03186nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245012700055210006900182260001300251300001100264490000800275520240800283653002502691653002402716653001202740653002202752653001302774653001402787653000902801653001402810100002002824700001802844700001702862856004102879 2000 eng d a0022-094900aThe control of carrier frequency in cricket calls: a refutation of the subalar-tegminal resonance/auditory feedback model.0 acontrol of carrier frequency in cricket calls a refutation of th c2000 Feb a585-960 v2033 a

The subalar-tegminal resonance/auditory feedback hypothesis attempts to explain how crickets control the carrier frequency (f(C)), the loudness and the spectral purity of their calls. This model contrasts with the 'clockwork cricket' or escapement model by proposing that f(C) is not controlled by the resonance of the cricket's radiators (the harps) but is instead controlled neurally. It suggests that crickets are capable of driving their harps to vibrate at any frequency and that they use a tunable Helmholtz-like resonator consisting of the tegmina and the air within the subalar space to amplify and filter the f(C). This model predicts that f(C) is variable, that call loudness is related to tegminal position (and subalar volume) and that low-density gases should cause f(C) to increase. In Anurogryllus arboreus, f(C) is not constant and varied by as much as 0.8 % between pulses. Within each sound pulse, the average f(C) typically decreased from the first to the last third of a sound pulse by 9 %. When crickets called in a mixture of heliox and air, f(C) increased 1.07- to 1.14-fold above the value in air. However, if the subalar space were part of a Helmholtz-like resonator, then its resonant frequency should have increased by 40-50 %. Moreover, similar increases occurred in species that lack a subalar space (oecanthines). Experimental reduction of the subalar volume of singing crickets resulted neither in a change in f(C) nor in a change in loudness. Nor did crickets attempt to restore the subalar volume to its original value. These results disprove the presence of a subalar-tegminal resonator. The free resonance of freshly excised Gryllus rubens tegmina shifted by 1.09-fold when moved between air and a mixture of helium and air. Auditory feedback cannot be the cause of this shift, which is similar to the f(C) shifts in intact individuals of other species. Calculations show that the harp is 3.9-1.8 times more massive than the air that moves en masse with the vibrating harps. Replacing air with heliox-air lowers the mass of the vibrating system sufficiently to account for the f(C) shifts. These results re-affirm the 'clockwork cricket' (escapement) hypothesis. However, as realized by others, the harps should be viewed as narrow-band variable-frequency oscillators whose tuning may be controlled by factors that vary the effective mass.

10aacoustic stimulation10aanimal vocalization10aAnimals10abiological models10afeedback10aGryllidae10amale10avibration1 aPrestwich, K, N1 aLenihan, K, M1 aMartin, D, M uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/4786100764nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245009900055210006900154260001300223300001100236490000700247653002100254653001200275653002200287653001400309653001400323653001500337653001100352653000900363653002200372653002400394653002400418100001500442856004100457 1999 eng d a1055-790300aA nested analysis of song groups and species boundaries in the Hawaiian cricket genus Laupala.0 anested analysis of song groups and species boundaries in the Haw c1999 Mar a332-410 v1110aanimal behaviour10aAnimals10abiological models10aecosystem10aGryllidae10aHaplotypes10aHawaii10amale10amitochondrial DNA10apopulation genetics10aspecies specificity1 aShaw, K, L uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/4778502264nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245009300055210006900148260001300217300001300230490000800243520163100251653002801882653001201910653001101922653001701933653000901950100002701959700001901986856004102005 1997 eng d a0022-094900aSexual signalling in bladder grasshoppers: tactical design for maximizing calling range.0 aSexual signalling in bladder grasshoppers tactical design for ma c1997 Oct a2597-6080 v2003 a

Pair formation in the bladder grasshopper (Bullacris membracioides) is by duetting and male phonotaxis. Low-frequency stridulatory signals are emitted by an abdominal resonator in the male and are answered by females using a species-specific time delay. Acoustic transmission in the natural environment was studied using playback of sexual signals over distances of 450m under two atmospheric conditions (day and night). Upward-refracting sound conditions and a sound shadow zone beyond approximately 50m prevailed during the day. Acoustic enhancement was demonstrated at night when downward-refracting temperature inversions created a tunnel effect with sound caught between the ground and zones of different temperatures. Transmission conditions are almost ideal at night when the species actually calls; calling distances of 150m for the male signal in the afternoon increased to 1.5-1.9km at night, arguably the largest calling distance yet reported for insects. In contrast, female calls transmit over a maximum of 50m, signifying a marked discrepancy in the active space of sex-specific signals. Transmission distance may, however, be profoundly affected by levels of masking noise. Adaptations to increase the signal range may variously be found in the signal itself, in behaviour patterns or in the sensory system. Here we demonstrate aspects of the first two types of adaptation in the sexual signalling system of a grasshopper in which maximizing the calling range appears to be the major selection pressure, with lesser effects imposed by inter- and intraspecific pressures and by the transmission channel.

10aanimal sexual behaviour10aAnimals10afemale10agrasshoppers10amale1 avan Staaden, Moira, J.1 aRömer, Heiner uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/2090202473nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245019100055210006900246260000900315300001100324490000800335520170100343653001202044653002202056653002402078653001102102653001202113653000902125653002102134653001502155100002002170856004102190 1981 eng d a0302-766X00aStructure of the auditory system of the weta Hemideina crassidens (Blanchard, 1851). (Orthoptera, Ensifera, Gryllacridoidea, Stenopelmatidae). 2. Ultrastructure of the auditory sensilla.0 aStructure of the auditory system of the weta Hemideina crassiden c1981 a345-590 v2173 a

This study of the ultrastructure of the auditory sensilla of the New Zealand weta, Hemideina crassidens, is the first such study on a member of the orthopteran Superfamily Gryllacridoidea. Ultrastructure of the auditory sensilla is similar in all of the tibial mechanosensory organs, here called subgenual organ, intermediate organ and crista acoustica by analogy with comparable structures in Tettigoniidae. Distal to each sensory soma is a dendrite containing multiple ciliary rootlets that fuse into a single ciliary root. This splits into nine root processes that pass around the outside of the proximal basal body and then rejoin at the level of the distal basal body, distal to which the dendrite has a modified ciliary structure with a circlet of nine peripheral paired tubes and rods as it passes through the proximal extracellular space. It is then enclosed by a zone of scolopale cell cytoplasm before expanding into a dilatation within the distal extracellular space. In some sensilla this space is partially occluded by electron dense material which is part of the scolopale cell. Distal to the dilatation the cilium shrinks and ends surrounded by the scolopale cap. Accessory cells consist of glia enwrapping the sensory neuron in the region of its soma, the scolopale cell surrouinding the ciliary portion of the dendrite, and the attachment cell surrounding the scolopale cell and scolopale cap and connected to them by desmosomes. The attachment cells are filled with microtubules in differing densities and orientations. Lamellae are present in the acellular matrix surrounding the attachment cells. Banded fibres, presumably of collagen, are also present in the matrix.

10aAnimals10aAuditory Pathways10aelectron microscopy10afemale10ahearing10amale10amechanoreceptors10aOrthoptera1 aBall, Eldon, E. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/1722702432nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245018200055210006900237260000900306300001100315490000800326520166800334653001202002653001102014653001202025653000902037653001502046653002402061653002802085100002002113700001602133856004102149 1981 eng d a0302-766X00aStructure of the auditory system of the weta Hemideina crassidens (blanchard, 1851) (Orthoptera, Ensifera, Gryllacridoidea, Stenopelmatidae). 1. Morphology and histology.0 aStructure of the auditory system of the weta iHemideina crasside c1981 a321-430 v2173 a

The morphology and histology of the tibial auditory system of the New Zealand weta, Hemideina crassidens, are described. The groups of acoustic sensilla conform closely to the subgenual organ, intermediate organ and crista acoustica of the Tettigoniidae. Each prothoracic tibia bears two thick (40-100 micrometers) tympana of approximately equal size divided into two distinct zones. The tracheae of the prothoracic legs are connected across the midline by a transverse commissure and by a chiasma between the ventral longitudinal trunks. No expanded vesicle ("vesicula acoustica") is associated with the spiracle. The anterior and posterior tracheae are divided into three distinct regions within the tibia: (1) a bulbous proximal posterior inflated chamber, (2) the tympanal vesicles to which the tympana attach, and (3) an elongate distal posterior inflated chamber. The pattern of innervation in the tympanal region is similar to that of gryllids as is the central projection of the tympanal nerve. The subgenual organ, which contains ca. 50 sensilla, forms an acute angle with the wall of the leg. The intermediate organ contains ca. 19 sensilla forming an arc against the anterior wall of the leg. The crista acoustica contains ca. 50 sensilla aligned in a gelatinous matrix along the dorsal surface of the anterior tympanal vesicle. Each dendrite projects distally, then is reflected proximally and dorsally to end in a scolopale embedded in an attachment cell. The attachment cells are stellate in the proximal portion of the crista, but distally they occur as parallel lamellae. The weta ear is compared with those of other Orthoptera.

10aAnimals10afemale10ahearing10amale10aOrthoptera10aspecies specificity10avestibulocochlear nerve1 aBall, Eldon, E.1 aField, L, H uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/17226