01733nas a2200169 4500008004100000245013900041210006900180520110400249653002701353653003301380653001201413653001501425653001801440100002801458700002601486856005101512 1998 eng d00aBushcricket song structure and predation by the acoustically orienting parasitoid fly Therobia leonidei (Diptera: Tachinidae: Ormiini)0 aBushcricket song structure and predation by the acoustically ori3 a

Males of most bushcricket species produce acoustic advertisement signals to attract females for mating. These signals can also increase conspicuousness to predators. In the genus Poecilimon (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae) males are attacked by the parasitoid fly Therobia leonidei (Diptera: Tachinidae: Ormiini) which locates males by their calls. In Greece T.leonidei parasitizes several Poecilimon species with different song structures: we examined whether host choice is related to song structure by comparing parasitism rates in two closely related Poecilimon species. One of these species produces monosyllabic songs, the songs of the other species being polysyllabic. The tachinid fly parasitized the polysyllabic species to a greater extent. We demonstrate in a field-experiment that this preference for the polysyllabic species does not depend on local adaptations of the fly. The most probable explanation for the preference of the fly for the polysyllabic singing species seems to be better detection of longer songs. This result is discussed in the context of male song evolution.

10aacoustic communication10aHost-parasitoid relationship10aOrmiini10aOrthoptera10aTettigonoidea1 aLehmann, Gerlind, U. C.1 aHELLER, KLAUS-GERHARD uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00265005048802297nas a2200157 4500008004100000245013200041210006900173520170500242100001801947700002001965700002101985700002102006700001802027700002702045856006702072 1998 eng d00aStimulus transmission in the auditory receptor organs of the foreleg of bushcrickets (Tettigoniidae) I. The role of the tympana0 aStimulus transmission in the auditory receptor organs of the for3 a

The auditory organs of the tettigoniid are located just below the femoral tibial joint in the forelegs. Structurally each auditory organ consists of a tonotopically organized crista acustica and intermediate organ and associated sound conducting structures; an acoustic trachea and two lateral tympanic membranes located at the level of the receptor complex. The receptor cells and associated satellite structures are located in a channel filled with hemolymph fluid. The vibratory response characteristics of the tympanic membranes generated by sound stimulation over the frequency range 2–40 kHz have been studied using laser vibrometry. The acoustic trachea was found to be the principal structure through which sound energy reached the tympana. The velocity of propagation down the trachea was observed to be independent of the frequency and appreciably lower than the velocity of sound in free space. Structurally the tympana are found to be partially in contact with the air in the trachea and with the hemolymph in the channel containing the receptor cells. The two tympana were found to oscillate in phase, with a broad band frequency response, have linear coherent response characteristics and small time constant. Higher modes of vibration were not observed. Measurements of the pattern of vibration of the tympana showed that these structures vibrate as hinged flaps rather than vibrating stretched membranes. These findings, together with the morphology of the organ and physiological data from the receptor cells, suggest the possibility of an impedance matching function for the tympana in the transmission of acoustic energy to the receptor cells in the tettigoniid ear.

1 aBangert, Marc1 aKalmring, Klaus1 aSickmann, Thomas1 aStephen, Richard1 aJatho, Martin1 aLakes-Harlan, Reinhard uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037859559700177901824nas a2200205 4500008004100000245012200041210006900163300001200232490000800244520115400252653002701406653003001433653001201463653001901475653002701494653001501521100002401536700001701560856004101577 1998 eng d00aRepresentation of behaviorally relevant sound frequencies by auditory receptors in the cricket teleogryllus oceanicus0 aRepresentation of behaviorally relevant sound frequencies by aud a155-1630 v2013 a

Teleogryllus oceanicus is particularly sensitive to two ranges of sound frequency, one corresponding to intraspecific acoustical signals (4-5 kHz) and the other to the echolocation cries of bats (25-50 kHz). We recorded summed responses of the auditory nerve to stimuli in these two ranges. Nerve responses consist of trains of compound action potentials (CAPs), each produced by the summed activity of a number of receptor neurons. The amplitude of the CAP is up to four times larger for stimuli at 4.5 kHz than for stimuli at 30 kHz, suggesting either that the extracellular spikes produced by receptors that respond to 4.5 kHz are larger than those that respond to 30 kHz, or that receptors fire more synchronously in response to stimulation at 4.5 kHz, or that more receptors respond to stimulation at 4.5 kHz. Neither unit spike amplitude nor conduction velocity (which is expected to vary with spike amplitude) differs for the two frequencies, and the responses to 4.5 kHz are not produced by more tightly synchronized receptor populations, as judged by CAP breadth. We conclude that more receptors respond to 4. 5 kHz than to 30 kHz.

10aacoustic communication10acompound action potential10acricket10asensory coding10aTeleogryllus oceanicus10aultrasound1 aPollack, Gerald, S.1 aFaulkes, Zen uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5761800531nas a2200157 4500008004100000245011400041210007000155300001400225490000700239653001100246653001900257653001700276100002500293700001400318856004100332 1998 eng d00aUntersuchungen zum Stridulationsverhalten der Hirschkäfer-Larven (Lucanus cervus L.) (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)0 aUntersuchungen zum Stridulationsverhalten der HirschkäferLarven  a471–4790 v7110alarvae10aLucanus cervus10astridulation1 aSprecher-Uebersax, E1 aDurrer, H uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5315301855nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245008300054210006900137260001600206300001400222490000800236520135700244100002701601700001901628856005001647 1998 eng d a0028083600aEvolutionary transition from stretch to hearing organs in ancient grasshoppers0 aEvolutionary transition from stretch to hearing organs in ancien cAug-08-1999 a773 - 7760 v3943 a

Ears of modern insects occur on a wide variety of body parts and are thought to have evolved from ubiquitous stretch or vibration receptors1,2,3,4. This relationship, based on comparative anatomy and similarities in the embryological development of ears in divergent taxa5,6,7, has led to the widespread assumption of homology of these structures in insects, although this has not been tested rigorously. Here we report on the hearing organs of a relatively ancient8, atympanate bladder grasshopper9,10,11 (Bullacris membracioides), which is capable of signalling acoustically over ∼2 km12. We show that, within single individuals of this species, serially repeated abdominal ears show functional continuity from simple to more complex forms. All 12 morphologically differentiated organs respond to sound frequencies and intensities that are biologically significant, and mediate adaptive behavioural responses. By linking observations at the anatomical, physiological and behavioural level, our experiments provide evidence for the transition in function and selective advantage during the evolutionary development of this complex structure13,14. It is possible that ancestral insects with only simple pleural receptors had auditory capability covering distances substantially greater than contemporary insects with tympanate ears.

1 avan Staaden, Moira, J.1 aRömer, Heiner uhttp://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/2951700409nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001300041245005100054210004900105260001600154300000800170100001700178700002400195856005600219 1998 eng d a1082646700aA New Species of Damaracheta from South Africa0 aNew Species of Damaracheta from South Africa cJan-12-1998 a2411 aOtte, Daniel1 aHennig, R. Matthias uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/3503526?origin=crossref01436nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001300041245007300054210006900127260001600196300001400212490000600226520081400232653001701046653001701063653001701080653001501097653001501112653002101127100001701148856005301165 1998 eng d a1366638X00aAcoustic monitoring of Orthoptera and its potential for conservation0 aAcoustic monitoring of Orthoptera and its potential for conserva cJan-01-1998 a217 - 2230 v23 a

Songs of Orthoptera can be used for inventorying and monitoring of individual species and communities. Acoustic parameters such as carrier frequency and pulse rates allow the definition of recognizable taxonomic units (RTUs) which help to overcome the taxonomic impediment due to our scanty knowledge, particularly of tropical faunas. Bioacoustic diversity is a first estimate for species richness and provides baseline data which can be a prerequisite for conservation. Additional ecological and behavioural information such as habitat preference and singing schedules can be inferred. Many Orthoptera are sensitive indicator species for habitat quality in temperate and tropical ecosystems. Examples are given for evaluation of habitat quality and deterioration by acoustic detection of Orthoptera.

10abioacoustics10abiodiversity10aconservation10amonitoring10aOrthoptera10atropical forests1 aRiede, Klaus uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:100969581360603493nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007000041210006500111300001200176490000800188520307700196100002503273700001303298856004803311 1998 eng d00aSound radiation by the bladder cicada Cystosoma saundersii0 aSound radiation by the bladder cicada iCystosoma saundersiii a701-7150 v2013 a

Male Cystosoma saundersii have a distended thin-walled abdomen which is driven by the paired tymbals during sound production. The insect extends the abdomen from a rest length of 32-34 mm to a length of 39-42 mm while singing. This is accomplished through specialised apodemes at the anterior ends of abdominal segments 4-7, which cause each of these intersegmental membranes to unfold by approximately 2 mm. 

The calling song frequency is approximately 850 Hz. The song pulses have a bimodal envelope and a duration of approximately 25 ms; they are produced by the asynchronous but overlapping action of the paired tymbals. The quality factor Q of the decay of the song pulses is approximately 17. 

The abdomen was driven experimentally by an internal sound source attached to a hole in the front of the abdomen. This allowed the sound-radiating regions to be mapped. The loudest sound-radiating areas are on both sides of tergites 3-5, approximately 10 mm from the ventral surface. A subsidiary sound-radiating region is found mid-ventrally on sternites 4-6. Sound is radiated in the same phase from all these regions. As the abdomen was extended experimentally from its resting length to its maximum length, the amplitude of the radiated sound doubled and the Q of the resonance increased from 4 to 9. This resonance and effect are similar at both tergite 4 and sternite 5. 

Increasing the effective volume of the abdominal air sac reduced its resonant frequency. The resonant frequency was proportional to 1/(check)(total volume), suggesting that the air sac volume was the major compliant element in the resonant system. Increasing the mass of tergite 4 and sternites 4-6 also reduced the resonant frequency of the abdomen. By extrapolation, it was shown that the effective mass of tergites 3-5 was between 13 and 30 mg and that the resonant frequency was proportional to 1/(check)(total mass), suggesting that the masses of the tergal sound-radiating areas were major elements in the resonant system.

The tymbal ribs buckle in sequence from posterior (rib 1) to anterior, producing a series of sound pulses. The frequency of the pulse decreases with the buckling of successive ribs: rib 1 produces approximately 1050 Hz, rib 2 approximately 870 Hz and rib 3 approximately 830 Hz. The sound pulse produced as the tymbal buckles outwards is between 1.6 and 1.9 kHz. Simultaneous recordings from close to the tymbal and from tergite 4 suggest that the song pulse is initiated by the pulses produced by ribs 2 and 3 of the leading tymbal and sustained by the pulses from ribs 2 and 3 of the second tymbal.

An earlier model suggested that the reactive elements of the abdominal resonance were the compliance of the abdominal air sac volume and the mass of the abdomen undergoing lengthwise telescoping. The present work confirms these suggestions for the role of the air sac but ascribes the mass element to the in-out vibrations of the lateral regions of tergites 3-5 and the central part of sternites 4-6.

1 aBennet-Clark, H., C.1 aYoung, D uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/201/5/70100393nam a2200109 4500008004100000245006500041210006100106260003600167100001800203700002100221856004100242 1998 eng d00aThe Songs of the Grasshoppers and Crickets of Western Europe0 aSongs of the Grasshoppers and Crickets of Western Europe aColchester, EssexbHarley Books1 aRagge, D., R.1 aReynolds, W., J. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/1715701541nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001300041245011100054210006900165260001600234300000800250490000700258520098500265100001701250700002501267700002301292856005601315 1998 eng d a0014382000aCalling Songs of Field Crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus) With and Without Phonotactic Parasitoid Infection0 aCalling Songs of Field Crickets Teleogryllus oceanicus With and  cJan-02-1998 a1660 v523 a

The field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus has been introduced to Hawaii, where it is parasitized by an acoustically orienting parasitoid fly, Ormia ochracea. Previous work showed that call parameters from parasitized populations differ from those in unparasitized populations in a direction expected if selection by flies is occurring. Here we examined songs of males collected in the field and compare calling song characters of crickets later found to harbor parasitoid larvae with those of males free of parasitoids. The two groups differ significantly in several song characteristics, particularly the trill-like long chirp given at the beginning of each song. Males with longer long chirps containing shorter interpulse intervals are more likely to be parasitized, suggesting that the flies find such males more attractive. Depending on the traits females prefer, sexual selection may oppose natural selection in altering T. oceanicus song in parasitized populations.

1 aZuk, Marlene1 aRotenberry, John, T.1 aSimmons, Leigh, W. uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/2410931?origin=crossref