01382nas a2200217 4500008004100000245019200041210006900233300001200302490000700314520064600321653001300967653001000980653001900990653000901009653001801018653001701036100002101053700002201074700002701096856004101123 2021 eng d00aThe distribution and calls of Vraem’ Treefrog, Dendropsophus vraemi (Caminer, Milá, Jansen, Fouquet, Venegas, Chávez, Lougheed, and Ron 2017), with comments on its conservation status0 adistribution and calls of Vraem Treefrog Dendropsophus vraemi Ca a311-3170 v153 a

Dendropsophus vraemi is a recently described frog that is only known from the type locality, in La Mar province, Ayacucho, Peru. Here, we present new data on its geographic distribution, coloration in life, and habitat, as well as descriptions of the advertisement and aggressive calls of this species. The new localities extend the known distribution range 151 km northwest and the elevation range down to 250 m asl, which is nearly 450 m lower than previously known. Our findings are inconsistent with its current IUCN categorization of Least Concern (LC), and we suggest that this species should be categorized as Data Deficient.

10aAmphibia10aAnura10aData Deficient10aPeru10aSouth America10avocalization1 aChávez, Germán1 aBarboza, Andy, C.1 aThompson, Michelle, E. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5845401955nas a2200169 4500008004100000245011900041210006900160520135600229653001501585653002701600653001401627653001601641653001701657100003301674700003701707856004101744 2021 eng d00aThe Acoustic behavior of the Brazilian Caatinga big rodent is incongruent to its actual position in Hidrochaerinae0 aAcoustic behavior of the Brazilian Caatinga big rodent is incong3 a

Our knowledge about the acoustic behavior of Caviinae species drove us to investigate Kerodon rupestris’s (Caviidae: Hydrochoerinae) repertoire. This species is endemic to Caatinga and states as vulnerable in the Brazilian list of endangered species. We recorded sounds uttered by individuals from Santa Luzia, State of Paraíba, Brazil. We promoted interactions among 13 animals during intra and intersexual pairing sessions, under undisturbed interactions in captivity, and in free-living conditions. We found a repertoire of 13 call types, most of them (all except three) shared with Cavia and only five possibly shared also with Hydrochoerus: (1) Close contact and cohesion: tonal and noisy contact calls, tweet, slow-whistle; (2) Social regulation (incitement, subordination or auto-defense): whine, peep-squeak, yelp; (3) Offensive aggression and status display: roar, snort, and teeth-chattering (4) Warning or intimidation: alarm-whistle, drrr, and drumming; (5) Courtship: purr and slow-whistle. The similarity of Kerodon signals to Hydrochoerinae species, despite the ecological differences, needs to be understood in comparative phylogenetic studies tracing back the origin of the courtship display in Caviidae. Thus, future research should focus on playback studies to test signals' biological function hypothesis.

10aalarm call10aHystricognathi rodents10asemi-arid10asocial life10avocalization1 aAlencar-Jr, Raimundo, Novaes1 aMonticellia, Patrícia, Ferreira uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5844701344nas a2200121 4500008004100000245011600041210006900157300001000226490000700236520091400243100002401157856004101181 2021 eng d00aWhat's the Buzz About? Progress and Potential of Acoustic Monitoring Technologies for Investigating Bumble Bees0 aWhats the Buzz About Progress and Potential of Acoustic Monitori a21-290 v243 a

Pollination is a vital ecosystem service for both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Most flowering plants-including many staples in the human diet such as fruits, vegetables and nuts- require animals for pollination. The majority is done by over 20,000 species of bees, some of which are managed commercially to provide these services. The global industry of pollination is valued at US $153 billion annually and is increasing in demand to meet the needs of a growing human population [1]. However, both managed and wild bees, especially the ecologically and economically important bumble bees (Bombus spp.), are suffering alarming declines worldwide, presenting serious implications for food security and biodiversity. Despite numerous pleas by farmers and scientists for improved management and monitoring methods [2], [3], precision techniques for these essential pollinators are still lacking.

1 aMiller, Zachary, J. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5844602130nas a2200205 4500008004100000245010600041210006900147520142000216653002501636653002101661653002101682653001601703653002001719653002001739100003201759700003001791700003001821700003201851856004101883 2021 eng d00aIntraspecific advertisement call variation of Scinax fuscomarginatus (Lutz, 1925) from Central Brazil0 aIntraspecific advertisement call variation of Scinax fuscomargin3 a

Quantitative analysis of the acoustic communication system in anurans is a relevant step toward understanding how acoustic traits variation is related to conspecific recognition and discrimination. Here, we report on the advertisement call variation of male Scinax fuscomarginatus at three levels: within-individual, between-individual, among-populations. We examined 635 advertisement calls of 127 individuals from 10 populations in Central Brazil. Fieldworks were carried out during eight breeding seasons, from 2008 to 2016. We used the coefficient of variation (CV), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) to evaluate whether the call features differed statistically. The advertisement call structure consisted of a single multipulsed note with stereotyped acoustic features. These features were statistically different at between-individual level and the relative variability (CV) was higher between-individual than within-individual of the same population. MANOVA performed with PCA scores indicates that call traits are different among populations. Hence, we suggest the advertisement call features of male S. fuscomarginatus show sufficient statistical differences for interindividual and interpopulation distinction. We also discuss the role of the stereotyped acoustic features on mate choice and intraspecific distinction.

10aAnuran communication10acalling behavior10adynamic property10amate choice10aSignal features10astatic property1 ade Souza, Antonio, Olímpio1 aOliveira, Seixas, Rezende1 aBastos, Rogério, Pereira1 aMorais, Alessandro, Ribeiro uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5844502282nas a2200133 4500008004100000245011200041210006900153520178900222100002402011700002402035700002402059700002502083856004002108 2021 eng d00aBehavioral differences in sound detection in recently diverged cave and surface forms of Astyanax mexicanus0 aBehavioral differences in sound detection in recently diverged c3 a

Astyanax mexicanus, or the Mexican tetra, inhabits both surface streams and cave systems, and has subsequently developed two unique morphologies: a cave morph and a surface morph. Cave morphs of the species have evolved several troglomorphic phenotypes, including vestigial eyes, reduced pigmentation, and increased olfactory and lateral line sensitivity. Interestingly, several satellite populations of surface fish were introduced to a Texas aquifer approximately 100 years ago and, following cave colonization, rapid evolution of various sensory adaptations between the cave and surface populations have been observed. Auditory evoked potential (AEP) data was collected to compare hearing sensitivities between cave and surface satellite populations, and both populations responded to sound presentation up to 4 kHz. However, because AEPs measure action potential summation to screen for frequency sensitivities, behavioral data is needed to determine absolute hearing sensitivity. The current study examines behavioral differences in sound detection between these two populations using reflexive startle behaviors to sound, namely the “C-start” escape response, which has been shown to be a reliable means of determining neurological responses to acoustic stimuli. Based on behavioral audiograms collected on satellite three populations, San Pedro Springs (cave) and Honey Creek (surface) appear to respond more readily to acoustic stimuli and habituate at a similar rate when compared to San Antonio Zoo (surface), which appear to respond less readily and habituate faster. Differences in sound pressure thresholds, as well as stimulus-response latencies between these populations, will be determined through finer volume control and modeling sub-thresholds.

1 aKistner, Amanda, R.1 aEnriquez, Maya, S .1 aMichels, Noland, O.1 aMensinger, Allen, F. uhttps://hdl.handle.net/11299/22473200325nas a2200085 4500008004100000245007000041210006800111100001900179856004100198 2021 eng d00aSonic ecosystems of loss: Voices of the Rainforest at twenty-five0 aSonic ecosystems of loss Voices of the Rainforest at twentyfive1 aPaige, Kirsten uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5844301238nas a2200145 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131300000900200490000700209520072100216653004100937653005100978100002201029856004101051 2021 eng d00aThe Tuning of the World in the 20th and 21st Century: Discourses on Sound and Ecology0 aTuning of the World in the 20th and 21st Century Discourses on S a3-260 v253 a

In this paper, I would like to systematize possible areas, disciplines, and practices that deal with sound and ecology.  Also, I would like to research their potential in solving global environmental and sonic problems. I would explore this topic with the idea of following the genesis and continuity of the development of ecological thought and practice concerning sound and music: from the concept of acoustic ecology, as a key one, which since the 1970s has brought to the fore the question of the relationship between sound and the environment, i.e., sound in the environment, through other disciplines based on critical thinking about the relation between sound and current environmental problems.

10aecomusicology/ecocritical musicology10asoundscape ecology; ecoacoustic; sound studies1 aLeković, Biljana uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5844201917nas a2200193 4500008004100000245011500041210006900156520126800225653002701493653001901520653003401539653001501573100001501588700001601603700001501619700002201634700002601656856004101682 2021 eng d00aDevelopment and test of a bat calls detection and classification method based on convolutional neural networks0 aDevelopment and test of a bat calls detection and classification3 a

Automated acoustic monitoring methods are frequently used to survey bat activity around wind turbines. The algorithms are often based on spectral features or threshold values of the recordings. Due to the generality of these features, a lot of recordings are noise, making manual analysis and labelling of the recordings time consuming. In this paper, we present an approach based on convolutional neural networks to detect and classify bat calls respectively. Recordings are converted to Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), which are then fed as an image into the convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for classification. A dataset consisting of 43585 recordings gathered at 5 m height was used to train and test this method. An accuracy of 99.7% was achieved on a test set for the binary classification of noise and bat calls. For the species classification, this approach achieved an accuracy of 96%. Both networks, trained on data gathered at 5 m, were also tested on recordings gathered at heights of 33 m, 65 m and 95 m. In case of the binary classification task, the results showed an increased rate of misclassifications among noise recordings. For species classification, there was a higher amount of misclassifcations among all species.

10aBat echolocation calls10aclassification10aconvolutional neural networks10afield test1 aPaumen, Y.1 aMälzer, M.1 aAlipek, S.1 aMoll, Lüdtke, J.1 aSchauer-Weisshahn, H. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5844100985nas a2200133 4500008004100000245012500041210007100166300001000237490000900247520051300256100002600769700001500795856004100810 2021 eng d00aPlatylomia kohimaensis n. sp.—a new cicada species (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from the Naga Hills in the Eastern Himalayas0 aPlatylomia kohimaensis n sp—a new cicada species Hemiptera Cicad a81-910 v50473 a

A new cicada species, Platylomia kohimaensis n. sp., belonging to the Platylomia radha group is described from the Naga Hills in the eastern Himalayas. It is a dusk singing, large-sized cicada that calls for a short window during the evening twilight hours. Timbalisation is in the form of a continuous and regular cackling. Photographs of adult male and female along with genitalia illustration and distribution map are provided. A sonogram along with Acoustic Identification Card is also provided.

1 aHajong, Sudhanya, Ray1 aLimatemjen uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5843802256nas a2200217 4500008004100000245015600041210006900197300001200266490000700278520155000285653001801835653001601853653002701869653001301896100001901909700001701928700001801945700002001963700001401983856004101997 2021 eng d00aA New Leaf Litter Toad of Leptobrachella Smith, 1925 (Anura, Megophryidae) from Sichuan Province, China with Supplementary Description of L. oshanensis0 aNew Leaf Litter Toad of Leptobrachella Smith 1925 Anura Megophry a143-1660 v123 a

A new species of the Asian leaf litter toad genus Leptobrachella is described from Sichuan Province, China. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences clustered the new species as an independent clade nested into L. oshanensis species group. The new species could be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of following characters: body size moderate (25.8–32.6 mm in male, 33.7–34.1 mm in female); distinct black spots present on flanks; toes rudimentary webbed, with narrow lateral fringes, dermal ridges under toes interrupted at articulations; ventral belly cream white with variable brown specking; skin on dorsum relatively smooth with fine tiny granules or short ridges; iris copper above, silver bellow; greyish black patches on posterior thigh absent or small; spines on surface of chest absent in male during breeding season; nasals entirely or partially separated from sphenethmoid in male; dorsal surface of tadpoles semitransparent light brown, spots on tail absent, keratodont row formula I: 3+3(2+2)/2+2: I; calls simple, call series basically consist of repeated long calls, at dominant frequency(4831.9 ± 155.8)Hz and call duration(544.5 ± 146.8)ms. In addition, we made supplementary description on L. oshanensis including holotype, variations, tadpoles, skull and bioacoustics. Besides, this paper reports cases of femoral adipose glands in the genus Leptobrachella as first known sexual dimorphism skin glands for males of Megophryidae.

10amultiple data10anew species10asympatric distribution10ataxonomy1 aSHI, Shengchao1 aHOU, Yinmeng1 aSONG, Zhaobin1 aJiang, Jianping1 aWang, Bin uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5842901549nas a2200121 4500008004100000245012200041210006900163520097200232100002201204700001601226700001701242856016801259 2021 eng d00aA Comparison of Mating Calls Recorded around the Type Localities of Rana tagoi and R. neba (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae)0 aComparison of Mating Calls Recorded around the Type Localities o3 a

Two species of frogs endemic to Japan, Rana neba and R. tagoi, have previously been separated based on differences in the number of chromosomes and the dominant frequencies of their advertisement calls. However, through a comparison of advertisement calls around the type localities of both species, we found that interspecific differences are instead apparent in the fundamental frequencies, not in the dominant frequencies. Additionally, the calls of R. neba are more easily distinguished by their unique first notes, which can be differentiated by the strong frequency modulation, longer and fewer pulses, and lower pulse rate. Compared with R. neba, the calls of R. tagoi are composed of notes with similar acoustic structure, although the last note is longer in duration, contains more pulses, and has longer inter-pulse intervals than in the other notes in the call. Based on these results, we present a new acoustic diagnosis for R. neba and R. tagoi.

1 aSHIMADA, TOMOHIKO1 aSanda, Maki1 aEto, Koshiro uhttps://bioone.org/journals/current-herpetology/volume-40/issue-1/hsj.40.54/A-Comparison-of-Mating-Calls-Recorded-around-the-Type-Localities/10.5358/hsj.40.54.full00432nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245008000055210006900135260001600204300001200220490000800232100001700240856004100257 2021 eng d a1943-569X00aThe use of biosensors to assess the health of the bee colony superorganism.0 ause of biosensors to assess the health of the bee colony superor c2021 Mar 01 a471-4760 v2581 aMayer, Joerg uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5842402449nas a2200193 4500008004100000245004200041210004200083520193200125653001702057653001202074653001102086653001302097653002002110653001202130653001502142100002002157700002202177856005602199 2021 eng d00aUsing bioacoustics to monitor gibbons0 aUsing bioacoustics to monitor gibbons3 a

Monitoring wildlife population trends is critical for the conservation of endangered species and measuring the efficacy of management activities. Recently, passive acoustic monitoring has emerged as a useful wildlife monitoring tool and automatic recorders have been used to detect the presence of gibbons in protected areas of Vietnam. However, these recording devices can be expensive, cumbersome, and difficult to operate in some areas with gibbons. Therefore, inexpensive, lightweight, and easily operated recording devices are needed for wildlife monitoring. In this study, we employed mobile smartphones to detect the presence and distribution, and to estimate the occurrence probability, of the northern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus annamensis) in Dakrong Nature Reserve (405.3 km2), Vietnam. We surveyed gibbons from February to July 2019, during the dry season, at 95 sites that were systematically spaced throughout the nature reserve. We used the software package, RAVEN, to analyze the sound data and to identify gibbon calls. We detected gibbon calls at 39 out of 95 recording sites. With these data and an occupancy model, we estimated, and examined the effects of environmental factors, on the occurrence probability. Assuming a 600 m detection distance, the model-averaged occurrence probability for the nature reserve was 0.44 (SE = 0.06). The area of rich (> 100 m3/ha) and medium (> 200 m3/ha) evergreen forest within 1 km of the recording posts was the most important predictor of, and posi- tively correlated with, occurrence with less occurrence in poor, regrowth forest, planta- tions, or on bare land. Bioacoustic methods can be potentially used in large-scale gibbon surveys, and the technology is especially attractive given the low cost. Additional work on estimating detection distances and identifying individual gibbon groups using bioacoustics will be useful next steps.

10abioacoustics10aDakrong10aGibbon10aNomascus10aOccupancy model10aprimate10aSmartphone1 aVu, Thinh, Tien1 aDoherty, Paul, F. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10531-021-02139-102070nas a2200217 4500008004100000245011500041210006900156520134000225653005201565653001801617653000901635653002201644653001701666100002101683700001801704700002101722700002201743700002201765700002201787856004301809 2021 eng d00aIt Is Not Just a Matter of Noise: Sciaena umbra Vocalizes More in the Busiest Areas of the Venice Tidal Inlets0 aIt Is Not Just a Matter of Noise Sciaena umbra Vocalizes More in3 a

Boat noise is known to have a detrimental effect on a vulnerable Mediterranean sciaenid, the brown meagre Sciaena umbra. During summer 2019, two acoustic surveys were conducted at 40 listening points distributed within the inlet areas of Venice (northern Adriatic Sea). Two five- minute recordings were collected per each point during both the boat traffic hours and the peak of the species’ vocal activity with the aims of (1) characterizing the local noise levels and (2) evaluating the fish spatial distribution by means of its sounds. High underwater broadband noise levels were found (sound pressure levels (SPLs)50–20kHz 107–137 dB re 1 μPa). Interestingly, a significantly higher background noise within the species’ hearing sensibility (100–3150 Hz) was highlighted in the afternoon (113 ± 5 dB re 1 μPa) compared to the night (103 ± 7 dB re 1 μPa) recordings due to a high vessel traffic. A cluster analysis based on Sciaena umbra vocalizations separated the listening points in three groups: highly vocal groups experienced higher vessel presence and higher afternoon noise levels compared to the lower ones. Since the species’ sounds are a proxy of spawning events, this suggests that the reproductive activity was placed in the noisier part of the inlets.

10aanthropogenic noise passive acoustic monitoring10acoastal areas10afish10aprotected species10areproduction1 aPicciulin, Marta1 aFacca, Chiara1 aFiorin, Riccardo1 aRiccato, Federico1 aZucchetta, Matteo1 aMalavasi, Stefano uhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/2/23702083nas a2200217 4500008004100000245009400041210006900135520138800204653002301592653001501615653001101630653001701641653001601658653002001674100002101694700002101715700002401736700002201760700002001782856006301802 2021 eng d00aIndividual-based acoustic variation of the alarm calls in the long-tailed ground squirrel0 aIndividualbased acoustic variation of the alarm calls in the lon3 a

Based on their phylogenetic position, Nearctic ground squirrels are closest relatives to the long-tailed ground squirrel Urocitellus undulates even though it has Palaearctic distribution. We aimed to investigate the variability of alarm calls of the long-tailed ground squirrel to test the individual variation in alarm calls. This species is known to produce two types of alarm calls: whistle alarms and wideband calls. Although ground squirrels are a model group for the study of vocal individuality, this phenomenon has not yet been studied in a species producing two such completely different types of alarms. Most of ground squirrel species produce either whistle or wideband alarms and this species represents a unique model for testing the degree of individual variability depending on completely different acoustic structures. We analysed 269 whistle alarms produced by 13 individuals and 591 wideband alarms from 25 individuals at the western part of Lake Baikal. A discriminant function analysis (DFA) assigned 93.5% (88.9%, cross-validated result) of whistle alarms to the correct individual and 91.4% (84%) of wideband alarms. This is the first evidence of individual variation in wideband alarms compared with whistle alarms and occurrence of vocal individuality in two warning signals of a completely different acoustic structure produced by a ground squirrel.

10aacoustic evolution10aalarm call10arodent10aSpermophilus10aUrocitellus10avocal diversity1 aGoncharov, Denis1 aPolicht, Richard1 aHambálková, Lucie1 aSalovarov, Viktor1 aHart, Vlastimil uhttps://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.20014702046nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001300041245011500054210006900169260001600238300001100254490000800265520118700273653002101460653001301481653003501494653002201529653002201551653003201573100003001605700001901635700001701654700002201671700002001693856006701713 2021 eng d a1470160X00aSilent winters and rock-and-roll summers: The long-term effects of changing oceans on marine fish vocalization0 aSilent winters and rockandroll summers The longterm effects of c cJan-06-2021 a1074560 v1253 a

The analysis of temporal trends and spatial patterns of marine sounds can provide crucial insights to assess the abundance, distribution, and behavior of fishes and of many other species. However, data on species-specific temporal and seasonal changes are still extremely limited. We report here the result of the longest recording ever conducted (five years, from 2014 to 2018) on fish vocalization. Findings from the Eastern Taiwan Strait (ETS) revealed a periodic fish chorusing pattern, with peaks in summer and almost complete silence, for ~2 months, during winter. Chorusing pattern was influenced by abiotic parameters, including temperature, tides and moon phase. We also report, for the first time, that extreme weather events (e.g., typhoons, storms with sediment resuspension) caused the cessation of the chorusing. The chorusing pattern explored in this long-term study provides important baseline data to understand the impact of climate change and of climate-driven extreme/episodic events on the phenology of fishes; this work also provides evidence that changes in the ambient conditions might significantly alter the phenology of vocalizing marine species.

10aacoustic indices10aBehavior10aClimate-driven episodic events10aFish vocalization10aMarine soundscape10aPassive acoustic recordings1 aSiddagangaiah, Shashidhar1 aChen, Chi-Fang1 aHu, Wei-Chun1 aDanovaro, Roberto1 aPieretti, Nadia uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X2100121701876nas a2200193 4500008004100000245012500041210006900166520117200235653003101407653002001438653001901458653001801477100002901495700002601524700002701550700001901577700002001596856006601616 2021 eng d00aLimited vocal compensation for elevated ambient noise in bearded seals: implications for an industrializing Arctic Ocean0 aLimited vocal compensation for elevated ambient noise in bearded3 a

Vocalizing animals have several strategies to compensate for elevated ambient noise. These behaviours evolved under historical conditions, but compensation limits are quickly being reached in the Anthropocene. Acoustic communication is essential to male bearded seals that vocalize for courtship and defending territories. As Arctic sea ice declines, industrial activities and associated anthropogenic noise are likely to increase. Documenting how seals respond to noise and identifying naturally occurring behavioural thresholds would indicate either their resilience or vulnerability to changing soundscapes. We investigated whether male bearded seals modified call amplitudes in response to changing ambient noise levels. Vocalizing seals increased their call amplitudes until ambient noise levels reached an observable threshold, above which call source levels stopped increasing. The presence of a threshold indicates limited noise compensation for seals, which still renders them vulnerable to acoustic masking of vocal signals. This behavioural threshold and response to noise is critical for developing management plans for an industrializing Arctic.

10abearded seal advertisement10achanging Arctic10aLombard effect10anoise impacts1 aFournet, Michelle, E. H.1 aSilvestri, Margherita1 aClark, Christopher, W.1 aKlinck, Holger1 aRice, Aaron, N. uhttps://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2020.271200483nas a2200121 4500008004100000245014800041210006900189300001200258490000700270100002200277700002100299856004100320 2021 eng d00aVocalization of the Sullen toad, Scythrophrys sawayae (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Paratelmatobiinae), from near its type locality, Paraná, Brazil0 aVocalization of the Sullen toad Scythrophrys sawayae Anura Lepto a167-1700 v571 aMoser, Camila, F.1 aLingnau, Rodrigo uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5841602093nas a2200157 4500008004100000245013800041210006900179520149100248653002601739653001301765653003201778653001301810653001001823100003101833856007101864 2021 eng d00aUse of simple graded signals in the long-distance vocal communication of a forest thrush ( Catharus fuscescens )0 aUse of simple graded signals in the longdistance vocal communica3 a

I investigated the use of simple graded structures (i.e. ‘calls’) in long-distance vocal communication among territorial forest-dwelling Catharus fuscescens – an oscine passerine that also possesses a complex song. Two experiments were conducted: (1) Nests were threatened in three different contexts to test the effect of increasing motivation on three response variables (call form, rate, amplitude), and (2) a playback study was undertaken to quantify the accomplishments of graded call structures on territory-holders. Results from the two experiments showed that long-distance communication in the focal species is dependent on two concurrent aspects of communication: (1) Acoustic cues to signaller motivation via call rate, (2) spectral cues that reveal directivity – either precisely or imprecisely – that complement the perception of signaller location via distance assessment (ranging). Simultaneously, amplitude and bandwidth are adjusted to beam signals across various distance intervals. Therefore, to affect conspecific behaviour, a signaller can alter vocal cues to manipulate an assessor’s perception of signaller location while revealing motivation. This study reveals the foundational components of short and long-distance communication with the use of simple graded calls by a forest-dwelling oscine passerine. It is similar to long-distance communication networks documented in some parrots, marine mammals, and primates.

10aAssessment/Management10aCatharus10amotivation-structural rules10aSongbird10aVeery1 aHeckscher, Christopher, M. uhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09524622.2021.188831602030nas a2200169 4500008004100000245013100041210006900172520140300241653002101644653001201665653001701677653003101694653002701725100001901752700001801771856007101789 2021 eng d00aStridulatory sound production and acoustic signals of the longhorn beetle Batocera lineolata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)0 aStridulatory sound production and acoustic signals of the longho3 a

Insects have evolved different structures and ways to produce sounds which play a crucial role in many aspects of insect biology, such as reproduction and predator–prey interactions. Among acoustic insects, although a variety of stridulatory organs have been reported in beetles, acoustic behaviour of these insects has received little attention. Here, stridulatory organs, sound-producing behaviour and acoustic signals in males of the longhorn beetle Batocera lineolata were investigated for the first time. The detailed morphology of the file and scraper of the stridulatory organ are presented. Behavioural observations showed that sound production was associated with the rapid forward and backward movements of the pronotum. The forward and backward movements of the pronotum can both cause interactions between the file and scraper, and produce forward chirps and backward chirps, respectively. Oscillogram and frequency spectrum comparisons of the upward and backward chirps revealed that the two types of chirps exhibited significant differences in temporal and amplitude features, but had similar spectral characteristics. Acoustic studies on most longhorn beetles are strongly needed, which may make significant contributions in many areas, such as the evolution and diversity of the acoustic behaviour and the possibility of use of sounds in taxonomy of longhorn beetles.

10aacoustic signals10aBeetles10aCerambycidae10asound-producing structures10astridulatory mechanism1 aLuo, Changqing1 aHuang, Shihui uhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09524622.2021.189064002334nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001300041245015500054210006900209260001600278300001100294490000800305520173500313100002402048700002202072700002902094856004102123 2021 eng d a0006320700aTowards an enhanced management of recreational whale watching: The use of ecological and behavioural data to support evidence-based management actions0 aTowards an enhanced management of recreational whale watching Th cJan-03-2021 a1090090 v2553 a

Recognition of the potential disturbance from whale-based tourism has stimulated the discussion of whether whale watching remains ‘no take’. Here we use observations and passive acoustic surveillance of tourism activities of foraging gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) on the west coast of Vancouver Island to better understand the pressures on whales that are repeatedly subject to aerial and vessel-based viewing. Pressure from the fleet was greatest for low prey years, whereby fewer whales were subject to a greater number of encounters with whale watching vessels. The pressure on operators for close encounters was also greater during these years. The acoustic recordings found that whale watching vessels shaped the soundscape, with a distinct diurnal pattern. Acoustic reactions by the whales were also noted. Cow-calf pairs showed increased calling rate in the presence of vessels in the feeding bay, with calling rate of single foraging whales increasing as vessel number, particularly those engaged in whale watching, increased. These responses have implications for energetics, communication success. The implications of acoustic disturbance from whale watching has yet to be well defined, but it is only one of many stressors that gray whales are subject to. The results of this study lead us to argue for greater evidence-based management of whale watching; restrictions on encounters; noise emission limitations; requiems for the whales, and a greater interpretative component for passengers. The aggregate and cumulative effects of disturbance should also be emphasized in vessel-whale interaction guidelines, with the most vulnerable individuals removed from the viewing resource altogether.

1 aBurnham, Rianna, E.1 aDuffus, David, A.1 aMalcolm, Christopher, D. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5841201811nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001300041245011400054210006900168260001600237300001100253490000800264520100800272653003601280653003701316653001601353653001801369100002501387700002601412700001601438700002001454700001801474700002401492856004101516 2021 eng d a0025326X00aPrediction of marine mammal auditory-impact risk from Acoustic Deterrent Devices used in Scottish aquaculture0 aPrediction of marine mammal auditoryimpact risk from Acoustic De cJan-04-2021 a1121710 v1653 a

Acoustic Deterrent Devices (ADDs) are used worldwide to deter pinnipeds from predating fish-aquaculture facilities. Desk-based noise-propagation modelling of six commercial ADD models, and a ‘fictional’ ADD was performed, the latter involving alternating source level, frequency, duty cycle, noise-exposure duration, and number of ADDs active simultaneously. Potential auditory impacts on marine mammals were explored using the Southall et al. (2019) criteria. Depending on operational characteristics, real ADDs were predicted to cause Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) to Very High Frequency (VHF) cetaceans at ranges of 4–31 km, and a single fictional device operating at the highest outputs tested was predicted to cause TTS to VHF cetaceans at up to 32 km. Cumulative effects of 23 real fish-farm ADDs produced noise across large swathes of the Inner-Hebrides. The single variable causing greatest reduction in potential impact to marine mammals from fictional ADDs was SL.

10aAcoustic deterrent device (ADD)10aAcoustic harassment device (AHD)10aaquaculture10amarine mammal1 aTodd, Victoria, L.G.1 aWilliamson, Laura, D.1 aJiang, Jian1 aCox, Sophie, E.1 aTodd, Ian, B.1 aRuffert, Maximilian uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5841101918nas a2200241 4500008004100000245014500041210006900186520110800255653002301363653002801386653002001414653000901434653001401443653002301457653002401480653001801504653000901522653002001531653003001551100002401581700003001605856004101635 2021 eng d00aDefining the multidimensional phenotype: new opportunities to integrate the behavioral ecology and behavioral neuroscience of vocal learning0 aDefining the multidimensional phenotype new opportunities to int3 a

Vocal learning has evolved independently in several lineages. This complex cognitive trait is commonly treated as binary: species either possess or lack it. This view has been a useful starting place to examine the origins of vocal learning, but is also incomplete and potentially misleading, as specific components of the vocal learning program – such as the timing, extent and nature of what is learned – vary widely among species. In our review we revive an idea first proposed by Beecher and Brenowitz (2005) by describing six dimensions of vocal learning: (1) which vocalizations are learned, (2) how much is learned, (3) when it is learned, (4) who it is learned from, (5) what is the extent of the internal template, and (6) how is the template integrated with social learning and innovation. We then highlight key examples of functional and mechanistic work on each dimension, largely from avian taxa, and discuss how a multi-dimensional framework can accelerate our understanding of why vocal learning has evolved, and how brains became capable of this important behaviour.

10abehavioral ecology10abehavioral neuroscience10abrain evolution10acall10aCognition10acomparative method10aintegrative biology10aneurogenetics10asong10atrait evolution10avocal production learning1 aWright, Timothy, F.1 aDerryberry, Elizabeth, P. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5841001930nas a2200121 4500008004100000245011500041210006900156520145700225100001901682700002501701700002401726856005801750 2021 eng d00aThe evolution of wood warbler flight calls: Species with similar migrations produce acoustically similar calls0 aevolution of wood warbler flight calls Species with similar migr3 a

Diverse animal species engage in long‐distance migrations. Many migrants travel in groups, and communication within these groups may be important to survival and successful migration. We examined migration and communication in 36 species of wood warblers (Parulidae), songbirds that breed in North America and migrate in mixed‐species flocks to their wintering grounds. During migration, wood warblers produce short vocalizations called “flight calls.” The function of flight calls and the patterns of acoustic similarity between species are poorly understood. We investigated whether acoustic similarity of flight calls of different species of warbler reflects the similarity in their migratory journeys or their phylogenetic relatedness. We found that phylogeny, similarity in breeding latitude, and overlap in the timing of migration predict acoustic flight call similarity across warbler species. Further, we found that phylogeny, similarity in migration distance, and overlap in wintering range predict acoustic flight call similarity in a subset of 12 species with highly similar calls, although this analysis has a small sample size. We conclude that migratory similarity may be an important force driving the evolution of acoustically similar calls in wood warblers, in addition to phylogenetic relatedness. Acoustic convergence in these species may facilitate communication between individuals with similar migrations.

1 aGayk, Zach, G.1 aSimpson, Richard, K.1 aMennill, Daniel, J. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/evo.1416702899nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001300041245009900054210006900153260001600222300001400238490000800252520196800260653001402228653001902242653001702261653001202278653002302290653001202313653002402325653001802349100002602367700002102393700002102414700001702435700002202452700002102474700002302495856006702518 2021 eng d a0003347200aDisease influences male advertisement and mating outcomes in a critically endangered amphibian0 aDisease influences male advertisement and mating outcomes in a c cJan-03-2021 a145 - 1570 v1733 a

The sublethal effects of infectious disease on reproductive behaviour and mating success are not well understood. Here, we investigated predictors of male mating success in one of Australia's most critically endangered vertebrates: the northern corroboree frog, Pseudophryne pengilleyi. Using a genomic approach to assign parentage, we explored whether infection with the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a pathogen responsible for amphibian declines globally, influenced male calling behaviour and mating success. We also explored whether male mating success was predicted by phenotypic traits (age, body size, coloration, call characters) that potentially signal genetic quality, and the soil moisture (water potential) of male-constructed terrestrial nests, which may directly impact offspring survival. We found that Bd significantly influenced male advertisement; Bd-infected males produced calls with significantly higher pulse repetition rates than uninfected males. Older males had a higher probability of mating; however, variation in the number of eggs in a nest was most strongly explained by an interaction between male Bd infection status and call pulse repetition rate. We propose that these relationships may result from either pathogen-mediated changes to host behaviour or host-mediated changes to behaviour (e.g. terminal investment). Regardless of the mechanism, this is the first evidence that male mating success in an amphibian can be influenced by male Bd infection status, highlighting a novel mechanism through which this virulent pathogen can affect amphibian fitness. More broadly, these findings add to a growing body of evidence that pathogens can alter the reproductive biology of their hosts. From a conservation perspective, increased consideration of how sexual selection operates in altered environments has the potential to assist with the management of threatened amphibians worldwide.

10aAmphibian10achytrid fungus10aconservation10adisease10afemale mate choice10afitness10amale mating success10amating system1 aKelleher, Shannon, R.1 aScheele, Ben, C.1 aSilla, Aimee, J.1 aKeogh, Scott1 aHunter, David, A.1 aEndler, John, A.1 aByrne, Phillip, G. uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334722100008701712nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245008000055210006900135260001600204300001200220490000800232520123500240100003401475856005701509 2021 eng d a0735-703600aA new look at universals and specificities in the songs of humpback whales.0 anew look at universals and specificities in the songs of humpbac cJan-02-2021 a25 - 270 v1353 a

In this issue’s featured article, Mercado and Perazio (2021) describe songs of humpback whales using acoustic qualities, in part to determine the degree of similarity in songs across time and space that have not been revealed by information-theoretic analyses. They are particularly interested in evaluating alternative explanations of song variations in humpback whales. They argue that if humpback whales’ songs “are . . . transmitted through acoustic contact followed by imitation” (p. 29) then (a) songs of populations not in acoustic contact should diverge, (b) songs of the same population should diverge increasingly over time, and (c) song forms separated by multiple decades either within or across populations should be dissimilar. Alternatively, acoustic similarities in song structure across populations and/or across decades in the same population would challenge the hypothesis that socially mediated learning is the primary driver of variation in the structure of humpback whales’ songs over time. If that is the case, then identifying universal properties of song composition is important to move the field forward. Broadening the analytical tool kit can help in this effort.

1 aFragaszy, Dorothy, Munkenbeck uhttp://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/com000027002090nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245012600055210006900181260001600250300001200266490000800278520154100286100002101827700002701848856005701875 2021 eng d a0735-703600aSimilarities in composition and transformations of songs by humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) over time and space.0 aSimilarities in composition and transformations of songs by hump cJan-02-2021 a28 - 500 v1353 a

The complex songs produced by humpback whales have been cited as evidence of prodigious memory, innovativeness, sophisticated auditory scene analysis, vocal imitation, and even culture. Researchers believe humpbacks learn their songs culturally because songs appear to change rapidly, consistently, and irreversibly across whales within a population. Here, we present evidence of similarities in song structure both across populations and decades that strongly challenge claims that social learning is the main driver of variations in humpback whale songs over time. Groups of humpback whales that were not in acoustic contact (recorded in Puerto Rico in 1970, Hawaii in 2012, and Colombia in 2013–2019) produced songs in acoustically comparable cycles, suggesting that progression through sound patterns within and across songs is not simply determined by vocal imitation of innovative patterns, but may instead be controlled by production templates that prescribe how singers construct and transform songs over time. Identifying universal constraints on song production is critical to evaluating the role of vocal imitation and cultural transmission in the progressive changes that humpback whales make to their songs and for evaluating the functional relevance of such changes. The current findings illustrate how information theoretic analyses of vocal sequences can potentially obscure key acoustic qualities of signals that may be critical to understanding how vocalizers produce, perceive, and use those sequences.

1 aMercado, Eduardo1 aPerazio, Christina, E. uhttp://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/com000026801880nas a2200133 4500008004100000245013200041210006900173520124300242100002001485700001501505700001901520700002401539856018301563 2021 eng d00aAdvertisement calls of the lesser spiny frog Quasipaa exilispinosa (Liu and Hu, 1975) (Anura: Dicroglossidae)0 aAdvertisement calls of the lesser spiny frog emQuasipaaem emexil3 a

There are currently only eleven species of Quasipaa (Anura: Dicroglossidae) distributed in southern and southwestern China to central Vietnam, southeastern Thailand, and southwestern Cambodia and presumably also in Laos (Frost 2020). Eight species of Quasipaa are currently known in China: Q. boulengeri (Günther 1889), Q. courtoisi (Angel 1922), Q. exilispinosa (Liu & Hu 1975), Q. jiulongensis (Huang & Liu 1985), Q. shini (Ahl 1930), Q. spinosa (David 1875), Q. yei (Chen, Qu, and Jiang 2002), and Q. verrucospinosa (Bourret 1937). The first seven species are endemic to China (AmphibiaChina 2020). These species have similar morphological traits and are capable of introgressive hybridization between the closely related species of this genus(Zhang et al. 2018). Despite the detailed acoustic analysis that is available to identify a variety of species and is beneficial to the study of anuran taxonomy (e.g., Microhyla species; Chen et al. 2020), advertisement calls have only been reported in detail for Q. spinosa (Yu & Zheng 2009; Chen et al. 2012; Shen et al. 2015) and Q. shini (Kong et al. 2016), whereas the call for Q. exilispinosa was briefly described from observations in captivity (Voitel 2000).

1 aCHEN, ZHI-QIANG1 aHU, HUA-LI1 aZHONG, JUN-JIE1 aSHANGGUAN, HAI-PING uhttps://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4926.3https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4926.3.9https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/viewFile/67047/6525003115nas a2200193 4500008004100000245017600041210006900217520242600286653002102712653001502733653001502748653001902763653001502782100001502797700002602812700002202838700002402860856003702884 2021 eng d00aRapid coral reef assessment using 3D modelling and acoustics: acoustic indices correlate to fish abundance, diversity and environmental indicators in West Papua, Indonesia0 aRapid coral reef assessment using 3D modelling and acoustics aco3 a

Background
Providing coral reef systems with the greatest chance of survival requires effective assessment and monitoring to guide management at a range of scales from community to government. The development of rapid monitoring approaches amenable to collection at community level, yet recognised by policymakers, remains a challenge. Technologies can increase the scope of data collection. Two promising visual and audio approaches are (i) 3D habitat models, generated through photogrammetry from video footage, providing assessment of coral cover structural metrics and (ii) audio, from which acoustic indices shown to correlate to vertebrate and invertebrate diversity, can be extracted.

Methods
We collected audio and video imagery using low cost underwater cameras (GoPro Hero7™) from 34 reef samples from West Papua (Indonesia). Using photogrammetry one camera was used to generate 3D models of 4 m2 reef, the other was used to estimate fish abundance and collect audio to generate acoustic indices. We investigated relationships between acoustic metrics, fish abundance/diversity/functional groups, live coral cover and reef structural metrics.

Results
Generalized linear modelling identified significant but weak correlations between live coral cover and structural metrics extracted from 3D models and stronger relationships between live coral and fish abundance. Acoustic indices correlated to fish abundance, species richness and reef functional metrics associated with overfishing and algal control. Acoustic Evenness (1,200–11,000 Hz) and Root Mean Square RMS (100–1,200 Hz) were the best individual predictors overall suggesting traditional bioacoustic indices, providing information on sound energy and the variability in sound levels in specific frequency bands, can contribute to reef assessment.

Conclusion
Acoustics and 3D modelling contribute to low-cost, rapid reef assessment tools, amenable to community-level data collection, and generate information for coral reef management. Future work should explore whether 3D models of standardised transects and acoustic indices generated from low cost underwater cameras can replicate or support ‘gold standard’ reef assessment methodologies recognised by policy makers in marine management.

10aacoustic indices10acoral reef10amonitoring10aPhotogrammetry10aSoundscape1 aPeck, Mika1 aTapilatu, Ricardo, F.1 aKurniati, Eveline1 aRosado, Christopher uhttps://peerj.com/articles/1076102239nas a2200229 4500008004100000245012100041210006900162520144700231653003501678653003601713653002701749653002201776653002201798100002201820700001701842700001801859700001601877700002201893700001601915700002201931856005601953 2021 eng d00aAllometric escape and acoustic signal features facilitate high-frequency communication in an endemic Chinese primate0 aAllometric escape and acoustic signal features facilitate highfr3 a

The principle of acoustic allometry—the larger the animal, the lower its calls' fundamental frequency—is generally observed across terrestrial mammals. Moreover, according to the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis, open habitats favor the propagation of high-frequency calls compared to habitats with complex vegetational structures. We carried out playback experiments in which the calls of the Guizhou snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi) were used as stimuli in sound attenuation and degradation experiments to test the hypothesis that propagation of Guizhou snub-nosed monkey calls is favored above vs through the forest floor vegetation. We found that low-pitched Guizhou snub-nosed monkey vocalizations suffered less attenuation than its high-pitched calls. Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys were observed emitting high-pitched calls from 1.5 to 5.0 m above the ground. The use of high-pitched calls from these heights coupled with the concomitant behavior of moving about above the understory may provide a signal for receivers which maximizes potential transmission and efficacy. Our results support the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis and suggest that by uncoupling its vocal output from its size, this monkey can produce a high-pitched call with a broad spectral bandwidth, thereby increasing both its saliency and the frequency range over which the animal may more effectively communicate in its natural habitat.

10aacoustic adaptation hypothesis10aPrinciple of acoustic allometry10aRhinopithecus brelichi10aSnub-nosed monkey10aSound propagation1 aRiondato, Isidoro1 aGamba, Marco1 aTan, Chia, L.1 aNiu, Kefeng1 aNarins, Peter, M.1 aYang, Yeqin1 aGiacoma, Cristina uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-021-01465-7