01988nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007200041210006900113520154900182100001701731700001501748700002801763700002201791856004101813 2001 eng d00aDUET SINGING AND FEMALE CHOICE IN THE BUSHCRICKET PHANEROPTERA NANA0 aDUET SINGING AND FEMALE CHOICE IN THE BUSHCRICKET PHANEROPTERA N3 aIn the phaneropterine bushcricket Phaneroptera nana both males and females sing, producing a duet. The male's song is answered by a short female 'tick'. A male that receives a response in a defined interval after the end of his chirp usually initiates phonotaxis toward the female. Measurements of temporal, spectral, and energy characters of male chirps indicate that individual males vary considerably in several temporal song characters. Females exhibited equivalent response rates to solitary singing males in laboratory trials regardless of their song characters. However, when simultaneously presented with two singing males, females showed consistent preferences: They responded preferentially to relatively longer chirps produced by larger males. Male chirp rate had no influence on female response, suggesting that females were not influenced by a summation of acoustic input integrated over multiple chirps. Rather, female 'decisions' to respond were probably made following individual chirps. The selective responses exhibited by Ph. nana females contradict some previous expecta- tions that females in duet signalling systems should be indiscriminate. Selectivity may reflect the reliability with which females can assess male song at a distance and potential disadvantages of attracting multiple suitors. Laboratory trials indicated that only males receiving a high female response rate actually approach and mate with the female. Thus, this duet signalling system may be relatively resistant to intraspecific exploitation.1 aTauber, Eran1 aCohen, Dan1 aGreenfield, Michael, D.1 aPener, Meir, Paul uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5844900548nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245010800055210006900163260001600232300001400248490000800262100002300270700002400293856008500317 1988 eng d a0005-795900aMating System, Mate Choice and Ultrasonic Calling in a Zaprochiline Katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)0 aMating System Mate Choice and Ultrasonic Calling in a Zaprochili cJan-01-1988 a202 - 2230 v1051 aGwynne, Darryl, T.1 aBailey, Winston, J. uhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/156853988x0002502551nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245010500055210006900160260001600229300001400245490000800259520199200267100002102259700002802280856008502308 1989 eng d a0005-795900aSatellites and Transients: Ecological Constraints On Alternative Mating Tactics in Male Grasshoppers0 aSatellites and Transients Ecological Constraints On Alternative  cJan-01-1989 a200 - 2200 v1093 a

Alternative tactics of male mating behaviour, broadly classifiable as "dominant/ territorial" versus "subordinate/non-territorial", have now been described for numerous species. Furthermore, across diverse taxa the mating tactics of subordinate/non-territorial males often appear as one of two distinct types, satellite or transient behaviour. Despite general recognition of this dichotomy, though, little effort has been made to identify the circumstances under which one of these behaviours is adopted over the other. We compared the mating systems of two congeneric species of desert grasshoppers (genus Ligurotettix) to investigate specifically the role of resource dispersion in shaping the behaviour of subordinate males. The utility of the comparative approach derives from two basic similarities between the species: both Ligurotettix coquilletti and Ligurotettix planum feed almost exclusively on a single host plant species, and the majority of males in both species defend individual host plants to gain access to females. However, the two species are associated with host plants that are dispersed very differently; i.e., L. coquilletti encounter a small number of large plants and L. planum a large number of small ones. In L. coquilletti, subordinate males, individuals noted by their lack of success in aggression and in obtaining matings, were characterized as satellites that remained silent on host plants defended by territorial males. Subordinate males in L. planum, however, were transients that sang regularly but moved frequently among different host plants. We propose that this behavioural discrepancy results from (1) the large difference between the number of potential female encounter sites (i.e., individual host plants) available to the males of the two species and (2) the large difference between the sizes of resource patches defended by the two species, which influences the ability of dominant males to eject subordinates.

1 aShelly, Todd, E.1 aGreenfield, Michael, D. uhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/156853989x0023102476nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245009800055210006900153260001600222300001400238490000700252520200700259856007602266 1961 eng d a0005-795900aAggressiveness, Territoriality, and Sexual Behavior in Field Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)0 aAggressiveness Territoriality and Sexual Behavior in Field Crick cJan-01-1961 a130 - 2230 v173 a

Most contacts between adult male field crickets involve aggressive behavior by one or both individuals and terminate with the obvious retreat of one individual. Aggressive behavior consists of one or more of several actions: in mild encounters there is either rearing of the forebody, lashing of the antennae, and shaking of the body, or else rearing of the hind body, kicking with the hind legs, and shaking of the body; in intense encounters, antennal lashing and rearing of the forebody are followed by spreading the mandibles, stridulating distinctively, rushing forward, sparring with the forelegs, butting with the head, and grappling, wrestling, or biting with the mandibles. A male is often flipped back or thrown sideways, but mutilation as a result of fighting is rare, and only in the most intense encounters is the winner determined by what seems to be superior strength or fighting ability. The outcomes of most encounters are determined by the relative tenacity of the two males, and the intensity of aggression exhibited is correlated with the length of the fight, continued aggressive activity developing into increasingly severe combat until one male finally retreats. Groups of adult male field crickets caged in small arenas form essentially linear dominance hierarchies which are stable for short periods of time and which can be described in terms of several characteristics: (1) each male dominates all or nearly all of his encounters with males below him in the hierarchy, (2) the total number of encounters by individual males decreases gradually toward the bottom of the hierarchy, (3) the intensity of aggression exhibited during encounters decreases more or less gradually toward the bottom of the hierarchy and the numbers of no-decision and no-aggression encounters and actively homosexual contacts increase, and (4) encounters between males which rank next to each other are usually more intense than encounters between males which are far apart in the hierarchy.

 uhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/10.1163/156853961x0004202397nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245010100055210006900156260001600225300001400241490000800255520172600263653002101989653002302010653001802033653001502051100002702066700002102093856007702114 2005 eng d a0005-795900aAlternate tactics in male bladder grasshoppers Bullacris membracioides (Orthoptera: Pneumoridae)0 aAlternate tactics in male bladder grasshoppers Bullacris membrac cJan-06-2005 a761 - 7780 v1423 a

Bladder grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Pneumoridae) are a unique group of nocturnal, specialized herbivores, endemic to coastal regions of Southern Africa. Adult males are characterized by an inflated abdomen, which develops at the final molt, and a signaling system capable of producing high intensity calls detectable by conspecifics at distances of up to 2 km. Female response to male calls leads to reciprocal duetting and pair formation. We have found an alternative form to the dominant inflated male tactic in three pneumorid species. These alternate males are incapable of flight and lack the air-filled abdominal bladder used in long-range acoustic communication; but may be found in copula with mature females in the field. Here we address the issue of neoteny/paedogenesis in the alternate male by comparing the morphology of inflated and uninflated adult male Bullacris membracioides with that of ultimate and penultimate nymphal instars, to determine whether these forms follow a common developmental trajectory. We then compare the behavioral responsiveness of inflated and noninflated morphs to conspecific advertisement calls, to ascertain whether alternate males have the potential to actively exploit the mate location system of duetting pairs. Morphometric analyses indicate that alternate males are a distinctly divergent form from the primary male developmental tactic. We conclude that males following the alternate tactic eavesdrop on the duets of inflated males and females to exploit the acoustic mate location system. This satellite tactic has potential impact on several aspects of pneumorid biology contributing to biasing sexual selection, sensory drive, and ultimately speciation events.

10aalternative male10abehavioral tactics10acommunication10amorphology1 avan Staaden, Moira, J.1 aDonelson, Nathan uhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/10.1163/156853905472908802236nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245009700055210006900152260001600221300001600237490000800253520158600261653002701847653002201874653001601896100002701912700002401939856007901963 2006 eng d a0005-795900aFemale preferences for male calling songs in the bladder grasshopper Bullacris membracioides0 aFemale preferences for male calling songs in the bladder grassho cJan-12-2006 a1439 - 14560 v1433 a

Male acoustic signals and the information they convey are often critical determinants of female mate choice. Bladder grasshoppers are one of numerous orthopteran taxa utilizing sound as the basis of courtship and ultimately mating. However, despite the extreme specializations for long-distance acoustic communication in this family, female mating preferences for male calls have not been previously investigated. Here we examine female acoustic responses to playbacks of male calls in Bullacris membracioides. Females were tested in three separate contexts, viz. response to conspecific calls of different individuals, response to degraded conspecific calls, and response to the calls of two heterospecifics. Female response was significantly correlated with seven of eight measured call features within B. membracioides, indicating sexual selection to be operating in this species. Females also responded to conspecific calls with degradation levels equivalent to a male calling 150 m away, but intensity equivalent to one at 25 m, identifying call amplitude rather than degradation as the factor limiting female response. However, as response decreased with increasing call degradation, signal quality remains a factor in female preference. Calls of the sister taxon B. intermedia were equally attractive to B. membracioides females as were conspecific calls, while the more distinct calls of B. serrata were less preferred than those of both B. membracioides and B. intermedia. This indicates a lack of discriminatory ability against a similar sounding heterospecific.

10aacoustic communication10afemale preference10aPneumoridae1 avan Staaden, Moira, J.1 aCouldridge, Vanessa uhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/10.1163/15685390677936703502143nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245014700055210006900202260001600271300001400287490000800301520154700309100002301856700002101879856008501900 1995 eng d a0005-795900aSocial Communication in the Madagascar Hissing Cockroach: Features of Male Courtship Hisses and a Comparison of Courtship and Agonistic Hisses0 aSocial Communication in the Madagascar Hissing Cockroach Feature cJan-01-1995 a401 - 4170 v1323 a

Male Madagascar hissing cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) produce acoustic sounds or 'hisses' during courtship interactions with females. G. portentosa males also hiss during agonistic interactions with other males. In this study we documented intra- and inter- individual variation in male courtship hisses, addressed the possible role of hissing as an indicator of male rank, size or mating success, and determined if individual males produce different hisses during courtship and agonistic interactions. We found inter-individual variation in courtship hisses in dominant frequency and duration. Within males, these characteristics of the courtship hiss were repeatable within a day. Characteristics of courtship hisses and mating success were not related to male rank. However, courtship hisses may convey information about the size of the male: larger males had longer, lower frequency hisses than smaller males. There was a trend for males that mated to be larger than males that did not mate. However, characteristics of the' courtship hiss were not significantly related to mating success after controlling for differences in male weight. Finally, we found that the dominant frequency and duration of courtship and agonistic hisses of males did not differ suggesting that males are using similar signals during both courtship and agonistic interactions. We interpret these results in light of the possible functions of hissing, male-male competition, and female discrimination during courtship interactions.

1 aClark, Deborah, C.1 aMoore, Allen, J. uhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/156853995x0063001614nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245006600055210006600121260001600187300001400203490000700217520117600224100002801400856004001428 1984 eng d a0005-795900aNatural History and Acoustic Behavior of a Gregarious Cricket0 aNatural History and Acoustic Behavior of a Gregarious Cricket cJan-01-1984 a241 - 2500 v893 a

The cricket Amphiacusta maya (Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae) was studied in the field in Costa Rica and in the laboratory. In the seasonal habitat of Guanacaste Province, C.R., adults are found only during the first 4 months of the rainy season. Adults and subadult nymphs form aggregations each dawn and disperse at dusk. Within the aggregations, males chirp, fight other males, and occasionally mate with females. The acoustic behavior of these crickets differs from that of the better-known field crickets in three major ways. First, males do not produce a calling song. Second, the chirps given in aggressive and courtship contexts are nearly indistinguishable spectrally and temporally. Third, the species-typical chirp does not elicit phonotaxis in adult females or in nymphs. Possibly the calling song would no longer provide a selective advantage to males because females are in their vicinity regardless of male behavior. Additionally, acoustic signal similarity may be a result of selection for aggressive signalling in both contexts (aggression and courtship). Thus these modifications in acoustic signals may be adaptations to a gregarious mating system.

1 aBoake, Christine, R. B. uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/453434800386nas a2200109 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131300001200200490000700212100002100219856003600240 1981 eng d00aThe Acoustic Behaviour of Platycleis albopunctata (Goeze) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)0 aAcoustic Behaviour of Platycleis albopunctata Goeze Orthoptera T a182-2060 v761 aLatimer, William uhttp://jstor.org/stable/4534098