@article {58246, title = {Gruppenverhalten von Totenkopfaffen unter besonderer Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Kommunikationstheorie}, year = {1971}, abstract = {

This paper presents an analysis of interactions of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) by using the principles of bidirectional communication theory. This theory of Marko and Neuburger is a generalization of Shannon\&$\#$39;s information theory and allows the description of the dominance relations of a two-partner situation. In the present case the observed behavioural sequences nearly correspond to Markoff chains of the 4th order. Two typical strategies regarding the exercise of dominance were observed during a change in dominance between two animals. A comparison with respective findings on social psychology is possible.

}, doi = {10.1007/BF00288734}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00288734}, author = {Mayer, Walter} } @article {58143, title = {First recording of the sound produced by the black citrus aphid, Toxoptera aurantii (Boy.)}, year = {1971}, abstract = {

The black citrus aphid, Toxaptera aurantii (Boy.), produces a distinct scraping sound by rhythmic movements of whole colonies. It is the only species of aphid known to produce audible sounds and the acoustical content of a preliminary recording of these sounds is reported in detail. During one recording the aphids stridulated 15 times in 21 seconds, giving an average period of 1\–4 seconds between emissions and this rate remained virtually constant for at least an hour. Analysis of the recording established a clear peak frequency band at about 4\–6 kHz with another around 800 Hz-1 kHz and possibly another in the ultra-sonic range above 18 kHz. Morphological adaptations of the abdominal cuticle and of the hind tibiae to form a stridulatory apparatus are illustrated and possible functions of stridulation as a defence mechanism or as a means of intraspecific communication are briefly discussed.

}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485300042322}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007485300042322/type/journal_articlehttps://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0007485300042322}, author = {Broughton, W. B. and Harris, K. M.} } @article {53132, title = {Aggression in male conocephaline grasshoppers (tettigoniidae)}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {19}, year = {1971}, month = {Jan-02-1971}, pages = {132 - 137}, abstract = {

Fighting occurs under field and laboratory conditions between conspecific males of the long horn grasshoppers O. gladiator, O. vulgare and C. nigropleurum. Approaches of 90 to 180 cm by Orchelimum males culminated in venter-to-venter grappling. Such fights usually ended in the silent withdrawal of one combatant, while the other initiated steady song from the encounter site. Only singing males were approached. Stridulation appears both to trigger the approach and to serve as a navigational aid during its excution. An area is maintained around dominating males that is free of conspecific signers.

}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1016/S0003-3472(71)80147-1}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347271801471}, author = {Glenn K. Morris} } @article {53108, title = {Geh{\"o}rsinn bei polyphagen K{\"a}fern nachgewiesen}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {58}, year = {1971}, month = {Jan-07-1971}, pages = {368 - 369}, issn = {0028-1042}, doi = {10.1007/BF00602808}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00602808}, author = {Niemitz, C. and Krampe, A.} } @article {52558, title = {Biophysik der Schallerzeugung durch die Vorderfl{\"u}gel der Grillen}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Vergleichende Physiologie}, volume = {74}, year = {1971}, month = {Jan-01-1971}, pages = {272 - 314}, abstract = {

In several cricket species (Gryllus campestris L., Gryllus bimaculatus de Geer, and Acheta domesticus L.) the sound-radiating parts of the tegmen have been determined for the calling song. The oscillatory properties of these structures have been analysed.

1.
Extirpation of one harp-area (Fig. 2) lowered the sound pressure level of the first maximum (4\–5 kHz) in the sound frequency spectrogram by 18 dB on the average (Fig. 4). This drop was partially reversed by installation of plastic substitutes (Fig. 5).

2.
The radiated sound can be changed by excising teeth on the pars stridens. By this means the damping characteristics of the tegminal resonator were calculated. The logarithmic decrements were between 0.086 and 0.262, depending on the animal.

3.
The sound level distribution on the surface of the tegmen of stridulating males was measured for the 5 kHz-component of the calling song. The fact that a distinct maximum of sound pressure was located on the harp (Fig. 7) demonstrates the sound-radiating function of this structure.

4.
The sound distribution around stridulating animals was measured in the equatorial and median planes (Fig. 8). The sound-radiation is directed. Microphone probe measurements in the 12 mm long cavity under the elevated tegmina showed a caudad directed sound-level-gradient of 9.3 dB on the average.

5.
The cavity under the tegmina has no resonator properties.

6.
The resonance frequency of the harp was calculated to be 5.6 kHz. This value corresponds closely to the measured resonance frequency of the harp, which varies with different specimens of Gryllus campestris from 4.2\–5.4 kHz.

7.
Motion pictures of the wing covered with cork powder and excited with sound showed in a direct way the resonator properties of the harp and the mirror (Fig. 9).

8.
The resonance curve of the harp was determined (Fig. 10), and it was shown that the harp is a uniform and linear resonance system (Figs. 11 and 12). The harp frame has no resonator function (Fig. 13).

9.
The amplitude of the harp displacement in response to a sound pulse is an exponential function for the building-up-transient as well as for the dying-out-transient (Figs. 14 and 15).\—From the resonance curve and the dying-out-transient the expected phaseshift between the driving force and the resonator displacement can be calculated. Calculated and experimentally determined values for the phase-shift are in good agreement (Fig. 17).

10.
Characteristics of the harp resonator (Q-factor, resonance frequency, response-threshold) were determined. The resonators of the right and left tegmen are differently tuned.

There is a close correlation between the resonance frequency of the harp and the location of the first maximum in the sound frequency spectrogram of the calling song (Table 3).

11.
In comparison with the pressure level of the radiated sound, the response threshold of the harp is rather low. For this reason a stridulating cricket can throw the harp of another animal into resonance (Fig. 18). This has been shown experimentally over distances up to 150 cm.

12.
The harp was artificially damped with a mass and the displacement of the resonance frequency was determined (Fig. 19). From this displacement the mass of the harp was calculated.

13.
In comparison with the harp the mirror is more strongly damped and it is tuned to a higher frequency of 7.2 kHz (Fig. 20 and Table 2).

14.
The tegminal resonators (harp and mirror) of Gryllus bimaculatus and Acheta domesticus (Fig. 21 and Table 2) are comparable to those of Gryllus campestris which have been studied in detail.

}, issn = {0340-7594}, doi = {10.1007/BF00297730}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00297730}, author = {Nocke, Harald} } @article {17235, title = {Song as a possible isolating mechanism in the genus Homorocoryphus (Tettigonioidea, Orthoptera)}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {19}, year = {1971}, month = {Jan-05-1971}, pages = {390 - 397}, abstract = {

The songs of four species of the genus Homorocoryphus have been recorded in the field in the central region of Uganda. The songs differed in their syllable repetition rates. The effect of artificially produced songs, bearing a close resemblance to the natural song but with a variable repetition rate, has been tested on the activity levels of virgin females of two of the species. It was found that the females responded to the species specific repetition rate. Songs of each of the four species were tested against females of the species H. flavovirens, where a species specific response was established. The implications of the syllable repetition rate and the carrier frequency in this genus was discussed and a possible role in reproductive isolation was postulated.

}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1016/S0003-3472(71)80022-2}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347271800222}, author = {Winston J. Bailey and Robinson, David} } @article {17223, title = {The stridulatory apparatus of two species of Tettigoniid.}, journal = {Tissue Cell}, volume = {3}, year = {1971}, month = {1971}, pages = {71-6}, abstract = {

A scanning electron microscopical examination has been made of the stridulatory apparatus of Homorocoryphus nitidulus vicinus (Wlk.) and Jamaiciana flava (Wlk.). Its structure is discussed in relation to function, and the probable affinities of the two species within the Tettigoniidae.

}, issn = {0040-8166}, doi = {10.1016/S0040-8166(71)80032-0}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040816671800320}, author = {Anstee, J H} }