03010nas a2200181 4500008004100000245009100041210006900132520234200201653002902543653001202572653002402584653004202608653003302650653002302683100002202706700001902728856008102747 2013 eng d00aDiversity of acoustic tracheal system and its role for directional hearing in crickets0 aDiversity of acoustic tracheal system and its role for direction3 a

Background: Sound localization in small insects can be a challenging task due to physical constraints in deriving sufficiently large interaural intensity differences (IIDs) between both ears. In crickets, sound source localization is achieved by a complex type of pressure difference receiver consisting of four potential sound inputs. Sound acts on the external side of two tympana but additionally reaches the internal tympanal surface via two external sound entrances. Conduction of internal sound is realized by the anatomical arrangement of connecting trachea. A key structure is a trachea coupling both ears which is characterized by an enlarged part in its midline (i.e., the acoustic vesicle) accompanied with a thin membrane (septum). This facilitates directional sensitivity despite an unfavorable relationship between wavelength of sound and body size. Here we studied the morphological differences of the acoustic tracheal system in 40 cricket species (Gryllidae, Mogoplistidae) and species of outgroup taxa (Gryllotalpidae, Rhaphidophoridae, Gryllacrididae) of the suborder Ensifera comprising hearing and non hearing species.

Results: We found a surprisingly high variation of acoustic tracheal systems and almost all investigated species using intraspecific acoustic communication were characterized by an acoustic vesicle associated with a medial septum. The relative size of the acoustic vesicle - a structure most crucial for deriving high IIDs - implies an important role for sound localization. Most remarkable in this respect was the size difference of the acoustic vesicle between species; those with a more unfavorable ratio of body size to sound wavelength tend to exhibit a larger acoustic vesicle. On the other hand, secondary loss of acoustic signaling was nearly exclusively associated with the absence of both acoustic vesicle and septum.

Conclusion: The high diversity of acoustic tracheal morphology observed between species might reflect different steps in the evolution of the pressure difference receiver; with a precursor structure already present in ancestral non-hearing species. In addition, morphological transitions of the acoustic vesicle suggest a possible adaptive role for the generation of binaural directional cues.

10aAcoustic tracheal system10acricket10adirectional hearing10aInteraural intensity difference (IID)10aPressure difference receiver10aSound localization1 aSchmidt, Arne, KD1 aRömer, Heiner uhttp://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-9994-10-6102677nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001300041245011300054210006900167260001600236300001200252490000800264520172200272653002401994653001702018653002802035653001802063653002902081653002002110653002202130653002802152100002202180856023302202 2018 eng d a0003347200aAnthropogenic calling sites boost the sound amplitude of advertisement calls produced by a tropical cricket0 aAnthropogenic calling sites boost the sound amplitude of adverti cJan-08-2018 a31 - 380 v1423 a

Acoustic signals are widely used as sexual displays to attract mates. The choice of display site can strongly influence the male call characteristics and their attractiveness to females. Males can improve the conspicuousness of their signals by increasing sound amplitude and expanding their broadcast area thereby reaching more potential mating partners and influencing female choice. Insects possess a rather limited degree of signal plasticity. To increase the intensity of their calls, insects have been known to manipulate and engineer their display locations. Mole crickets, for example, build burrows that are shaped like horns, designing the burrow such that its resonance closely matches that of their call frequency, thereby boosting sound amplitude. Tree crickets manipulate plant leaves, using them as baffles for optimal sound radiation. In this study, we show for the first time that an insect species can enhance its advertisement calls by using novel, anthropogenic environments as singing sites. During this study, the tropical cricket Anurogryllus muticus was frequently found singing beside the walls of houses, on concrete stairs or in storm drains. These locations significantly increased the sound amplitude of its calls, by an average of 13 and 7 dB SPL, respectively, as measured above and in front of the singing animals compared to the sound amplitude measured in their natural grassland habitat. To evaluate the effect of calling site choice on the male's life span, we conducted a 35-day population survey using the mark and recapture method. Our results revealed that those males that called in grassland habitat without occupying burrows had the shortest minimum life spans.

10aacoustic signalling10aactive space10aanthropogenic influence10adisplay sites10aincreased song amplitude10amate attraction10aminimum life span10asinging site preference1 aErregger, Bettina uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347218301726https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0003347218301726?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0003347218301726?httpAccept=text/plain00351nas a2200109 4500008004100000245006200041210006200103300001200165490000700177100001600184856004100200 1982 eng d00aAcoustic communication and baffling behaviors of crickets0 aAcoustic communication and baffling behaviors of crickets a33–440 v651 aForrest, TG uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5314202476nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245009800055210006900153260001600222300001400238490000700252520200700259856007602266 1961 eng d a0005-795900aAggressiveness, Territoriality, and Sexual Behavior in Field Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)0 aAggressiveness Territoriality and Sexual Behavior in Field Crick cJan-01-1961 a130 - 2230 v173 a

Most contacts between adult male field crickets involve aggressive behavior by one or both individuals and terminate with the obvious retreat of one individual. Aggressive behavior consists of one or more of several actions: in mild encounters there is either rearing of the forebody, lashing of the antennae, and shaking of the body, or else rearing of the hind body, kicking with the hind legs, and shaking of the body; in intense encounters, antennal lashing and rearing of the forebody are followed by spreading the mandibles, stridulating distinctively, rushing forward, sparring with the forelegs, butting with the head, and grappling, wrestling, or biting with the mandibles. A male is often flipped back or thrown sideways, but mutilation as a result of fighting is rare, and only in the most intense encounters is the winner determined by what seems to be superior strength or fighting ability. The outcomes of most encounters are determined by the relative tenacity of the two males, and the intensity of aggression exhibited is correlated with the length of the fight, continued aggressive activity developing into increasingly severe combat until one male finally retreats. Groups of adult male field crickets caged in small arenas form essentially linear dominance hierarchies which are stable for short periods of time and which can be described in terms of several characteristics: (1) each male dominates all or nearly all of his encounters with males below him in the hierarchy, (2) the total number of encounters by individual males decreases gradually toward the bottom of the hierarchy, (3) the intensity of aggression exhibited during encounters decreases more or less gradually toward the bottom of the hierarchy and the numbers of no-decision and no-aggression encounters and actively homosexual contacts increase, and (4) encounters between males which rank next to each other are usually more intense than encounters between males which are far apart in the hierarchy.

 uhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/10.1163/156853961x0004202232nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001300041245012500054210006900179260001600248300001200264490000800276520134200284653002101626653002501647653001101672653001801683653002601701653001701727653002901744653002101773653001701794653003401811100002201845700002101867856006601888 2018 eng d a0003347200aThe ‘hot male’ hypothesis: do female crickets prefer males with increased body temperature in mate choice scenarios?0 ahot male hypothesis do female crickets prefer males with increas cJan-04-2018 a75 - 840 v1383 a

Insects have been extensively used as model systems to study mating preferences based on variation in acoustic signals. In many species, females perform phonotaxis towards attractive, long-range acoustic signals produced by males, whereas the final mating decision is based on an assessment of additional, multimodal, close-range cues. The production of acoustic signals is costly, because invested energy is inefficiently converted into acoustic power. Here, we investigated whether heat released as a by-product during song generation might serve as an additional cue during mate choice decisions. Males that broadcast highly energetic calling songs increased their thoracic temperature considerably above ambient temperatures. The use of this additional cue would turn the acoustic signal into an inherently bimodal one, indirectly indicating the quality of the sender. To test this hot male hypothesis, we performed trackball and Y-maze experiments with Anurogryllus muticus. For comparison, additional trackball experiments were conducted with Gryllus bimaculatus females. In all paradigms, females of both species showed no evidence of a preference for hot males and, therefore, we conclude that increases in thoracic temperature do not seem to play a role as a multimodal component in mate choice decisions in A. muticus.

10aacoustic signals10aAnurogryllus muticus10aenergy10aFemale choice10ainfrared thermography10amale quality10amultimodal communication10asexual selection10athermal cues10athoracic temperature increase1 aErregger, Bettina1 aHennig, Matthias uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721830057500408nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008500041210006900126260001400195300001000209490000700219100001900226856004100245 1951 eng d00aThe Seasonal Succession of Orthopteran Stridulation near Raleigh, North Carolina0 aSeasonal Succession of Orthopteran Stridulation near Raleigh Nor cJune 1951 a87-950 v671 aFulton, B., B. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/4323200609nas a2200121 4500008004100000245004600041210004600087300001100133490000700144520027600151100001900427856004100446 1979 eng d00aAcoustic attraction of herons by crickets0 aAcoustic attraction of herons by crickets a126-270 v873 a

Male crickets of the species Anurogryllus celerinictus attract mates after usnset by giving a loud calling song. A predator, teh heron, Florida coerulea uses this sound to locate its prey. F. coerulea was also attrcated o a tape recorded song of A. celerinictus.

1 aBell, Paul, D. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/1722100355nas a2200109 4500008004100000245006500041210006100106300001200167490000700179100001900186856004000205 1957 eng d00aThe stridulations of some crickets in the Dominican Republic0 astridulations of some crickets in the Dominican Republic a150-1520 v471 aAllard, H., A. uhttp://biostor.org/reference/134282