01712nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245008000055210006900135260001600204300001200220490000800232520123500240100003401475856005701509 2021 eng d a0735-703600aA new look at universals and specificities in the songs of humpback whales.0 anew look at universals and specificities in the songs of humpbac cJan-02-2021 a25 - 270 v1353 a

In this issue’s featured article, Mercado and Perazio (2021) describe songs of humpback whales using acoustic qualities, in part to determine the degree of similarity in songs across time and space that have not been revealed by information-theoretic analyses. They are particularly interested in evaluating alternative explanations of song variations in humpback whales. They argue that if humpback whales’ songs “are . . . transmitted through acoustic contact followed by imitation” (p. 29) then (a) songs of populations not in acoustic contact should diverge, (b) songs of the same population should diverge increasingly over time, and (c) song forms separated by multiple decades either within or across populations should be dissimilar. Alternatively, acoustic similarities in song structure across populations and/or across decades in the same population would challenge the hypothesis that socially mediated learning is the primary driver of variation in the structure of humpback whales’ songs over time. If that is the case, then identifying universal properties of song composition is important to move the field forward. Broadening the analytical tool kit can help in this effort.

1 aFragaszy, Dorothy, Munkenbeck uhttp://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/com000027002090nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245012600055210006900181260001600250300001200266490000800278520154100286100002101827700002701848856005701875 2021 eng d a0735-703600aSimilarities in composition and transformations of songs by humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) over time and space.0 aSimilarities in composition and transformations of songs by hump cJan-02-2021 a28 - 500 v1353 a

The complex songs produced by humpback whales have been cited as evidence of prodigious memory, innovativeness, sophisticated auditory scene analysis, vocal imitation, and even culture. Researchers believe humpbacks learn their songs culturally because songs appear to change rapidly, consistently, and irreversibly across whales within a population. Here, we present evidence of similarities in song structure both across populations and decades that strongly challenge claims that social learning is the main driver of variations in humpback whale songs over time. Groups of humpback whales that were not in acoustic contact (recorded in Puerto Rico in 1970, Hawaii in 2012, and Colombia in 2013–2019) produced songs in acoustically comparable cycles, suggesting that progression through sound patterns within and across songs is not simply determined by vocal imitation of innovative patterns, but may instead be controlled by production templates that prescribe how singers construct and transform songs over time. Identifying universal constraints on song production is critical to evaluating the role of vocal imitation and cultural transmission in the progressive changes that humpback whales make to their songs and for evaluating the functional relevance of such changes. The current findings illustrate how information theoretic analyses of vocal sequences can potentially obscure key acoustic qualities of signals that may be critical to understanding how vocalizers produce, perceive, and use those sequences.

1 aMercado, Eduardo1 aPerazio, Christina, E. uhttp://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/com000026801746nas a2200121 4500008004100000245013300041210006900174520120600243653005701449100002701506700002501533856006601558 2004 eng d00aAcoustic monitoring on a humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae) feeding ground shows continual singing into late spring0 aAcoustic monitoring on a humpback whale iMegaptera novaeangliaei3 a

Singing by males is a major feature of the mating system of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski). Although a few songs have been opportunistically recorded on the whales' high–latitude feeding grounds, singing in these regions was thought to be only sporadic. We report results from the first continuous acoustic monitoring of a humpback whale feeding ground (off Cape Cod, MA, USA) in spring. Using autonomous sea–floor recording systems, we found singing on a daily basis over the entire 25 day monitoring period, from 14 May to 7 June 2000. For much of the period, song was recorded 24 h per day. These results, combined with evidence for aseasonal conceptions in whaling catch data, suggest that the humpback whale breeding season should no longer be considered as confined to lower–latitude regions in winter. Rather, we suggest breeding extends geographically and temporally onto feeding grounds into at least spring and early summer. Singing at these times represents either low–cost opportunistic advertising by (perhaps relatively few) males to court females that failed to conceive during the winter, and/or possibly an intrasexual display.

10ahumpback whale; song; mating systems; North Atlantic1 aClark, Christopher, W.1 aClapham, Phillip, J. uhttps://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2004.269901503nas a2200241 4500008004100000245013800041210006900179520065400248100002000902700001600922700003100938700003100969700002401000700002001024700002101044700002501065700002201090700002401112700002601136700002101162700002701183856005101210 2019 eng d00aSong structure and singing activity of two separate humpback whales populations wintering off the coast of Caño Island in Costa Rica0 aSong structure and singing activity of two separate humpback wha3 a

Central American (CA) and Breeding Stock-G (BSG) humpback whales are known to winter off Caño Island, Costa Rica at different times of the year. To study their singing behavior, autonomous underwater recorders were used to record the whales. Song detection for BSG whales was higher than CA whales, and song structure was distinct for each population. No strong evidence for cross-equatorial connectivity was found. This study provides the first humpback whale song reference for both populations in Costa Rica, which can help advance understanding of CA and BSG whale song rate of change and connectivity with other wintering areas.

1 aChereskin, Emma1 aBeck, Lucas1 aGamboa-Poveda, Mónica, P.1 aPalacios-Alfaro, José, D.1 aMonge-Arias, Ronald1 aChase, Alex, R.1 aCoven, Brian, M.1 aGuzmán, Ana, Gloria1 aMcManus, Noah, W.1 aNeuhaus, Alyssa, P.1 aO'Halloran, Riley, A.1 aRosen, Sasha, G.1 aMay-Collado, Laura, J. uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.513920502857nas a2200181 4500008004100000245009900041210006900140520225500209100002302464700002002487700002202507700001902529700001702548700002002565700002702585700002202612856004102634 2016 eng d00aPreliminary Report on Long-term Detection of Arabian Sea Humpback Whale Vocalizations off Oman0 aPreliminary Report on Longterm Detection of Arabian Sea Humpback3 a

This report presents an overview of the progress to date on the humpback whale detection component of the Arabian Sea Humpback Whale Acoustic Research program off Oman. Three archival acoustic recorders were deployed at sites in two regions for approximately one year each, in Hallaniyats Bay during 2011/2012, and the Gulf of Masirah during 2012/2013. Performance of recorders varied among deployments, but despite some challenges due to equipment failures we succeeded in documenting spatiotemporal patterns in the presence of humpback whales in a large dataset. Several key findings broaden our understanding of the Arabian Sea humpback whale population off Oman. There appears a strong seasonal component to the use of song by this population, primarily from November through May, which is congruent with the Northern Hemisphere breeding cycle and singing season. Throughout this period, singing was heard in both Hallaniyats Bay and the Gulf of Masirah, separated by approximately 400km, indicating that the population utilizes both of these regions. However, there was a much stronger presence in Hallaniyats Bay, with song heard nearly 24 hours/day during the peak months, and song detected simultaneously at multiple sites across the Bay. Previous boat-based survey data indicated similar trends, however, given limitation in the duration of this fieldwork the current acoustic dataset provides a more reliable indication of this population’s breeding related activity. This suggests that the Hallaniyats Bay might serve as a more important habitat for breeding activity than the monitored region of the Gulf of Masirah. There also appeared to be a subtle northward shift in distribution of detections as the singing season progressed, both within Hallaniyats Bay, and from Hallaniyats Bay to the Gulf of Masirah, suggesting a seasonal shift in distribution for singing males. During the summer and autumn months, very little song was detected, however sparse detections indicate that whales are present in both regions during at least some of this period. It is recommended that similar acoustic monitoring be conducted in all range states of the population to elucidate spatiotemporal distribution throughout the Arabian Sea.

1 aCerchio, Salvatore1 aWillson, Andrew1 aMuirhead, Charles1 aMinton, Gianna1 aCollins, Tim1 aBaldwin, Robert1 aWillson, Maia, Sarrouf1 aHarthi, Suaad, Al uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5791001980nas a2200181 4500008004100000245014800041210006900189260001600258490000600274520135900280100001501639700001601654700001901670700001401689700001301703700002801716856005401744 2019 eng d00aLow energy expenditure and resting behaviour of humpback whale mother-calf pairs highlights conservation importance of sheltered breeding areas0 aLow energy expenditure and resting behaviour of humpback whale m cJan-12-20190 v93 a

Understanding the behaviour of humpback whale mother-calf pairs and the acoustic environment on their breeding grounds is fundamental to assessing the biological and ecological requirements needed to ensure a successful migration and survival of calves. Therefore, on a breeding/resting ground, Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia, we used animal-borne DTAGs to quantify the fine-scale behaviour and energetic expenditure of humpback whale mothers and calves, while sound recorders measured the acoustic environment. We show that: (i) lactating humpback whales keep their energy expenditure low by devoting a significant amount of time to rest, and their use of energy, inferred from respiration rates, is ~half than that of adults on their foraging grounds; (ii) lactating females mainly rest while stationary at shallow depths within reach of the hull of commercial ships, thus increasing the potential for ship strike collisions; (iii) the soundscape is dominated by biological sources; and (iv) even moderate increases of noise from vessels will decrease the communication range of humpback whales. Planned commercial infrastructure in Exmouth Gulf will cause a substantial increase in shipping traffic with the risk of ship strikes and acoustic disturbance potentially compromising energy reserves for the southern migration of humpback whales.

1 aBejder, L.1 aVidesen, S.1 aHermannsen, L.1 aSimon, M.1 aHanf, D.1 aMadsen, Peter, Teglberg uhttp://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36870-702471nas a2200157 4500008004100000245014100041210006900182260001600251300001300267490000700280520190900287100002902196700001602225700002002241856005202261 2019 eng d00aSubarctic singers: Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) song structure and progression from an Icelandic feeding ground during winter0 aSubarctic singers Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae song str cNov-01-2020 ae02100570 v143 a

of traditional low latitude breeding grounds. Songs from a subarctic feeding ground during the winter were quantitatively characterized to investigate the structure and temporal changes of the songs at such an atypical location. Recordings were collected from 26. January to 12. March, 2011, using bottom mounted recorders. Humpback songs were detected on 91% of the recording days with peak singing activities during 9.–26. February. The majority of the recordings included multiple chorusing singers. The songs were characterized by a) common static themes which transitioned consistently to predictable themes, b) shifting themes which occurred less predictably and c) rare themes. A set median sequence was found for four different periods (sets) of recordings (approximately 1 week each). The set medians were highly similar and formed a single cluster indicating that the sequences of themes sung in this area belonged to a single cluster of songs despite of the variation caused by the shifting themes. These subarctic winter songs could, thus, represent a characteristic song type for this area which is comparable to extensively studied songs from traditional low latitude breeding grounds. An increase in the number of themes per sequence was observed throughout the recording period including minor changes in the application of themes in the songs; indicating a gradual song progression. The results confirm that continual singing of sophisticated songs occur during the breeding season in the subarctic. In addition to being a well-established summer feeding ground the study area appears to be an important overwintering site for humpback whales delaying or canceling their migration where males engage in active sexual displays, i.e. singing. Importantly, such singing activity on a shared feeding ground likely aids the cultural transmission of songs in the North Atlantic.

1 aMagnúsdóttir, Edda, E.1 aLim, Rangyn1 aSakata, Jon, T. uhttp://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021005702484nas a2200253 4500008004100000245015800041210006900199260002000268300001100288490000600299520155400305653001101859653002601870653001901896653002501915653000901940100002301949700002801972700002202000700001702022700002702039700002602066856013802092 2018 eng d00aCulturally transmitted song exchange between humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae) in the southeast Atlantic and southwest Indian Ocean basins0 aCulturally transmitted song exchange between humpback whales iMe cApr-16-20182023 a1723050 v53 a

In migratory marine species, investigating population connectivity and structure can be challenging given barriers to dispersal are less evident and multiple factors may influence individual movement patterns. Male humpback whales sing a song display that can provide insights into contemporary connectivity patterns, as there can be a cultural exchange of a single, population-wide shared song type with neighbouring populations in acoustic contact. Here, we investigated song exchange between populations located on the east and west coasts of Africa using 5 years of concurrent data (2001–2005). Songs were qualitatively and quantitatively transcribed by measuring acoustic features of all song units and then compared using both Dice’s similarity index and the Levenshtein distance similarity index (LSI) to quantitatively calculate song similarity. Song similarity varied among individuals and potentially between populations depending on the year (Dice: 36–100%, LSI: 21–100%), suggesting varying levels of population connectivity and/or interchange among years. The high degree of song sharing indicated in this study further supports genetic studies that demonstrate interchange between these two populations and reinforces the emerging picture of broad-scale connectivity in Southern Hemisphere populations. Further research incorporating additional populations and years would be invaluable for better understanding of fine-scale, song interchange patterns between Southern Hemisphere male humpback whales.

10aAfrica10acultural transmission10ahumpback whale10apopulation structure10asong1 aGarland, Ellen, C.1 aCarvajal, Gabriella, A.1 aKing, Carissa, D.1 aCollins, Tim1 aRazafindrakoto, Yvette1 aRosenbaum, Howard, C. uhttp://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/lookup/doi/10.1098/rsos.172305https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1098/rsos.17230501900nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245008000055210006900135260001600204300001600220490000800236520131000244100001901554700002101573700001901594700002301613700001901636856005101655 2018 eng d a0001-496600aTowards the topology of autoencoder of calls versus clicks of marine mammal0 aTowards the topology of autoencoder of calls versus clicks of ma cJan-09-2018 a1777 - 17780 v1443 a

The goal is to learn the features and the representation adapted for cetacean sound dynamics without any priors. Thus, we develop data driven model to generate voicing and click of cetaceans audio signals. We learn representation and features of stationary or nonstationary emission using neural network from raw audio. We use different types of convolutions (causal, with strides, with dilation [1]), or gradient inversion [2]. Experiments are conducted on various kind of calls of humpback whales from nips4b challenge [3] or Orca whale. We compare the topology for transient encoding on Physeters and Inia g. For each model, we detail the resulting filters and discuss on the topology. We acknowledge Region PACA and NortekMED for Roger’s Phd grant, & DGA and Région Haut de France for Ferrari’s Phd grant. [1] Oord, Dieleman, Zen, Simonyan, Vinyals, Graves et al. Wavenet : A generative model for raw audio, arXiv:1609.03499, 2016 [2] Balestriero, Roger, Glotin, Baraniuk, Semi-Supervised Learning via New Deep Network Inversion, arXiv:1711.04313, 2017 [3] Glotin, LeCun, Mallat et al. Proc. 1st wkp on Neural Information Processing for Bioacoustics NIPS4B, joint to NIPS Alberta USA, 2013 http://sabiod.org/nips4b/challenge2.html, http://sabiod.org/NIPS4B2013_book.pdf

1 aRoger, Vincent1 aFerrari, Maxence1 aMarxer, Ricard1 aChamroukhi, Faicel1 aGlotin, Hervé uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.506785901939nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245012700055210006900182260001600251300001600267490000800283520143100291100002001722856005101742 2018 eng d a0001-496600aPotential changes in the communication space of humpback whale social sounds in increasing wind and vessel-dominated noise0 aPotential changes in the communication space of humpback whale s cJan-09-2018 a1885 - 18850 v1443 a

An animal communication network involves complex acoustic interactions between multiple senders, receivers, and eavesdroppers. Any reduction in communication space, due to signal masking, may have detrimental effects on their ability to obtain social information. Humpback whales use social sounds (vocal and surface-generated percussive sounds) for within-, and between-, group communication. To generate masking models, and infer communication space, changes in signal-above-noise and frequency content of received humpback whale social sounds were modelled with the combined effect of increasing background noise (wind or vessel-dominated) and distance from the source (signalling whale). Results suggest that the signaler’s communication space in increasing wind-dominated noise (shallow water) was maintained out to approximately 3 km by using a Lombard response. In high wind noise (over 105 dB re 1 μPa; 12–15 knots), the vocal communication space was significantly reduced, though the increased use of surface-generated sounds likely aided in maintaining this space. In vessel-dominated noise, communication space was significantly reduced in levels exceeding 110 dB re 1 μPa (vessel within approximately 2 km), with no evidence that the signaler switched to using surface-generated sounds. These models can be updated as more information on humpback auditory capabilities becomes available.

1 aDunlop, Rebecca uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.506826201909nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245006400055210006400119260001600183300001600199490000800215520146700223100002201690856005101712 2018 eng d a0001-496600aMapping the phonetic structure of humpback whale song units0 aMapping the phonetic structure of humpback whale song units cJan-09-2018 a1953 - 19540 v1443 a

The striking similarities of time-frequency spectrograms of voiced human speech and humpback whale vocalizations suggested a common targeted frequency-modulated phonetic basis. To map the sub-unit structure of humpback whale song units, a time-frequency contour segmentation, extraction, and classification procedure was developed and tested on streaming voiced human speech. When the procedure was applied to humpback vocalizations and the tone-pairs of the two most energetic “vocal fold” harmonic frequencies were plotted in x-y coordinates, the plot exhibited properties of an optimally structured Shannon “modem symbol constellation” diagram of 14 distinct sub-regions and 60 acoustically distinct sub-unit symbols. The humpback symbol constellation is structurally comparable to the tone-pair symbol constellations of English and Asian language vowels. The information entropy and plot of the humpback sub-unit symbol set’s cumulative probability vs. ranked frequency distribution function are nearly identical to the entropy and Zipf power law profile of the English language phoneme set. The precise specification of the sub-unit structure of more than one hundred song units analyzed to date has resulted in a three-fold expansion in the number of unique units identified in previous studies, suggesting that the “lexicon” of humpback song units is potentially much larger than cited in the literature.

1 aPines, Howard, S. uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.506854102437nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245014000055210006900195260001600264300001600280490000800296520158400304100001901888700002301907700002101930700002301951700002501974700001801999700001702017700002402034700001802058700002202076700002202098856005102120 2018 eng d a0001-496600aTemporal variations in humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) song in Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, northeast Pacific0 aTemporal variations in humpback whale iMegaptera novaeangliaei s cJan-09-2018 a1953 - 19530 v1443 a

Using two years of nearly continuous recordings from Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, August 2015 through July 2017, variations in humpback whale song are examined on diel, seasonal, and interannual time scales. The cabled hydrophone is in humpback feeding and migratory habitat at 36.7128°N, 122.186°W. Diel analyses show 69% of song during night, 23% during day, and 8% during dusk or dawn. Seasonal analyses show song absence during summer (June–August), emergence during fall (September–October), peak during late fall/winter (November–January), and highly variable detection during spring (February–May). During both years >80% of song occurred during the November–January peak. Song detection within a month reached a maximum of 58% of the time during November 2016. Song length increased (p < 0.01) month-to-month from the start in fall through the end of the peak in January. The months of maximum song occurrence coincide with declining visual sighting of humpbacks within Monterey Bay, consistent with seasonal southward migration to breeding habitat and/or more offshore residence. Interannual variation in song was marked by a 51% increase between the first and second years. Habitat during the first year was strongly influenced by a prolonged regional oceanic warm anomaly and the largest toxic algal bloom ever recorded in the northeast Pacific. Alternative hypotheses for the interannual difference in song detection relate to differences in humpback regional abundance, behavior, and habitat occupancy.

1 aRyan, John, P.1 aCline, Danelle, E.1 aJoseph, John, E.1 aMargolina, Tetyana1 aStimpert, Alison, K.1 aForney, Karin1 aBlack, Nancy1 aDeVogelaere, Andrew1 aFischer, Mark1 aWahl, Christopher1 aChavez, Francisco uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.506853701686nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245008800055210006900143260001600212300001600228490000800244520119100252100001601443700001801459856005101477 2018 eng d a0001-496600aInvestigation of the context of humpback whale non-song calls in the North Atlantic0 aInvestigation of the context of humpback whale nonsong calls in  cJan-09-2018 a1979 - 19790 v1443 a

Humpback whales display behavioural plasticity in their foraging behaviours and non-song calling behaviours. Prey type appears to be associated with some of the variation in foraging behaviours and, thus, may also be related to variation in use of non-song calls related to foraging. Our goal was to compare non-song calls from two regions and identify any call types that occur in only one of the regions. We used recordings from stationary hydrophones within two foraging grounds: from the northeast Newfoundland coast, where capelin is the main prey; and the Gulf of Maine, where herring and sand lance dominate the diet. These areas are sympatric and foraging groups are thought to be from the same breeding aggregation, suggesting that call type differences would not have a genetic-basis. Most of the call types were the same across both areas, as has been found across many foraging grounds, but a small number of call types and call sequences were heard in only one of the two regions. We hope to use multi-sensor tag data and video recordings to help identify the contexts of these calls to further determine whether non-song call variation can be linked to prey type.

1 aEpp, Mikala1 aDavoren, Gail uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.506864202064nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245018800055210006900243260001600312300001600328490000800344520132100352100002701673700002401700700001901724700002201743700001901765700002301784856005101807 2018 eng d a0001-496600aAcute motor and vocal response of humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) to playback of amplitude-modulated noise: A method to test frequency range of hearing0 aAcute motor and vocal response of humpback whales iMegaptera nov cJan-09-2018 a1953 - 19530 v1443 a

The frequency hearing range of mysticete cetaceans remains elusive despite a growing concern about the negative impacts of anthropogenic noise. A playback study was conducted in the Maui Nui region of Hawaii during March 2018. Stationary humpback whales (i.e., single singers or silent dyads) were targeted due to their predictable behavior that allowed for observations pre, during, and post-playback. Playback consisted of amplitude-modulated noise that was broadband, high-pass filtered, or 1/3 octave bandpass filtered. The animal’s motor behavior was recorded by video from a swimmer positioned above the animal. Acoustic playback and acquisition was performed from a small vessel approximately 41 m to 56 m from a targeted animal. A total of 16 playbacks were conducted with estimated received levels between 116 dB–138 dB RMS (re 1 μPa). Motor responses ranged from abruptly swimming away to subtle fluke movements with a median response latency of 1.7 sec (n = 7). Vocal responses ranged from abrupt song termination to unexpected changes in song unit pattern, with a median response latency of 2.94 sec (n = 8). This novel playback methodology was effective at producing and measuring motor and vocal responses to sound and may be useful in measuring the hearing range of mysticetes.

1 aBranstetter, Brian, K.1 aDeakos, Mark, H. H.1 aJenkins, Keith1 aBalmer, Brian, C.1 aNess, Alan, P.1 aCartwright, Rachel uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.506854001591nas a2200205 4500008004100000245006900041210006900110260001600179520096600195653002101161653001901182653002901201653001501230653002101245653001001266100002101276700002801297700001701325856004301342 2018 eng d00aIncorporating tides into the acoustic ecology of humpback whales0 aIncorporating tides into the acoustic ecology of humpback whales cOct-10-20193 a

North Pacific humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) migrate annually to foraging grounds in Southeast Alaska that are characterized by semidiurnal tidal cycles. Tidal activity is an important driver of marine mammal behavior on foraging grounds, but is often omitted in studies of acoustic ecology. To better understand the role of sound in this vocal species we investigated the influence of tidal height and direction on humpback whale nonsong calling behavior in Frederick Sound and described new call types for this population. The likelihood of detecting a call from the low‐frequency‐harmonic, pulsed, or noisy‐complex call classes was independent of tidal activity. The likelihood of detecting a call from the tonal call class, and a feeding call in particular, was 2.1 times higher during flood tides than during ebb tides (95% CI 1.1–4.4). This likely reflects an indirect relationship between humpback whale foraging and tides.

10aacoustic ecology10ahumpback whale10aMegaptera novaean- gliae10arepertoire10aSoutheast Alaska10atides1 aBarlow, Dawn, R.1 aFournet, Michelle, E.H.1 aSharpe, Fred uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mms.1253400476nas a2200157 4500008004100000245005500041210005500096260001600151300001400167490000700181100002800188700001700216700002400233700001800257856004300275 2018 eng d00aFeeding calls produced by solitary humpback whales0 aFeeding calls produced by solitary humpback whales cJan-07-2018 a851 - 8650 v341 aGabriele, Christine, M.1 aSharpe, Fred1 aStraley, Janice, M.1 aSzabo, Andrew uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mms.v34.301828nas a2200145 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141260001600210300001400226490000700240520133800247100002901585700002501614856004301639 2018 eng d00aFirst record of humpback whale songs in Southern Chile: Analysis of seasonal and diel variation0 aFirst record of humpback whale songs in Southern Chile Analysis  cJan-07-2018 a718 - 7330 v343 a

Although humpback whales have been well‐studied on their Hawaiian breeding grounds, it is difficult to track individual animals over long distances without tags, particularly when they move offshore. Here, singing humpback whales were localized in three dimensions on the Pacific Missile Range Facility off Kauai, Hawaii, located between 20 km and 80 km offshore, from January 2011 through June 2014. Detailed behavioral analyses were conducted on the resulting tracks. One hundred and eight individual tracks were identified and metrics of these tracks were examined. Using these metrics, the tracks were classified into four behavior categories, described herein as Directed Travel, Repeated Stationary Dives, Mill, and tracks with Combinations of behavioral states. Some diel and seasonal patterns were identified, with Mill tracks occurring more at night than the other behaviors, Repeated Stationary Dive tracks occurring more during the day, and Directed Travel occurring only at the start and end of the breeding season. These results provide detailed insights into the movement of singing humpback whales, particularly in offshore waters where they may be migrating into or out of breeding grounds. This also contributes valuable information on the baseline behavior of humpback whales on a US Navy training range.

1 aEspañol-Jiménez, Sonia1 avan der Schaar, Mike uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mms.v34.301881nas a2200169 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141260001600210300001400226490000700240520133800247100002501585700002201610700001801632700001801650856004301668 2018 eng d00aIdentifying behavioral states and habitat use of acoustically tracked humpback whales in Hawaii0 aIdentifying behavioral states and habitat use of acoustically tr cJan-07-2018 a701 - 7170 v343 a

Although humpback whales have been well‐studied on their Hawaiian breeding grounds, it is difficult to track individual animals over long distances without tags, particularly when they move offshore. Here, singing humpback whales were localized in three dimensions on the Pacific Missile Range Facility off Kauai, Hawaii, located between 20 km and 80 km offshore, from January 2011 through June 2014. Detailed behavioral analyses were conducted on the resulting tracks. One hundred and eight individual tracks were identified and metrics of these tracks were examined. Using these metrics, the tracks were classified into four behavior categories, described herein as Directed Travel, Repeated Stationary Dives, Mill, and tracks with Combinations of behavioral states. Some diel and seasonal patterns were identified, with Mill tracks occurring more at night than the other behaviors, Repeated Stationary Dive tracks occurring more during the day, and Directed Travel occurring only at the start and end of the breeding season. These results provide detailed insights into the movement of singing humpback whales, particularly in offshore waters where they may be migrating into or out of breeding grounds. This also contributes valuable information on the baseline behavior of humpback whales on a US Navy training range.

1 aHenderson, Elizabeth1 aHelble, Tyler, A.1 aIerley, Glenn1 aMartin, Steve uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mms.v34.302710nas a2200121 4500008004100000245005200041210004800093260001600141490000600157520232900163100002602492856007002518 2018 eng d00aThe Sonar Model for Humpback Whale Song Revised0 aSonar Model for Humpback Whale Song Revised cApr-07-20190 v93 a

Why do humpback whales sing? This paper considers the hypothesis that humpback whales may use song for long range sonar. Given the vocal and social behavior of humpback whales, in several cases it is not apparent how they monitor the movements of distant whales or prey concentrations. Unless distant animals produce sounds, humpback whales are unlikely to be aware of their presence or actions. Some field observations are strongly suggestive of the use of song as sonar. Humpback whales sometimes stop singing and then rapidly approach distant whales in cases where sound production by those whales is not apparent, and singers sometimes alternately sing and swim while attempting to intercept another whale that is swimming evasively. In the evolutionary development of modern cetaceans, perceptual mechanisms have shifted from reliance on visual scanning to the active generation and monitoring of echoes. It is hypothesized that as the size and distance of relevant events increased, humpback whales developed adaptive specializations for long-distance echolocation. Differences between use of songs by humpback whales and use of sonar by other echolocating species are discussed, as are similarities between bat echolocation and singing by humpback whales. Singing humpback whales are known to emit sounds intense enough to generate echoes at long ranges, and to flexibly control the timing and qualities of produced sounds. The major problem for the hypothesis is the lack of recordings of echoes from other whales arriving at singers immediately before they initiate actions related to those whales. An earlier model of echoic processing by singing humpback whales is here revised to incorporate recent discoveries. According to the revised model, both direct echoes from targets and modulations in song-generated reverberation can provide singers with information that can help them make decisions about future actions related to mating, traveling, and foraging. The model identifies acoustic and structural features produced by singing humpback whales that may facilitate a singer’s ability to interpret changes in echoic scenes and suggests that interactive signal coordination by singing whales may help them to avoid mutual interference. Specific, testable predictions of the model are presented.

1 aIII, Eduardo, Mercado uhttps://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01156/full00575nas a2200157 4500008004100000245012200041210006900163260001600232300001400248490000700262100002500269700002100294700002300315700002600338856005300364 2017 eng d00aCommon nonsong social calls of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) recorded off northern Angola, southern Africa0 aCommon nonsong social calls of humpback whales Megaptera novaean cJan-01-2017 a365 - 3750 v331 aRekdahl, Melinda, L.1 aTisch, Charlotte1 aCerchio, Salvatore1 aRosenbaum, Howard, C. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mms.2017.33.issue-100591nas a2200145 4500008004100000245018300041210006900224260001600293300001400309490000700323100001700330700002300347700002200370856005300392 2017 eng d00aSoutheastern Pacific humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae and their breeding grounds: Distribution and habitat preference of singers and social groups off the coast of Ecuador0 aSoutheastern Pacific humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae and  cJan-01-2017 a219 - 2350 v331 aOña, Javier1 aGarland, Ellen, C.1 aDenkinger, Judith uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mms.2017.33.issue-1