioural context, interaction rates and maternal proximity, affect gestural production (i.e. gesture frequency, sequences and repertoire size). We used a combination of video recordings and focal scans obtained from 11 infants aged between 9 and 69 months during 1145 h of observation throughout two consecutive field periods. Overall, we found that social play was the context in which the highest number of gestures occurred. While gesture frequency and repertoire size increased with higher inter- action rates with nonmaternal conspecifics and the number of previous interaction partners, no effect was found for interaction rates with mothers. Our results thus imply that infants of social mothers may have a head start in life. Moreover, we provide hitherto undocumented evidence for sex differences in gestural signalling, which may reflect the differential importance of early socialization for chimpanzee males and females. Gestural development thus relies heavily on interactional experiences with con- specifics, which adds support for gestural acquisition via the learning mechanism of ‘social negotiation’ in great apes.

10achimpanzee10acommunication10adevelopment10agestures10ainteractional experience10aontogeny10aPan troglodytes1 aFröhlich, Marlen1 aMüller, Gudrun1 aZeiträg, Claudia1 aWittig, Roman, M.1 aPika, Simone uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721630361X02175nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001300041245005400054210005400108260001600162300001400178490000800192520152200200653001501722653001801737653001601755653002001771653001801791100002101809700002401830700002501854856006601879 2017 eng d a0003347200aGood tutors are not dear enemies in song sparrows0 aGood tutors are not dear enemies in song sparrows cJan-07-2017 a223 - 2280 v1293 a

Birdsong is the most widely studied example of vocal learning outside human language and shares important parallels with it, including the importance of social factors during development. Our understanding of how social factors affect song learning, however, remains surprisingly incomplete. Here we examine the possible role of aggressive interactions in determining song ‘tutor’ choice in song sparrows, Melospiza melodia, a songbird in which individuals display song learning strategies ranging from learning primarily from one tutor, to learning a few songs each from a number of tutors. We test two hypotheses: the competition hypothesis suggests that young birds learn more from tutors with whom they compete especially intensely and predicts that tutees will respond with high aggression to tutor songs. In contrast, the cooperation hypothesis suggests that song learning reflects a cooperative relationship between the tutor and the tutee and predicts that tutees will respond with low aggression to tutor songs. In a playback experiment we found that birds responded more aggressively to songs of their tutors than they did to songs of strangers and that the strength of aggressive response correlated positively with how much they had learned from that tutor. These results provide the first field evidence for the hypothesis that young males preferentially learn their songs from adult males with whom they compete most intensely during the song-learning phase, and perhaps afterwards.

10aaggression10acommunication10acooperation10asocial learning10asong learning1 aAkçay, Çağlar1 aCampbell, Elizabeth1 aBeecher, Michael, D. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721730171902246nas a2200349 4500008004100000245010300041210006900144260001600213300001400229490000800243520124400251653001401495653001401509653001201523653001801535653001601553653002101569653001601590653001401606100002401620700002201644700002601666700002201692700002201714700002001736700002301756700001801779700001901797700002201816700001501838856004301853 2017 eng d00aNo need to shout: Effect of signal loudness on sibling communication in barn owls Tyto alba0 aNo need to shout Effect of signal loudness on sibling communicat cJan-06-2017 a419 - 4240 v1233 a

In animal communication, signal loudness is often ignored and seldom measured. We used a playback experiment to examine the role of vocal loudness (i.e., sound pressure level) in sibling to sibling communication of nestling barn owls Tyto alba. In this species, siblings vocally negotiate among each other for priority access to parental food resources. Call rate and call duration play key roles in this vocal communication system, with the most vocal nestlings deterring their siblings from competing for access to the food item next delivered by parents. Here, we broadcast calls at different loudness levels and call rate to live nestlings. The loudness of playback calls did not affect owlets' investment in call rate, call duration or call loudness. The rate at which playback calls were broadcast affected owlets' call rate but did not influence their response in terms of loudness. This suggests that selection for producing loud signals may be weak in this species, as loud calls may attract predators. Moreover, given that owlets do not overlap their calls and that they communicate to nearby siblings in the silence of the night, loud signals may not be necessary to convey reliable information about food need.

10aacoustics10aamplitude10abegging10acommunication10acompetition10amultiple signals10anegotiation10aplaybacks1 aDreiss, Amélie, N.1 aDucouret, Pauline1 aRuppli, Charlène, A.1 aRossier, Virginie1 aHernandez, Lucile1 aFalourd, Xavier1 aMarmaroli, Patrick1 aCazau, Dorian1 aLissek, Hervé1 aRoulin, Alexandre1 aFusani, L. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/eth.1261202381nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245007900055210006900134260001600203300001400219490000700233520174200240653001701982653001801999653001402017653001802031653001402049100002002063700002502083856005502108 2015 eng d a0164-029100aCall Repertoire of the Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur, Lepilemur sahamalazensis0 aCall Repertoire of the Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur Lepilemur saham cJan-06-2015 a647 - 6650 v363 aThe acoustic structure of primate loud calls can be used as a powerful, inexpensive, and noninvasive tool for intra- and interspecific comparative analyses, reconstruction of phylogeny, and primate surveys. Despite the range of possibilities offered by acoustic analysis, only few studies so far have focused on quantitative descriptions of the acoustic structure of primate loud call repertoires. Here we aimed to assess the vocal repertoire of the solitary Sahamalaza sportive lemur, Lepilemur sahamalazensis, and to investigate potential communication functions. We recorded every sportive lemur vocalization we heard during 1000 h of nocturnal observations of eight collared individuals, as well as opportunistic searches in the Ankarafa Forest, Sahamalaza Peninsula in northwest Madagascar. In addition, we used playback experiments with four call types to clarify call function. We measured both temporal and spectral properties to describe calls quantitatively and used cross-validated discriminant function analysis to validate call types that we identified from a preliminary qualitative inspection of the spectrograms of 107 calls. We identified six distinct loud call types with the possibility of a seventh call type, with six loud call types similar to those of Lepilemur edwardsi and two loud call types similar to those of four other sportive lemur species. The described call types most likely function in mate advertisement, offspring care, and territorial defense. Future studies of loud calling of the Sahamalaza sportive lemur are needed to clarify if certain call types are sex specific and if loud calls could be used for recognition of individuals to enable noninvasive density measurements and species monitoring.10abioacoustics10aCall function10acall type10acommunication10aLepilemur1 aSeiler, Melanie1 aSchwitzer, Christoph uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10764-015-9846-002265nas a2200169 4500008004100000245015200041210006900193300001200262490000700274520167200281653001801953653001501971653002001986653002402006100002302030856004202053 2004 eng d00aReproductive Behavior of Ground Weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae): Drumming Behavior, Nuptial Feeding, Post-copulatory Guarding and Maternal Care0 aReproductive Behavior of Ground Weta Orthoptera Anostostomatidae a414-4280 v773 a

Compared to other ensiferan Orthoptera such as true crickets (Gryllidae) and katydids (Tettigoniidae) relatively little is known about the reproductive behavior of Anostostomatidae (formerly Stenopelmatidae), the king crickets, weta and allies. Moreover, although the New Zealand species (the weta) are best known, there is little knowledge of the biology of ground weta (Hemiandrus species), a variable genus especially with regard to ovipositor length. This paper presents observations of mating and post-mating behavior of several Hemiandrus species with short ovipositors. Sexually active males and females drum their abdomens on the substrate, apparently as local signals for mate attraction (pheromones may be involved in long distance communication). After mating there is both maternal and paternal investment. Females provide care to eggs and young larvae and males provide a spermatophylax to the female, a mating meal that, in other ensiferan Orthoptera can be an important source of nutrition. In contrast to other ensiferans, however, the spermatophylax of Hemiandrus species with short ovipositors is deposited on the female’s abdomen, a separate location from the sperm ampulla. The spermatophylax is deposited while the male is attached to the female’s underside, apparently to her modified 6th abdominal sternite. Also, in contrast to related taxa, males remain with their mates while the mating meal is eaten. These observations indicate that ground weta are excellent systems for examining behavioral and ecological questions about the evolution of complex signals, as well as the evolution of maternal and paternal investment.

10acommunication10aHemiandrus10amating behavior10aparental investment1 aGwynne, Darryl, T. uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/25086232