02746nas a2200277 4500008004100000245007300041210006900114490000800183520187700191653002702068653003002095653002402125653002102149653003202170653002102202100003202223700002502255700001802280700002002298700002202318700002602340700001902366700001902385700002302404856004102427 2022 eng d00aThe effect of inundation on frog communities and chorusing behaviour0 aeffect of inundation on frog communities and chorusing behaviour0 v1453 a

Globally, river regulation has degraded wetlands, including parts of the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB), an ecologically significant basin in Australia. Frogs in a floodplain environment largely depend on habitats created by river flows, but little is known about how frogs in the northern MDB are impacted by river regulation. We tested how wetland inundation affected frogs in a catchment of the northern MDB. We surveyed frogs between 2015 and 2019 to determine long-term changes in the community composition associated with wetland inundation from river flows. Additionally, we recorded nightly soundscapes for four days before and after the arrival of river flows between 2019 and 2020. The abundance and richness of frog species increased during larger inundation events leading to altered community composition (beta diversity). Warmer temperatures increased frog species richness, and frog community dominance decreased with decreasing vegetation cover (i.e., the relative abundance became more even across species). The abundance of five frog species (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis, Limnodynastes fletcheri, Crinia parinsignifera, Litoria peronii, and Litoria latopalmata) was higher in response to increased inundation extent. The total species richness of chorusing frogs increased after the arrival of river flows; six species chorused over the four nights preceding flow, whereas eight species chorused following the flow arrival, but the responses varied among species and sites. Frog species richness increased at three sites after flows, but not at others. After inundation, the choruses of Limnodynastes tasmaniensis increased whereas Limnodynastes fletcheri decreased. Our findings indicate that wetland inundation is beneficial for frog communities and suggest that chorusing behaviour varied in response to river flows inundating floodplain wetlands.

10aEnvironmental watering10aFalse-colour Spectrograms10aFloodplain wetlands10aLong term survey10apassive acoustic monitoring10aRiver regulation1 aSarke, Mohammad, Abdur Razz1 aMcKnight, Donald, T.1 aRyder, Darren1 aWalcott, Amelia1 aOcock, Joanne, F.1 aSpencer, Jennifer, A.1 aPreston, David1 aBrodie, Sheryn1 aBower, Deborah, S. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5848502130nas a2200205 4500008004100000245010600041210006900147520142000216653002501636653002101661653002101682653001601703653002001719653002001739100003201759700003001791700003001821700003201851856004101883 2021 eng d00aIntraspecific advertisement call variation of Scinax fuscomarginatus (Lutz, 1925) from Central Brazil0 aIntraspecific advertisement call variation of Scinax fuscomargin3 a

Quantitative analysis of the acoustic communication system in anurans is a relevant step toward understanding how acoustic traits variation is related to conspecific recognition and discrimination. Here, we report on the advertisement call variation of male Scinax fuscomarginatus at three levels: within-individual, between-individual, among-populations. We examined 635 advertisement calls of 127 individuals from 10 populations in Central Brazil. Fieldworks were carried out during eight breeding seasons, from 2008 to 2016. We used the coefficient of variation (CV), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) to evaluate whether the call features differed statistically. The advertisement call structure consisted of a single multipulsed note with stereotyped acoustic features. These features were statistically different at between-individual level and the relative variability (CV) was higher between-individual than within-individual of the same population. MANOVA performed with PCA scores indicates that call traits are different among populations. Hence, we suggest the advertisement call features of male S. fuscomarginatus show sufficient statistical differences for interindividual and interpopulation distinction. We also discuss the role of the stereotyped acoustic features on mate choice and intraspecific distinction.

10aAnuran communication10acalling behavior10adynamic property10amate choice10aSignal features10astatic property1 ade Souza, Antonio, Olímpio1 aOliveira, Seixas, Rezende1 aBastos, Rogério, Pereira1 aMorais, Alessandro, Ribeiro uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5844502493nas a2200181 4500008004100000245020200041210006900243520164800312653002401960653002101984653002102005653000902026653001402035100003002049700002402079700002502103856018302128 2020 eng d00aAdvertisement call and diel pattern of Pseudisplatensis (Anura, Hylidae, Pseudinae) in the Brazilian Pantanal and a bioacoustical comparison with Pseudisparadoxa0 aAdvertisement call and diel pattern of emPseudisememplatensisem 3 a

Anuran advertisement calls are life history traits associated with sexual selection and reproduction, and they play an important role in premating isolation mechanisms between species. Comparative bioacoustical analyses of these calls can be useful for taxonomic purposes. Phylogenetic relationships within the genera Pseudis are controversial, especially those related to P. platensis, which is often considered a full species or a subspecies within P. paradoxa. The advertisement call of P. platensis has not been described in detail; therefore, call comparisons of these two conspecifics have not been possible. In this study, we describe the advertisement call and diel activity pattern of P. platensis in the Brazilian Pantanal and compare the calls of P. platensis and P. paradoxa to elucidate whether acoustical parameters may help resolve the present uncertain taxonomic treatment. The advertisement call of P. platensis lasted 0.21 ± 0.01 s and consisted of a short series of 8.05 ± 0.69 distinct pulses (9.34 ± 2.94 ms of pulse duration). The vocal activity of the species was largely restricted to a few hours after dusk (7–11 p.m.), which is inconsistent with the diurnal and nocturnal calling behavior described for other Pseudis congeners. The advertisement calls of P. platensis and P. paradoxa were similar in note duration, number of pulses per note and dominant frequency. The geographic variation of calls within species was similar to that found among species. This bioacoustical comparison does not provide new insights into whether P. platensis should be considered a distinct species.

10aacoustic monitoring10aActivity pattern10acalling activity10afrog10aPseudinae1 aPÉREZ-GRANADOS, CRISTIAN1 aSchuchmann, Karl-L.1 aMarques, Marinez, I. uhttps://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4768.2https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4768.2.5https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/viewFile/61518/6097002451nas a2200097 4500008004100000245015700041210006900198520201300267100002502280856004802305 1993 eng d00aMale calling behavior, female discrimination and acoustic interference in the Neotropical treefrog Hyla microcephala under realistic acoustic conditions0 aMale calling behavior female discrimination and acoustic interfe3 a

Anuran choruses are acoustically complex assemblages of calling males. Little is known about the behavior of males or females in such natural sound environments. I studied calling behavior of males of Hyla microcephala in nature by using an interactive computer-based system that allowed me to simulate call interruptions by a number of males. I also monitored the calling behavior of groups of four to six males. When a male is interrupted by the call of another frog, he increases the spacing between the notes of his call. Responses of this kind are strongest to the loudest neighbor, and some males may ignore interruptions by all but a single close male. Interruptions using synthetic calls with silent gaps indicated that males respond vocally to reductions in sound intensity as brief as 20 ms. This ability helps to explain how males can rapidly alternate notes during pairwise interactions. Amounts of acoustic overlap between pairs of males in the choruses were usually below 10% of an individual's total calling time during bouts. The time a male spent calling that was free of acoustic interference by any other male ranged from 34–92% of his total calling time. When group size was decreased, this unobstructed calling time increased. Previous research showed that females of H. microcephala discriminate against calls that overlap so that the call pulse-train structure is degraded. Here I show that a 6 dB difference in intensity between the overlapped calls is sufficient to reduce the degradative effect of call interference. Females were also given a choice between interfering calls broadcast from two adjacent and two widely separated speakers. An angular separation between speakers of 120° was insufficient to elicit a preference for the separated sources. Together, data on behavior of males and females indicated that males actively reduce acoustic interference with those loud individuals most likely to degrade seriously the temporal structure of their calls.

1 aSchwartz, Joshua, J. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0016882401534nas a2200181 4500008004100000245015100041210006900192520087300261653001301134653001001147653001701157653002301174653001301197100003101210700001901241700001601260856007601276 2019 eng d00aTaxonomic status of topotypic varieties of Scinax x-signatus species assigned by Spix (1824) for the Brazilian Amazon (Anura, Hylidae, Scinaxinae)0 aTaxonomic status of topotypic varieties of Scinax xsignatus spec3 a

Scinax x-signatus was originally described by Spix (1824) from “ProvinciaBahiae”. The holotype was lost during World War II and a neotype was not designated, thus leading to the synonymy of S. x-signatus to Hyla affinis and Hyla coerulea, both from Amazonas. Herein we present the phenotypic variation of morphological and morphometric characters of populations from states of Bahia and Amazonas. Additionally we provide the bioacoustic variation from state of Bahia. Bioacoustic results show an acoustically cohesive population in Bahia, however morphometric and morphological results show that these populations may not represent the same species. Our combined results show that Bahia populations of S. x-signatus are significantly different from population of Amazonas and a more comprehensive study with molecular data should corroborate that.

10aAmazonas10aBahia10abioacoustics10aScinax ruber clade10ataxonomy1 aSichieri, Guilherme, R. F.1 aGordo, Marcelo1 aNunes, Ivan uhttp://periodicos.unisanta.br/index.php/ENPG/article/viewFile/2087/158502399nas a2200265 4500008004100000245011200041210006900153260001600222300001300238490000700251520154400258100001701802700002901819700002301848700002201871700001901893700002501912700002201937700002201959700002501981700002602006700002302032700002602055856005202081 2019 eng d00aA review of the elusive bicolored iris Snouted Treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Scinax uruguayus group)0 areview of the elusive bicolored iris Snouted Treefrogs Anura Hyl cJan-09-2021 ae02221310 v143 a

The genus Scinax currently includes more than 120 species, recovered in two major clades, the S. catharinae and the S. ruber clades. The latter comprises 75 species, most of which remain unassigned to any species groups, while 12 are included in the S. rostratus and S. uruguayus groups. In this paper we present a taxonomic review of the two species currently included in the S. uruguayus group, discussing some putative phenotypic synapomorphies of this group. Although S. pinima and S. uruguayus have been considered as distinct species, this has been based on scant evidence, and several authors doubted of their distinctiveness. Our study of available specimens of S. pinima and S. uruguayus corroborates that both are valid and diagnosable species based on phenotypic evidence. Furthermore, our results show that S. pinima previously known only from its type locality, has a much widespread distribution than previously thought (including the Brazilian states of Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul), which, added to the biological information presented here allows to suggest the removal of this species from the “Data Deficient” IUCN Red List category to “Least Concern”. Also, we describe a new species formerly reported as S. aff. pinima and S. uruguayus from NE Argentina and some localities from the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul. All species are diagnosed and characterized using adult and larval morphology, osteology, vocalizations, cytogenetics, and natural history.

1 aBaldo, Diego1 aAraujo-Vieira, Katyuscia1 aCardozo, Dario, E.1 aBorteiro, Claudio1 aLeal, Fernando1 aPereyra, Martín, O.1 aKolenc, Francisco1 aLyra, Mariana, L.1 aGarcia, Paulo, C. A.1 aHaddad, Célio, F. B.1 aFaivovich, Julián1 aMirande, Juan, Marcos uhttp://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.022213100538nas a2200133 4500008004100000245012900041210006900170100002000239700002900259700002600288700002300314700002600337856004100363 2019 eng d00aMultimale amplexus, amplectant and advertisement calls, and tadpole development in Ololygon perpusilla (Lutz and Lutz, 1939)0 aMultimale amplexus amplectant and advertisement calls and tadpol1 aMuscat, Edelcio1 aAugusto-Alves, Guilherme1 aToledo, Luís, Felipe1 aTanaka, Rafael, M.1 aStuginski, Daniel, R. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5763802400nas a2200193 4500008004100000245014000041210006900181520172100250653001601971653002701987653002302014653001402037653001802051653002502069100002202094700002402116700002302140856004302163 2018 eng d00aSeasonal variation in abundance and diversity of eavesdropping frog-biting midges (Diptera, Corethrellidae) in a neotropical rainforest0 aSeasonal variation in abundance and diversity of eavesdropping f3 a

In the tropics, precipitation patterns result in seasonal fluctuations in the abundance and distribution of plant and animal species. Tropical predators and parasites are therefore faced with seasonal changes in prey and host availability.
2. This study investigates the seasonal interaction among a specialised ectoparasite, eavesdropping frog-biting midges (Corethrella spp.), and their anuran hosts, examining how the abundance and diversity of the frog-biting midge community fluctuate between the rainy (host abundant) and dry (host sparse) seasons.
3. Midges were captured in both the rainy and dry seasons using acoustic playbacks of calls from a common frog species that breeds during the rainy season, the túngara frog (Engystomops, Physalaemus, pustulosus). During the dry season túngara frog choruses are absent. To explore seasonal shifts in host preference or changes in the midge community due to host specificity, midges were also captured using playbacks of calls from a frog that breeds during the dry season, the pug-nosed tree frog (Smilisca sila).
4. While the overall abundance of midges decreased in the dry season, only slight differences in the relative abundance between midge species were found. These results suggest that midge populations can shift between hosts as they become available across seasons, allowing adult populations of frog-biting midges to persist year-round. To overcome the challenge of detecting and localising different host species, it is proposed that frog-biting midges have evolved a generalised acoustic template, allowing them to respond to a broad range of available hosts, regardless of seasonal host composition.

10aCorethrella10aEngystomops pustulosus10afrog-biting midges10aphenology10aSmilisca sila10atropical seasonality1 aLegett, Henry, D.1 aBARANOV, VIKTOR, A.1 aBernal, Ximena, E. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/een.1249202040nas a2200181 4500008004100000245011900041210006900160520139000229653002701619653002601646653001801672653002201690653001401712100002201726700002101748700002301769856006601792 2019 eng d00aSynchronized mating signals in a communication network: the challenge of avoiding predators while attracting mates0 aSynchronized mating signals in a communication network the chall3 a

Conspicuous mating signals attract mates but also expose signallers to predators and parasites. Signal evolution, therefore, is driven by conflicting selective pressures from multiple receivers, both target and non-target. Synchronization of mating signals, for example, is an evolutionary puzzle, given the assumed high cost of reduced female attraction when signals over- lap. Synchronization may be beneficial, however, if overlapping signals reduce attraction of non-target receivers. We investigate how signal synchro- nization is shaped by the trade-off between natural and sexual selection in two anuran species: pug-nosed tree frogs (Smilisca sila), in which males pro- duce mating calls in near-perfect synchrony, and túngara frogs (Engystomops pustulosus), in which males alternate their calls. To examine the trade-off imposed by signal synchronization, we conducted field and laboratory play- back experiments on eavesdropping enemies (bats and midges) and target receivers (female frogs). Our results suggest that, while synchronization can be a general strategy for signallers to reduce their exposure to eavesdrop- pers, relaxed selection by females for unsynchronized calls is key to the evolution and maintenance of signal synchrony. This study highlights the role of relaxed selection in our understanding of the origin of mating signals and displays.

10aacoustic communication10acommunication network10aeavesdroppers10arelaxed selection10asynchrony1 aLegett, Henry, D.1 aPage, Rachel, A.1 aBernal, Ximena, E. uhttps://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.106702463nas a2200169 4500008004100000245011700041210006900158520186300227653002702090653001802117653002002135653001802155653002102173100002302194700002102217856005502238 2019 eng d00aOpportunity for female choice in the wild is frequently curtailed by low male trait variation in Hyla versicolor0 aOpportunity for female choice in the wild is frequently curtaile3 a

To understand the efficacy of female choice in driving the evolution of male displays, we need to not only characterize preferences but examine the opportunity for the expression of such preferences. Mate assessment by females should be constrained if the relative attractiveness of multiple displays is perceived as equal because trait differences between them are indistinguishable. This is expected to result in apparently arbitrary mate choice, and knowledge about the frequency of such mating patterns is crucial in predicting the strength of sexual selection. Here, we examine discrimination abilities of female Hyla versicolor in the context of actual male-male chorus variation. We found that roughly half of mating encounters in the wild do not provide the call variation required for the expression of female preferences (non-arbitrary choice). Interestingly, the trait for which female H. versicolor shows the strongest preference during playback trials (call duration) is not the trait whose difference will most often be detectable to females in the wild (call rate). Furthermore, we document individual variation in discrimination ability, with some females being able to discriminate multiple traits, while others only focus on one trait. This suggests that the relatively high estimate of arbitrary mating is not only due to females struggling to discriminate natural local variation overall but due to an abundance of individuals with limited discrimination abilities that require encounters with males that differ in the specific trait they will discriminate. Lastly, small trait differences between males do not arise from nearest neighbors plastically altering their calls to be more similar. These findings provide insights on the frequently observed mismatch between laboratory phonotaxis and actual mating success in the wild.

10aacoustic communication10aFemale choice10amate preference10aRandom mating10asexual selection1 aStratman, Kane, D.1 aHöbel, Gerlinde uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00265-019-2666-z02443nas a2200217 4500008004100000245011100041210006900152520172700221653001601948653001801964653002101982653001702003653002502020100002102045700001902066700001902085700002002104700002502124700002102149856005502170 2019 eng d00aDueling frogs: do male green tree frogs (Hyla cinerea) eavesdrop on and assess nearby calling competitors?0 aDueling frogs do male green tree frogs Hyla cinerea eavesdrop on3 a

Individuals produce advertisement signals with intended purposes and targets. However, these signals can be received by “eavesdroppers,” who may extract information from them and alter their behavior according to the extracted information. In anuran systems, males congregate at breeding sites to produce advertisement calls to attract receptive females and fend off rival males. Both sexes directly assess these calls in dyadic encounters and make decisions based on the call’s characteristics, e.g., frequency. What is unknown is whether bystander males eavesdrop on these same calls to inform their future competitive decisions. Here, we examined whether male green tree frogs (Hyla cinerea) eavesdrop on competing males, assess their competitor’s call frequency, and respond accordingly. We exposed males to playbacks of two competing males that varied in call frequency—high, average, low—and quantified latency to call, time spent calling, and number of calling bouts. We found that males had reduced latency to call and called more when eavesdropping low-frequency competition, but not average or high-frequency competition. Focal male size also influenced how they responded, with larger males being more responsive than smaller males. Our results indicate that male green tree frogs are capable of eavesdropping on nearby male calls and produce behavioral responses accordingly. Further, it appears males are able to alternate between assessment strategies dependent upon the frequency of the eavesdropped competition. These findings indicate that males not only directly assess an opponent’s call in dyadic encounters, but also indirectly through eavesdropping.

10acompetition10aeavesdropping10aGreen tree frogs10aHyla cinerea10aMale call assessment1 aGarcia, Mark, J.1 aCronin, Andrew1 aBowling, Tyler1 aBushera, Hakeem1 aHunter, Kimberly, L.1 aTaylor, Ryan, C. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00265-018-2632-101500nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245014500055210006900200260001600269300000800285490000900293520071900302653001301021653001001034653001201044100003301056700002001089700002701109700003001136856011601166 2019 eng d a1175-532600aAlmost a hundred years later, the advertisement call of Aparasphenodon brunoi Miranda-Ribeiro 1920 (Anura: Hylidae) from the Atlantic Forest0 aAlmost a hundred years later the advertisement call of Aparasphe cJan-01-2021 a4280 v45503 a

The Neotropical genus Aparasphenodon Miranda-Ribeiro is composed of five recognized species commonly referred as “casque-headed frogs” (Frost 2018). Aparasphenodon brunoi Miranda-Ribeiro occurs in Atlantic Forest lowlands from the states of São Paulo to Bahia, Brazil (Feio et al. 1998; Mollo Neto & Teixeira Jr. 2012; Ruas et al. 2013). The biology of most Aparasphenodon species is poorly known. Within the genus, until now only Aparasphenodon arapapa Pimenta, Napoli & Haddad has its call formally described (Lourenço-de-Moraes et al., 2013, Forti et al., 2018, Guerra et al., 2018). Herein, we describe the advertisement call of Aparasphenodon brunoi Miranda-Ribeiro.

10aAmphibia10aAnura10aHylidae1 aFREIRE, IASODHARA, RODRIGUES1 aTHOMASSEN, HANS1 aROCHA, PEDRO, CARVALHO1 aLEITE, FELIPE, SÁ FORTES uhttps://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4550.3https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4550.3.1001369nas a2200217 4500008004100000245012900041210006900170300001400239490000700253520065800260653001100918653001300929653002300942653001800965653001200983653001800995100003201013700003201045700003301077856004101110 2019 eng d00aFive new country records of Amazonian anurans for Brazil, with notes on morphology, advertisement calls, and natural history0 aFive new country records of Amazonian anurans for Brazil with no a211–2190 v123 a

We report for the first time the occurrences in Brazil of Boana hobbsi, Osteocephalus deridens and Tepuihyla shushupe (Hylidae), and confirm the occurrences of Ranitomeya defleri and Ranitomeya variabilis (Dendrobatidae) referring voucher specimens obtained from an expedition to Estação Ecológica Juami-Japurá, state of Amazonas, Brazil, in February 2017. Additionally, we provide data on morphology of voucher specimens, advertisement calls, field observations and geographic distribution of these species. We also describe the external morphology of the female R. defleri, which was previously unknown to science.

10aAmazon10aAmphibia10aconservation units10aDendrobatidae10aHylidae10aJapurá River1 aRojas-Runjaic, Fernando, MJ1 aGagliardi-Urrutia, Giussepe1 aCastroviejo-Fisher, Santiago uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5350301976nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245014500055210006900200260001600269300000800285490000900293520122800302653001301530653001001543653001201553100002901565700002801594700003301622856011501655 2018 eng d a1175-532600aThe advertisement call of the treefrog Nyctimantis rugiceps Boulenger, 1882 (Anura: Hylidae), with notes on its natural history and toxicity0 aadvertisement call of the treefrog Nyctimantis rugiceps Boulenge cJul-12-2019 a4410 v45323 a

Nyctimantis rugiceps Boulenger, 1882 (Fig. 1A) is a Neotropical treefrog (Duellman & Trueb 1976; Faivovich et al. 2005) known only from disjunct localities in Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Pérez-Villota et al. 2009). This species has the skin of the skull co-ossified and reproduces—including calling behavior, egg deposition and tadpole development—in water-filled tree or bamboo cavities (Duellman & Trueb 1976; Duellman 1978). Given its secretive behavior, this is a poorly known species and, as noted by Duellman (1978: 169), “the major clue to the life history of Nyctimantis is the calling behavior of the males”. Unfortunately, the only quantitative description of the advertisement call of N. rugiceps is a brief passage in Duellman (1978) based on four specimens from Santa Cecilia, Ecuador, where important variables are missing (e.g., call duration). More importantly, graphs illustrating the waveform and spectrogram are missing. Considering these limitations and the importance of advertisement calls to the study of anurans (Köhler et al. 2017), we provide a quantitative description using a call recording obtained in Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia.

10aAmphibia10aAnura10aHylidae1 aDe Souza, Camila Camargo1 aRivera-Correa, Mauricio1 aCastroviejo-Fisher, Santiago uhttps://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4532.3https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4532.3.802987nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001300041245010100054210006900155260001600224300001200240490000800252520209000260653003002350653001302380653001902393653002102412653001902433653001702452100002802469700002702497856023302524 2018 eng d a0003347200aHormonal and social correlates of courtship signal quality and behaviour in male green treefrogs0 aHormonal and social correlates of courtship signal quality and b cJan-12-2018 a13 - 220 v1463 a

Circulating hormone levels often vary considerably among males competing for mates, but how thisvariation affects the signalling phenotype is poorly understood. In the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea, malescompeting for mates engage in vocal contests that increase circulating levels of the adrenal glucocor-ticoid corticosterone (CORT) and decrease androgens in contest losers, who characteristically adopt anoncalling ‘satellite’ mating tactic. We previously showed that CORT administration to calling malesreduces vocal effort and increases the probability of satellite behaviour during simulated territorial in-trusions, suggesting that elevated CORT compromises vocal quality and decreases the propensity to callin a context-dependent manner. However, the extent to which these effects reflect variation in vocalbehaviour of males in natural choruses is unclear. Here, we examined how hormone levels, social contextand other potential determinants of vocalization, including body size and condition, relate to vocal at-tributes and behaviour in calling males and in associated satellites after removal of calling ‘host’ males.Results revealed that satellites had higher CORT and lower androgens and were smaller and in poorercondition than host males. Host removal resulted in vocalization in 74% of satellites. These males investedless effort in vocalization than hosts, and CORT level best explained these differences. The remaining 26%of satellites did not vocalize after host removal and had lower androgens than satellites that vocalized.Results provide support for context-dependent effects (i.e. host presence/absence) of elevated CORT onthe probability of vocalization and link high CORT to reduced vocal quality. In contrast, low androgenswere associated with a low probability of vocalization regardless of social context, and androgen levelwas a poor predictor of vocal attributes. Our results link high CORT and low androgens to variation insignalling quality and behaviour that potentially reduces the probability of attracting females.

10aalternative mating tactic10aandrogen10acorticosterone10acourtship signal10aglucocorticoid10amale contest1 aCrocker-Buta, Sarah, P.1 aLeary, Christopher, J. uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347218303026https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0003347218303026?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0003347218303026?httpAccept=text/plain00881nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245006100055210005800116260001600174300001200190490000800202520040900210100001800619700001900637700001400656856004100670 1978 eng d a0036-807500aSexual Parasitism in the Green Tree Frog (Hyla cinerea).0 aSexual Parasitism in the Green Tree Frog Hyla cinerea c1978 Jun 09 a1179-800 v2003 a

Noncalling adult male tree frogs were found in close association with about 16 percent of the calling males in a pond in Georgia. In 13 of 30 field experiments a noncalling satellite male intercepted and achieved amplexus with a gravid female moving toward the calling male. This mating strategy, which conserves energy required for calling, resembles the strategy employed by other vertebrates.

1 aPerrill, S, A1 aGerhardt, H, C1 aDaniel, R uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5312801978nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008900041210006900130260003200199490000800231520152400239100001901763856007401782 2018 eng d00aSources of Variation in Social Plasticity in Female Mate Preferences and Male Traits0 aSources of Variation in Social Plasticity in Female Mate Prefere bThe University of Milwaukee0 vPhD3 a

Female preferences are an important cause of selection on male traits, and exploring the sources of variation in these preferences has been the focus of intense behavioral research. This is due to the fact that understanding this variation is integral to understating the maintenance of variation and complexity in male traits, as well as the evolution and divergence of populations. This project aims to explore the sources of variation in these mating preferences, as well as examine whether similar sources affect components of male traits. This was accomplished using the well-studied mating system of the Green Treefrog, Hyla cinerea that features female preferences for the male advertisement call. Using playback experiments, I dissect the constituent parts of female preferences – preference functions and choosiness, and demonstrate that sources of variation in preferences can be due to interactions between choosiness and social experience, as well as interactions between female body size and the shape of a female’s preference function and the constituent traits of the preference function curve. Further, I demonstrate that social experience also affects the male trait, and can drive variation in the presentation of advertisement calls. This work demonstrates that while sexual selection can be a strong and directional driver of the evolution of mating behaviors, substantial variation can arise from a number of sources that may have profound effects for the evolution of species.

1 aNeelon, Daniel uhttps://search.proquest.com/openview/a7b1ba820ceb30df89153941c372520602374nas a2200181 4500008004100000245009100041210006900132260001600201300001400217490000800231520178000239100002802019700002802047700002102075700002602096700001502122856005502137 2017 eng d00aBehavioural response evoked by conspecific distress calls in two neotropical treefrogs0 aBehavioural response evoked by conspecific distress calls in two cJan-12-2017 a942 - 9480 v1233 a

Anurans emit distress calls when attacked by predators as a defensive mechanism. As distress calls may trigger antipredator behaviour even in individuals that are not under attack, we tested whether this defensive behaviour induced behavioural changes in neighbouring conspecifics. We compared the behavioural responses of two species of Neotropical hylid frogs (genus Boana) to conspecific distress calls and white noise. Individuals of both species interrupted their vocal activity and decreased call rate after hearing the distress call. Natural variation on signal intensity calibrated among the nearest neighbours did not influence the response and we did not observe negative phonotaxis after any acoustic stimulus. Despite the fact that many predators are acoustically oriented, we could not determine if such response (reduced call rate) was induced by risk assessment or by the masking effect on advertisement calls. Boana faber responded similarly to white noise and distress calls, while B. bischoffi responded more intensely to distress calls. Duration of silence after playbacks in B. faber was longer than B. bischoffi. We suggest that, if the signals are interpreted as a risk cue by neighbouring conspecifics, each species may be preyed upon by different predators, as they may have led to distinct defensive strategies and different responses to distress calls. If risk assessment information is included in distress calls, it triggers behavioural responses only in the nearest neighbours, as we did not observe responses on the vocal activity of the interspecific chorus. Our results add relevant data about acoustic communication and interpretations by anurans, highlighting the importance of considering cues within common and widespread signals.

1 aForti, Lucas, Rodriguez1 aForti, Anna, Bárbara B1 aMárquez, Rafael1 aToledo, Luís, Felipe1 aFoster, S. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/eth.2017.123.issue-1201984nas a2200217 4500008004100000245010900041210006900150260001600219300001400235490000800249520129800257653002701555653001501582653001501597653001801612100002201630700002201652700002301674700001501697856005401712 2017 eng d00aResponses of male cricket frogs ( Acris crepitans) to attenuated and degraded advertisement calls0 aResponses of male cricket frogs iAcris crepitansi to attenuated  cJan-05-2017 a357 - 3640 v1233 a

We examined the vocal and non-vocal responses of male cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) to conspecific advertisement calls that had been attenuated or degraded by reducing the depth of amplitude modulation (AM). Both are characteristic of changes to the call as it is transmitted through natural habitats. As stimulus calls became more intense or less degraded, male cricket frogs gradually decreased their call rate and increased the number of call groups and pulse groups in their calls, changes indicative of increased aggressive interactions. At the higher intensities and lower degradation levels, the probability that males would shift to one of two non-vocal behavioral responses, attacking the perceived intruder or ceasing calling and abandoning the call site, gradually increased. The results show that differences in signal attenuation and AM degradation levels are perceived by males and trigger both vocal and non-vocal behavioral responses consistent with their use in evaluating the distance to a challenging male. Furthermore, the results indicate that the male responses are graded, increasing as intensity rises and degradation falls, and hierarchical, with vocal responses preceding behavioral responses over the range of intensities and degradation levels presented.

10aacoustic communication10aaggression10aamphibians10acricket frogs1 aVenator, Kurt, R.1 aRyan, Michael, J.1 aWilczynski, Walter1 aKoenig, W. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/eth.2017.123.issue-502794nas a2200193 4500008004100000245012100041210006900162260001600231300001300247490000700260520213100267100002802398700002102426700003302447700002102480700002602501700002102527856005202548 2017 eng d00aCan treefrog phylogeographical clades and species’ phylogenetic topologies be recovered by bioacoustical analyses?0 aCan treefrog phylogeographical clades and species phylogenetic t cDec-02-2018 ae01699110 v123 a

Phenotypic traits, such as the frog advertisement call, are generally correlated with interspecific genetic variation, and, as a consequence of strong sexual selection, these behaviors may carry a phylogenetic signal. However, variation in acoustic traits is not always correlated with genetic differences between populations (intraspecific variation); phenotypic plasticity and environmental variables may explain part of such variation. For example, local processes can affect acoustic properties in different lineages due to differences in physical structure, climatic conditions, and biotic interactions, particularly when populations are isolated. However, acoustic traits can be used to test phylogenetic hypotheses. We analyzed the advertisement calls of Dendropsophus elegans males from 18 sites and compared them with those of four closely related congeneric species, in order to test for differences between inter and intraspecific variation. We analyzed 451 calls of 45 males of these five species. Because males from distant sites were grouped together without population congruence, differences found in advertisement calls among individuals were not correlated with phylogeographical clades. Phylogenetic and cluster analyses of the D. elegans clades and those of closely related species grouped all five species into the same topology, as reported by previous molecular and morphological phylogenies. However, the topology of the D. elegans phylogeographical clades did not match the topology previously reported. Acoustic communication in D. elegans seems to be conserved among populations, and the phylogeographical history of the species does not explain the variation among lineages in call properties, despite some congruent phylogenetic signals evident at the species level. Based on molecular clocks retrieved from the literature, it seems that more than 6.5 million years of divergence (late Miocene) are necessary to allow significant changes to occur in the acoustic properties of these treefrog calls, making it possible to recover their phylogenetic history only based on acoustic evidence.

1 aForti, Lucas, Rodriguez1 aLingnau, Rodrigo1 aEncarnação, Lais, Carvalho1 aBertoluci, Jaime1 aToledo, Luís, Felipe1 aChiang, Tzen-Yuh uhttp://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.016991100551nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245013400055210006900189260001600258300000800274490000900282100003000291700002700321856005700348 2017 eng d a1175-532600aBioacoustic analysis in Scinax hayii (Barbour, 1909) (Anura, Hylidae) at its type locality in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil0 aBioacoustic analysis in Scinax hayii Barbour 1909 Anura Hylidae  cAug-02-2018 a5820 v42321 ado Santos, Lucas, Rodrigo1 aMartins, Itamar, Alves uhttp://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4232.404022nam a2200157 4500008004100000020001800041022001300059245007000072210006900142260001300211300001300224490000700237520353500244100001903779856006603798 2001 eng d a9780120045303 a0065345400aAcoustic communication in two groups of closely related treefrogs0 aAcoustic communication in two groups of closely related treefrog bElsevier a99 - 1670 v303 a

Studies of vocal behavior in anurans provide significant insights about the mechanisms and evolution of animal communication. Females extract the information required for a mating decision from relatively stereotyped advertisement calls that are produced by males. Aggressive signals, used in exchanges between males, are more variable in form, as might be expected of communication between rivals, but overall, their structure is more similar in closely related species than is that of advertisement calls. One open question is why, within the groups of treefrogs considered in this review, aggressive signaling is so prevalent in some species and rare or absent in close relatives.

Comparative studies of the acoustic criteria used in signal selection reveal significant differences among species. What are important properties for one species are seemingly irrelevant for its closest relative. Moreover, as exemplified by gray treefrogs and European katydids, even when females apparently base preferences on the same acoustic property, deeper analysis reveals that different mechanisms are used by each species to extract a different aspect of that property. In several of the treefrog species considered in this review, some preferences and preference-mechanisms are more divergent than call structure (Sections II.E and III.E). More research with additional species is needed before we can even attempt to make broad generalizations about the coevolution of signalers and receivers in animal communication systems.

Communication usually takes place in acoustically difficult situations: dense choruses, where background noise presents special challenges for signal detection and pattern recognition. Although they can quantify acoustic preferences, playback experiments in simplified laboratory situations are unlikely to accurately predict patterns of mate choice in nature. Studies with species in the green and gray treefrog groups show that the optimum values of particular acoustic properties can vary depending on the absolute playback level to which alternatives are equalized, the relative playback levels of alternatives, the number of sounds presented and their timing relationships, and the ambient temperature. Comparable results are available for other anurans and acoustic insects. Technology that allows researchers to monitor groups of calling males, whose signals and mating success can be quantified, promises to refine our estimates of how female selectivity contributes to mate choice in nature (e.g., Passmore et al., 1992; 156 and 157).

Studies of geographical variation in communication systems are limited because we know so little about patterns of variation in receiver selectivity. Even where acoustic properties have diverged in sympatric areas relative to allopatric areas, and hence show the pattern expected of reproductive character displacement, we often do not always know whether these properties are even relevant to females. A few studies have shown that female selectivity diverges in sympatric areas, whereas signal structure does not, a result that may reflect the fact that the choosing sex usually has more to lose from mating mistakes than the signaling sex. I predict, however, that studies of geographical variation in the acoustic criteria and selectivity of receivers will ultimately provide significant insights concerning the evolution of communication systems that will go well beyond the narrow issue of reproductive character displacement.

1 aGerhardt, Carl uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0065345401800061