01502nas a2200157 4500008004100000245004700041210004700088520103400135653002201169653001801191653001401209653001501223653002101238100001801259856006701277 1999 eng d00aMATE CHOICE IN TREE CRICKETS AND THEIR KIN0 aMATE CHOICE IN TREE CRICKETS AND THEIR KIN3 a

Mate choice theory has become a major field of research in behavioral ecology. Tree crickets provide excellent opportunities for studying the diversity and variability of mate choice. The evidence for female mate choice in tree crickets is reviewed, and broad comparisons with other orthopteran groups are made. The evidence shows that female choice may occur during several different stages of mating and may target several different criteria. Song preferences are perhaps dominated by stabilizing preferences for the cues of species recognition, but there is a growing body of evidence for directional preferences based on sensory biases or mate quality. Mate rejection during courtship and forms of postcopulatory choice may favor males, based both on phenotypic quality and on the amount of nutritious courtship gifts they provide, and may differ with the value of mating incentives. Understanding the balance and trade-offs between different forms of mate choice may help in understanding their evolutionary causes.

10acourtship feeding10aFemale choice10aGryllidae10aOrthoptera10asexual selection1 aBrown, W., D. uhttp://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.37103379nas a2200361 4500008004100000245017400041210006900215520225800284653001202542653001202554653001302566653002602579653002202605653001102627653001302638653001202651653001302663653002102676653001502697653001802712653001602730100001702746700002202763700002402785700002602809700001702835700001802852700002202870700001902892700002302911700002102934856006202955 2019 eng d00aSavannah roars: The vocal anatomy and the impressive rutting calls of male impala (Aepyceros melampus) – highlighting the acoustic correlates of a mobile larynx0 aSavannah roars The vocal anatomy and the impressive rutting call3 a

A retractable larynx and adaptations of the vocal folds in the males of several polygynous ruminants serve for the production of rutting calls that acoustically announce larger than actual body size to both rival males and potential female mates. Here, such features of the vocal tract and of the sound source are documented in another species. We investigated the vocal anatomy and laryngeal mobility including its acoustical effects during the rutting vocal display of free‐ranging male impala (Aepyceros melampus melampus) in Namibia. Male impala produced bouts of rutting calls (consisting of oral roars and interspersed explosive nasal snorts) in a low‐stretch posture while guarding a rutting territory or harem. For the duration of the roars, male impala retracted the larynx from its high resting position to a low mid‐neck position involving an extensible pharynx and a resilient connection between the hyoid apparatus and the larynx. Maximal larynx retraction was 108 mm based on estimates in video single frames. This was in good concordance with 91‐mm vocal tract elongation calculated on the basis of differences in formant dispersion between roar portions produced with the larynx still ascended and those produced with maximally retracted larynx. Judged by their morphological traits, the larynx‐retracting muscles of male impala are homologous to those of other larynx‐retracting ruminants. In contrast, the large and massive vocal keels are evolutionary novelties arising by fusion and linear arrangement of the arytenoid cartilage and the canonical vocal fold. These bulky and histologically complex vocal keels produced a low fundamental frequency of 50 Hz. Impala is another ruminant species in which the males are capable of larynx retraction. In addition, male impala vocal folds are spectacularly specialized compared with domestic bovids, allowing the production of impressive, low‐frequency roaring vocalizations as a significant part of their rutting behaviour. Our study expands knowledge on the evolutionary variation of vocal fold morphology in mammals, suggesting that the structure of the mammalian sound source is not always human‐like and should be considered in acoustic analysis and modelling.

10aBovidae10aFelidae10aformants10afundamental frequency10alarynx retraction10amammal10apolygyny10aroaring10aruminant10asexual selection10avocal fold10avocal posture10avocal tract1 aFrey, Roland1 aVolodin, Ilya, A.1 aVolodina, Elena, V.1 aEfremova, Kseniya, O.1 aMenges, Vera1 aPortas, Ruben1 aMelzheimer, Jörg1 aFritsch, Guido1 aGerlach, Christina1 aDörnberg, Katja uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/joa.1311402092nas a2200181 4500008004100000245018000041210006900221520143000290653001401720653002501734653001601759653002101775100001801796700002001814700001801834700001701852856004101869 2018 eng d00aCall Characteristics of Two Sympatric and Morphologically Similar Tree Frogs Species, Polypedates megacephalus and Polypedates mutus (Anura: Rhacophoridae), from Hainan, China0 aCall Characteristics of Two Sympatric and Morphologically Simila3 a

Anuran calls are usually species-specific and therefore valued as a tool for species identification. Call characteristics are a potential honest signal in sexual selection because they often reflect male body size. Polypedates megacephalus and P. mutus are two sympatric and morphologically similar tree frogs, but it remains unknown whether their calls are associated with body size. In this study, we compared call characteristics of these two species and investigated any potential relationships with body size. We found that P. megacephalus, males produced six call types which consisting of three distinct notes, while P. mutus males produced five types consisting of two types of notes. Dominant frequency, note duration, pulse duration, and call duration exhibited significant interspecific differences. In P. megacephalus, one note exhibited a dominant frequency that was negatively correlated with body mass, snout-vent length, head length, and head width. In P. mutus, the duration of one note type was positively correlated with body mass and head width. These differences in call characteristics may play an important role in interspecific recognition. Additionally, because interspecific acoustic variation reflects body size, calls may be relevant for sexual selection. Taken together, our results confirmed that calls are a valid tool for distinguishing between the two tree-frog species in the field.

10abody size10acall characteristics10aPolypedates10asexual selection1 aLIU, Qiucheng1 aWANG, Tongliang1 aZHAI, Xiaofei1 aWANG, Jichao uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/nl/node/5762502141nas a2200205 4500008004100000245015200041210006900193520135900262653001501621653002201636653002001658653003301678653002801711653001401739653001801753653002101771100002701792700002201819856009401841 2019 eng d00aNoisy neighbours among the selfish herd: a critical song distance mediates mate recognition within cicada emergences (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)Abstract0 aNoisy neighbours among the selfish herd a critical song distance3 a

Cicadas probably experience mate recognition challenges as a result of the densities that may occur during adult emergence events, and in Okanagana, the most speciose genus of North American cicadas, high alpha diversities during protoperiodical emergences will exacerbate the mate recognition problem. Using 227 songs from 23 taxa, a linear plateau model regressed recognition potential, estimated from linear discriminant analysis, against song distance, revealing a critical song distance of 0.728 standard deviations in z-transformed song parameter space accompanied by a recognition of 91.6%. Based on detailed examination of museum specimen localities, field observations and habitat, taxa were classified as sympatric or allopatric. Sympatric species were separated by song distances that were significantly greater than this critical distance. As expected for mate recognition characters, little within-species variance was observed in the songs of most species, and the relationship between increases in syllable rate and improved recognition was one of diminishing returns. For several taxa that sang with extreme syllable rates of high variance, a mate recognition – sexual selection continuum is proposed. Along this continuum rapid rates simultaneously prevent mate recognition errors while signalling male quality to females.

10aCalifornia10afemale preference10aindicator trait10alinear discriminant function10alinear plateau analysis10aOkanagana10areceiver bias10asexual selection1 aChatfield-Taylor, Will1 aCole, Jeffrey, A. uhttps://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/blz132/560269702463nas a2200169 4500008004100000245011700041210006900158520186300227653002702090653001802117653002002135653001802155653002102173100002302194700002102217856005502238 2019 eng d00aOpportunity for female choice in the wild is frequently curtailed by low male trait variation in Hyla versicolor0 aOpportunity for female choice in the wild is frequently curtaile3 a

To understand the efficacy of female choice in driving the evolution of male displays, we need to not only characterize preferences but examine the opportunity for the expression of such preferences. Mate assessment by females should be constrained if the relative attractiveness of multiple displays is perceived as equal because trait differences between them are indistinguishable. This is expected to result in apparently arbitrary mate choice, and knowledge about the frequency of such mating patterns is crucial in predicting the strength of sexual selection. Here, we examine discrimination abilities of female Hyla versicolor in the context of actual male-male chorus variation. We found that roughly half of mating encounters in the wild do not provide the call variation required for the expression of female preferences (non-arbitrary choice). Interestingly, the trait for which female H. versicolor shows the strongest preference during playback trials (call duration) is not the trait whose difference will most often be detectable to females in the wild (call rate). Furthermore, we document individual variation in discrimination ability, with some females being able to discriminate multiple traits, while others only focus on one trait. This suggests that the relatively high estimate of arbitrary mating is not only due to females struggling to discriminate natural local variation overall but due to an abundance of individuals with limited discrimination abilities that require encounters with males that differ in the specific trait they will discriminate. Lastly, small trait differences between males do not arise from nearest neighbors plastically altering their calls to be more similar. These findings provide insights on the frequently observed mismatch between laboratory phonotaxis and actual mating success in the wild.

10aacoustic communication10aFemale choice10amate preference10aRandom mating10asexual selection1 aStratman, Kane, D.1 aHöbel, Gerlinde uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00265-019-2666-z02270nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245008000055210006900135260001600204520148200220653002401702653001301726653002301739653002101762653001701783653002201800100002101822700002701843700002901870700002201899700002101921856008601942 2019 eng d a1045-224900aEvidence for differing trajectories of songs in urban and rural populations0 aEvidence for differing trajectories of songs in urban and rural  cJul-08-20203 a

Learned traits, such as foraging strategies and communication signals, can change over time via cultural evolution. Using historical recordings, we investigate the cultural evolution of birdsong over nearly a 50-year period. Specifically, we examine the parts of white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli) songs used for mate attraction and territorial defense. We compared historical (early 1970s) recordings with contemporary (mid-2010s) recordings from populations within and near San Francisco, CA and assessed the vocal performance of these songs. Because birds exposed to anthropogenic noise tend to sing at higher minimum frequencies with narrower frequency bandwidths, potentially reducing one measure of song performance, we hypothesized that other song features, such as syllable complexity, might be exaggerated, as an alternative means to display performance capabilities. We found that vocal performance increased between historical and contemporary songs, with a larger effect size for urban songs, and that syllable complexity, measured as the number of frequency modulations per syllable, was historically low for urban males but increased significantly in urban songs. We interpret these results as evidence for males increasing song complexity and trilled performance over time in urban habitats, despite performance constraints from urban noise, and suggest a new line of inquiry into how environments alter vocal performance over time.

10aanthropogenic noise10abirdsong10aCultural evolution10asexual selection10aUrbanization10avocal performance1 aMoseley, Dana, L1 aPhillips, Jennifer, N.1 aDerryberry, Elizabeth, P1 aLuther, David, A.1 aCandolin, Ulrika uhttps://academic.oup.com/beheco/advance-article/doi/10.1093/beheco/arz142/555110702262nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245009600055210006900151260001600220520156100236653001701797653002101814653002701835653002701862653002101889100002201910700001701932700002101949856008601970 2019 eng d a1045-224900aEnvironmental constraints on size-dependent signaling affects mating and rival interactions0 aEnvironmental constraints on sizedependent signaling affects mat cMar-02-20203 a

Advertisement signals can convey information about a sender’s characteristics, such as body size. The reliability of signals, however, can be reduced when signal production is partially dependent on the environment. Here, we assess the effect of display-site properties on the production, attractiveness and honesty of sexual signals. We recorded male túngara frogs (Physalaemus pustulosus) while manipulating water levels in order to constrain calling. We found that water level affected male call properties in a size-dependent manner, with call amplitude being less affected in smaller males when forced to call in shallow water. Next, we tested how size-dependent and display-site-dependent signaling affected female choice and rival competition. Both males and females showed the strongest response to the call of a large male when he was calling at the deepest water levels. However, females showed no preference for large over small males when both were recorded in shallow water levels, or, depending on the call rate and timing of calls, even preferred small males. Likewise, males responded equally to large and small rivals recorded calling during shallow water level trials. Our experiments show that display-site properties can influence signal production and attractiveness in a size-dependent manner. These results can have important consequences for the evolution of signaling, as small males may be able to use their size to their advantage when selecting appropriate display sites and thereby outcompete large males.

10adisplay site10ahonest signaling10aPhysalaemus pustulosus10aproduction constraints10asexual selection1 aSmit, Judith, A H1 aLoning, Hugo1 aHalfwerk, Wouter uhttps://academic.oup.com/beheco/advance-article/doi/10.1093/beheco/arz009/532052302382nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245007900055210006900134260001600203490000700219520162600226653001701852653001801869653002301887653001501910653002101925653001601946653002001962653002801982100002102010700002002031700002202051856005502073 2018 eng d a0340-544300aTemperature alters multimodal signaling and mating success in an ectotherm0 aTemperature alters multimodal signaling and mating success in an cJan-12-20180 v723 a

Temperature affects ectotherms in a variety of ways. These effects can be especially complex in sexual behaviors, as different sexes may be affected differently by temperature. We examined this in the jumping spider, Habronattus clypeatus. In this species, males court females using visual and vibratory signals. We tested whether key intersexual behaviors would change with temperature in similar, predictable ways across males and females. We first measured temperature and apparent activity of individuals across the day. We found that H. clypeatus are active across a wide range of temperatures (11–56 °C) and are most active at times of day when temperature ranges from 13 to 46 °C. Next, we performed mating experiments across behaviorally relevant temperatures. Females were more likely to allow males to progress to later stages of courtship and had higher mating rates at higher temperatures. Male visual and vibratory courtship behaviors generally became faster, higher-pitched, and lower in amplitude at higher temperatures. This relationship between temperature and signal aspects attained a roughly curvilinear shape, with an asymptote around 40 °C. Intriguingly, mating rates in the lab were highest at temperatures potentially above those during peak spider activity in the field. Our results suggest that temperature’s effects on behavior are complex and can affect males and females differently. This work emphasizes that understanding temperature effects on mating is critical to understanding sexual selection patterns particularly in species which use complex signals.

10abiotremology10acommunication10amultimodal signals10aSalticidae10asexual selection10aTemperature10aThermal ecology10aVibratory communication1 aBrandt, Erin, E.1 aKelley, Patrick1 aElias, Damian, O. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00265-018-2620-502008nas a2200241 4500008004100000245005600041210005600097520131200153653001201465653003301477653002401510653001601534653002701550653002101577653003401598653001901632653001801651100001201669700001601681700002301697700000501720856004101725 2018 eng d00aBehavioral and neural auditory thresholds in a frog0 aBehavioral and neural auditory thresholds in a frog3 a

Vocalizations play a critical role in mate recognition and mate choice in a number of taxa, especially, but not limited to, orthopterans, frogs, and birds. But receivers can only recognize and prefer sounds that they can hear. Thus a fundamental question linking neurobiology and sexual selection asks— what is the threshold for detecting acoustic sexual displays? In this study we use three methods to assess such thresholds in túngara frogs: behavioral responses, auditory brainstem responses, and multi-unit electrophysiological recordings from the midbrain. We show that thresholds are lowest for multi-unit recordings (ca. 45 dB SPL), and then for behavioral responses (ca. 61 dB SPL), with auditory brainstem responses exhibiting the highest thresholds (ca. 71 dB SPL). We discuss why these estimates differ and why, as with other studies, it is unlikely that they should be the same. Although all of these studies estimate thresholds they are not measuring the same thresholds; behavioral thresholds are based on signal salience while the two neural assays estimate physiological thresholds. All three estimates, however, make it clear that to have an appreciation for detection and salience of acoustic signals we must listen to those signals through the ears of the receivers.

10aanurans10aauditory brainstem responses10aauditory thresholds10amate choice10aPhysalaemus pustulosus10asexual selection10asignal recognition thresholds10atúngara frogs10avocalizations1 aRyan, C1 aAkre, Karin1 aWilczynski, Walter1 a uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/nl/node/5341402746nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001300041245008100054210006900135260001600204300001100220490000800231520184600239653002402085653002502109653001502134653002502149653002002174653002102194100001802215700001702233700002102250856023302271 2018 eng d a0003347200aConvenience polyandry and the role of lone and reciprocal calls in a psyllid0 aConvenience polyandry and the role of lone and reciprocal calls  cJan-11-2018 a1 - 100 v1453 a

It is widely accepted that receptivity to mating may be asymmetrical between the sexes. While reproductive benefits for males are cumulative, females may not benefit equally from polyandry, especially in species where females can store sperm. Female psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) are reportedly polyandrous. However, the adaptive significance of this mating strategy has not been thoroughly investigated. Studies involving other insect species indicate that polyandry may be driven by benefits (direct or indirect) or by the need to minimize costs associated with male harassment. Drooping she-oak psyllids, Aacanthocnema dobsoni (Triozidae), use substrate-borne vibrations for mate attraction but they are not a prerequisite for mating. We suspected that polyandry in this species could be driven by male harassment because males exhibit indiscriminate mating behaviour (consistent with a scramble competition mating strategy), often mating with unresponsive (mated) females. We investigated relationships between calling, feeding and mating status to test whether females mate to minimize harassment by males and whether they gain any direct benefits from polyandry. We found that lone calls were commonly, but reciprocal calls were rarely followed by mating. As reciprocal calls should reflect female receptivity, copulations without them highlight the existence of sexual conflict over mating. Observations revealed that feeding females were less likely to resist mating than nonfeeding females. We did not find that females obtained any direct benefits from polyandry. Our results suggest that polyandry in this species may be a consequence of male harassment and that mated females, while feeding, may remate for convenience to minimize costs associated with stylet retraction/penetration and location of new feeding sites.

10aeconomics of mating10afeeding requirements10aPsylloidea10areproductive success10asexual conflict10asexual selection1 aLubanga, U.K.1 aPeters, R.A.1 aSteinbauer, M.J. uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347218302707https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0003347218302707?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0003347218302707?httpAccept=text/plain02232nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001300041245012500054210006900179260001600248300001200264490000800276520134200284653002101626653002501647653001101672653001801683653002601701653001701727653002901744653002101773653001701794653003401811100002201845700002101867856006601888 2018 eng d a0003347200aThe ‘hot male’ hypothesis: do female crickets prefer males with increased body temperature in mate choice scenarios?0 ahot male hypothesis do female crickets prefer males with increas cJan-04-2018 a75 - 840 v1383 a

Insects have been extensively used as model systems to study mating preferences based on variation in acoustic signals. In many species, females perform phonotaxis towards attractive, long-range acoustic signals produced by males, whereas the final mating decision is based on an assessment of additional, multimodal, close-range cues. The production of acoustic signals is costly, because invested energy is inefficiently converted into acoustic power. Here, we investigated whether heat released as a by-product during song generation might serve as an additional cue during mate choice decisions. Males that broadcast highly energetic calling songs increased their thoracic temperature considerably above ambient temperatures. The use of this additional cue would turn the acoustic signal into an inherently bimodal one, indirectly indicating the quality of the sender. To test this hot male hypothesis, we performed trackball and Y-maze experiments with Anurogryllus muticus. For comparison, additional trackball experiments were conducted with Gryllus bimaculatus females. In all paradigms, females of both species showed no evidence of a preference for hot males and, therefore, we conclude that increases in thoracic temperature do not seem to play a role as a multimodal component in mate choice decisions in A. muticus.

10aacoustic signals10aAnurogryllus muticus10aenergy10aFemale choice10ainfrared thermography10amale quality10amultimodal communication10asexual selection10athermal cues10athoracic temperature increase1 aErregger, Bettina1 aHennig, Matthias uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721830057501933nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001300041245006000054210005900114260001600173300001400189490000800203520114200211653001901353653002901372653002701401653002401428653001601452653002201468653002101490100001901511700002401530700002501554700002201579856006601601 2017 eng d a0003347200aMate choice intensifies motor signalling in Drosophila0 aMate choice intensifies motor signalling in Drosophila cJan-11-2017 a169 - 1870 v1333 a

Mate choice has the potential to act on the evolution of motor performance via its direct influence on motor sexual signals. However, studies demonstrating this are rare. Here, we performed an in-depth analysis of Drosophila pseudoobscura courtship song rate, a motor signal under mate choice in this species, and analysed the response of this signal to sexual selection manipulation using experimental evolution. We show that manipulating the opportunity for sexual selection led to changes in song production rate and singing endurance, with males from the polyandrous populations producing faster song rates over longer time periods than males from monogamous populations. We also show that song rate was correlated with estimates of overall courtship vigour. Our results suggest that the action of mate choice on a motor signal has affected male motor performance displayed during courtship. We consider potential selective benefits associated with changes in motor performance, including condition- dependent signalling, and discuss the implications of these results for the study of motor signals un- der sexual selection.

10acourtship song10aDrosophila pseudoobscura10aexperimental evolution10ainterpulse interval10amate choice10amotor performance10asexual selection1 aDebelle, Allan1 aCourtiol, Alexandre1 aRitchie, Michael, G.1 aSnook, Rhonda, R. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721730301900538nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001300041245005700054210005000111260001600161300001400177490000800191653001300199653001600212653002100228653002000249100002100269856006600290 2017 eng d a0003347200aBirdsong ‘performance’ studies: a sad commentary0 aBirdsong performance studies a sad commentary cJan-11-2017 a209 - 2100 v13310abirdsong10aperformance10asexual selection10avocal deviation1 aKroodsma, Donald uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721730306802691nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001300041245010700054210006900161260001600230300001400246490000800260520184100268653001202109653001602121653002602137653002702163653002102190653002102211653001802232653001402250100001902264700002102283700002202304700002102326856006602347 2017 eng d a0003347200aInteractions between complex multisensory signal components result in unexpected mate choice responses0 aInteractions between complex multisensory signal components resu cJan-12-2017 a239 - 2470 v1343 a

Multimodal (multisensory) signalling is common in many species and often facilitates communication. How receivers integrate individual signal components of multisensory displays, especially with regard to variance in signal complexity, has received relatively little attention. In nature, male túngara frogs, Physalaemus pustulosus, produce multisensory courtship signals by vocalizing and presenting their inflating and deflating vocal sac as a visual cue. Males can produce a simple call (whine only) or a complex call (whine þ one or more chucks). In a series of two-choice experiments, we tested female preferences for variation in acoustic call complexity and amplitude (unimodal signals). We then tested preferences for the same calls when a dynamic robotic frog was added to one call, generating a multi- modal stimulus. Females preferred a complex call to a simple call; when both calls contained at least one chuck, additional numbers of chucks did not further increase attractiveness. When calls contained zero or one chuck, the visual stimulus of the robofrog increased call attractiveness. When calls contained multiple chucks, however, the visual component failed to enhance call attractiveness. Females also preferred higher amplitude calls and the addition of the visual component to a lower amplitude call did not alter this preference. At relatively small amplitude differences, however, the visual signal increased overall discrimination between the calls. These results indicate that the visual signal component does not provide simple enhancement of call attractiveness. Instead, females integrate multisensory components in a nonlinear fashion. The resulting perception and behavioural response to complex signals probably evolved in response to animals that communicate in noisy environments.

10aanurans10amate choice10amultimodal signalling10anonlinear interactions10asexual selection10asignal weighting10atúngara frog10avocal sac1 aStange, Nicole1 aPage, Rachel, A.1 aRyan, Michael, J.1 aTaylor, Ryan, C. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721630121X02742nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001300041245011000054210006900164260001600233300001400249490000800263520190800271653002002179653001402199653002002213653002902233653002102262653002302283653001902306100002102325700001902346700002402365700002102389856006602410 2017 eng d a0003347200aComplex signals and comparative mate assessment in wolf spiders: results from multimodal playback studies0 aComplex signals and comparative mate assessment in wolf spiders  cJan-12-2017 a283 - 2990 v1343 a

Complex signals of animals involve multiple sensory modes and contain multiple structural components, and teasing apart how these modes and components interact in receiver decision making is an experi- mental challenge. Females of many species have ordered preferences for increased size or expression of male indicator traits. However, studies also suggest other species may exhibit comparative evaluation of mates rather than absolute preference hierarchies. We examined mate assessment by female wolf spi- ders, Schizocosa ocreata, using digital playback of video and vibratory/seismic signals in preference and choice tests of male trait differences. In playback experiments, female wolf spiders showed ordered preferences for male condition indicating traits (leg tuft size, vibration signal amplitude) in both indi- vidual sensory modes and multimodal (combined) signals. Tests with single modes and multimodal signals showed that trait expression in either signal mode affects outcome of mate choice. Females exhibited transitive preferences, consistently choosing males with larger tuft size or higher amplitude vibration in no-choice and two-choice tests. Thus, female S. ocreata do not necessarily need to compare mates to exhibit preferences for particular traits. Choice tests with multimodal playback showed that females made predicted choices when male traits covaried positively, but in ‘cue-conflict’ (negative trait covariance) choice tests, females showed a bias for visual signal trait expression (tuft size), displaying priority for visual signals over vibratory signals when in conflict. These studies demonstrate that under controlled experimental conditions, differences in behavioural responses to manipulation of digital video and vibration playback can provide valuable insights about recognition and interpretation of complex signals and their components.

10acomplex signals10aLycosidae10amate preference10amultimodal communication10asexual selection10avibratory playback10avideo playback1 aUetz, George, W.1 aStoffer, Brent1 aLallo, Madeline, M.1 aClark, David, L. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721730044102782nas a2200289 4500008004100000245017800041210006900219260001600288300001400304490000700318520179900325653002102124653002202145653003202167653001402199653002402213653002802237653002102265653002702286100002202313700001802335700001602353700001602369700001902385700001902404856006902423 2005 eng d00aInheritance of song and stridulatory peg number divergence between Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi, two naturally hybridizing grasshopper species (Orthoptera: Acrididae)0 aInheritance of song and stridulatory peg number divergence betwe cJan-05-2005 a703 - 7120 v183 a

Knowledge of the genetic basis of divergence in mating signal characters that contribute to reproductive isolation is critical to understanding speciation. Here, we describe a semi-automated system for characterizing grasshopper acoustic signals. We used this system to study the genetic basis of divergence in three male calling song components [echeme (EL), syllable (SL) and phrase (PL) lengths] between Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi , two species of grasshoppers that hybridize in northern Spain. We also studied the number of pegs in the stridulatory file. For all characters, additive effects accounted for most of the genetic differentiation between species. However, the three song components also showed small but significant epistatic effects. No sex linkage was detected. Wright–Castle–Lande estimates of the minimum numbers of genetic factors underlying song and peg number divergence were low: peg number ( n e ¼ 5.87 ± 5.84), SL ( n e ¼ 2.37 ± 4.79) and PL ( n e ¼ 0.87 ± 0.86). On the other hand, EL appeared to be controlled by many genes. These results suggest that divergence in SL and PL might be driven by sexual selection whereas EL might not be under selection. This is consistent with experimental results on female song preference in related species. However, the fact that few factors appear to underlie the differences in peg number is surprising. Peg number is not closely related to song characteristics. It often varies between closely related grasshopper species and it has been assumed to be a neutral character. The biometrical approaches used here tend to underestimate the number of factors influencing a trait but provide valuable background for subsequent quantitative trait loci analyses.

10aadditive effects10adominance effects10aeffective number of factors10aepistasis10amosaic hybrid zones10aquantitative trait loci10asexual selection10awavelet transformation1 aSadamando, C., I.1 aMiyaguchi, S.1 aTatsuta, H.1 aKishino, H.1 aBridle, J., R.1 aButlin, R., K. uhttp://blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeb.2005.18.issue-302354nas a2200337 4500008004100000022001300041245007700054210006900131260001600200300001400216490000800230520139100238653001901629653002001648653001201668653002601680653001001706653000901716653002101725653001901746653001001765653003101775100002001806700002001826700001901846700002101865700002301886700002101909700002001930856006601950 2017 eng d a0003347200aVoices of Africa: acoustic predictors of human male vocal attractiveness0 aVoices of Africa acoustic predictors of human male vocal attract cJan-05-2017 a205 - 2110 v1273 a

Robust evidence shows that voice quality affects various social interactions, including mate preferences. Previous research found that male voices perceived as attractive are characterized by low voice pitch, lower or sexually typical formants and relatively high breathiness. These features tend to be seen as markers of an individual's quality as a potential mate. Although there are considerable differences between languages in vocal parameters that could influence the perceived attractiveness, the above-mentioned findings rely on research based mainly on participants from European or North American countries. In our study, we therefore tested the main acoustic predictors of vocal attractiveness using two male samples from Cameroon and Namibia. Standardized vocal recordings were then assessed for vocal attractiveness by a panel of female raters from the Czech Republic. Our results show that in the Cameroonian voices, fundamental frequency was strongly negatively associated with perceived vocal attractiveness. In the Namibian sample, however, it was not the fundamental frequency but lower mean formants and harmonics-to-noise ratio that were negatively associated with vocal attractiveness. This pattern may be partly attributed to differences in morphological characteristics such as the body mass index, indicating variation across individual populations.

10aattractiveness10abody mass index10aformant10afundamental frequency10ahuman10amale10asexual selection10aundernutrition10avoice10ay harmonics-to-noise ratio1 aŠebesta, Pavel1 aKleisner, Karel1 aTureček, Petr1 aKočnar, Tomáš1 aAkoko, Robert, Mbe1 aTřebický, Vít1 aHavlíček, Jan uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721730086602511nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001300041245012200054210006900176260001600245300001200261490000800273520169800281653002701979653001502006653002202021653002102043653002702064653002102091653001502112653001702127100002302144700002402167856006602191 2017 eng d a0003347200aDivergent mechanisms of acoustic mate recognition between closely related field cricket species ( Teleogryllus spp.)0 aDivergent mechanisms of acoustic mate recognition between closel cJan-08-2017 a17 - 250 v1303 a

Effective recognition of conspeci fi c mating signals reduces the risk of maladaptive hybridization. Dis- secting the signal recognition algorithms that underlie preferences is a useful approach for testing whether closely related taxa evaluate the same or different signal features to achieve mate recognition. Such data provide information about potential constraints and targets of selection during evolutionary divergence. Using a series of mate choice trials, we tested whether closely related, but genetically and phenotypically divergent, fi eld cricket species ( Teleogryllus oceanicus and Teleogryllus commodus ) use shared or distinct recognition algorithms when evaluating acoustic male calling songs. These species overlap in sympatry, show premating isolation based on female discrimination of male calling songs, yet are capable of producing hybrid offspring. Unexpectedly, female selectivity for features of male song differed between the two species. We found that the two species use a combination of shared and unique signal fi ltering mechanisms, and we characterized how information about male carrier frequency, pulse rate and temporal patterning is integrated to achieve song recognition in each species. These results illustrate how comparatively few, simple modi fi cations in key components of signal recognition algo- rithms can lead to striking interspeci fi c discrimination between closely related taxa, despite apparent signal complexity. The fi nding that some steps during signal recognition and fi ltering are shared between the species, while others differ, can help to identify behavioural traits targeted by selection during evolutionary divergence

10aacoustic communication10adivergence10afemale preference10amate recognition10areproductive isolation10asexual selection10aspeciation10aTeleogryllus1 aBailey, Nathan, W.1 aHennig, R. Matthias uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721730182302583nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001300041245012600054210006900180260001600249300001400265490000700279520171500286653002002001653001902021653002502040653001202065653001302077653001802090653002202108653002102130653002102151653002102172100002302193700002302216856006602239 2011 eng d a0003347200aEffects of juvenile and adult condition on long-distance call components in the Jamaican field cricket, Gryllus assimilis0 aEffects of juvenile and adult condition on longdistance call com cJan-01-2011 a135 - 1440 v813 a

Complex signals may arise through either content- or efficacy-based selection. Content-based signals are thought to evolve because of the information content they provide to the receiver. Such signals may function as multiple messages, each relaying different information or types of information. For example, some signals or signal components may indicate different aspects of condition, or condition at different life stages (quality signals), while others relay information on signaller location, or function in species recognition. Or they may act as redundant signals of overall condition, or as backup signals of the same aspect of condition. Efficacy-based signals are proposed to evolve because of the way in which they influence the production, transmission, reception or processing of the signal. We manipulated juvenile and adult condition in male Jamaican field crickets, Gryllus assimilis, to test whether changes in components of the male’s long-distance acoustic mate attraction signal were consistent with content- or efficacy-based selection. Several call components exhibited condition-dependence, and may be under content-based selection. Interpulse duration, pulse rate and chirp duration appeared to honestly signal juvenile condition, while dominant frequency appeared to signal adult condition. Thus, these signal components appeared to be acting as multiple messages of quality. Pulse number, interchirp duration and chirp rate were highly stereotyped and probably function in species recognition. Call number increased with decreasing condition and was likely under efficacy-based selection. No call components appeared to have the potential to act as redundant signals.

10aacoustic signal10acomplex signal10acondition-dependence10acontent10aefficacy10aField cricket10amultiple messages10amultiple signals10aredundant signal10asexual selection1 aWhattam, Emily, M.1 aBertram, Susan, M. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721000393301693nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001300041245012000054210007100174260001600245300001400261490000800275520099000283653002801273653001801301653003001319653002101349653002901370100002201399856006601421 2017 eng d a0003347200aMale–male courtship behaviour, not relatedness, affects the intensity of contest competition in the field cricket0 aMale–male courtship behaviour not relatedness affects the intens cJan-04-2017 a217 - 2200 v1263 a

Males often compete intensely against rival males because access to females is a major factor contrib- uting to their reproductive success. However, there is controversy over whether maleemale competition is weakened when rival males are related, with reduced aggressiveness leading to inclusive fitness benefits. Furthermore, same-sex sexual behaviour is also expected to mitigate maleemale contests. Here, I examined how relatedness, developmental familiarity (i.e. males reared in the same container or not) and same sex sexual behaviour affect the intensity of maleemale competition in wild-caught field crickets, Teleogryllus occipitalis. Relatedness and familiarity had no significant effect on the intensity of maleemale contest behaviour. However, same-sex sexual behaviour did weaken maleemale competi- tion. In conclusion, my results indicate that same-sex sexual behaviour in this cricket has adaptive sig- nificance by mitigating risky maleemale contest behaviour.

10aintrasexual competition10akin selection10asame-sex sexual behaviour10asexual selection10aTeleogryllus occipitalis1 aKuriwada, Takashi uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721730046502681nas a2200241 4500008004100000245022200041210006900263260001600332520180900348653001802157653001202175653001402187653002202201653002102223653002102244653001902265100002202284700002002306700002302326700002002349700002702369856004302396 2017 eng d00aEvolutionary diversification of the auditory organ sensilla in Neoconocephalus katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) correlates with acoustic signal diversification over phylogenetic relatedness and life history0 aEvolutionary diversification of the auditory organ sensilla in i cJan-03-20173 a

Neoconocephalus tettigoniids are a model for the evolution of acoustic signals as male calls have diversified in temporal structure during the radiation of the genus. Tettigoniidae have hearing organs in the forelegs with species-specific numbers of auditory sensilla in a linear crista acustica. We investigated changes of the hearing organs during an evolutionary radiation with divergence of intraspecific acoustic signals. We compared the neuroanatomy of the crista acustica from 9 Neoconocephalus species with different temporal call features, life histories, and from different phylogenetic positions. Average numbers of auditory sensilla were species-specific, ranging between 32–35 sensilla. It is likely under sexual selection for detection of male calls and natural selection for detection of bat calls. We found statistically significant differences in sensillum numbers among species, but no relationship of crista acustica length or sensillum number with phylogenetic position or life history. Statistically significant correlations existed with call patterns: species with slow pulse rates had significantly higher numbers of auditory sensilla and a longer crista acustica. Further, species with a derived double-pulsed calls had longer cristae, and continuous callers had a higher number of auditory sensilla. Correlations with crista length were stronger than with the number of auditory sensilla. The hearing organs show considerable diversity between species despite their recent divergence and morphological and ecological similarities. Thus, they have the potential to respond to various selective pressures, including divergence of temporal and spectral signal properties. Phylogenetic constraints are unlikely to limit the evolutionary change of the auditory systems.

10ahearing organ10ainsects10aradiation10asensory evolution10asexual selection10asignal evolution10atympanal organ1 aStrauß, Johannes1 aAlt, Joscha, A.1 aEkschmitt, Klemens1 aSchul, Johannes1 aLakes-Harlan, Reinhard uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jeb.1306602002nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245010300055210006900158260001600227300001400243490000800257520129000265653002701555653001301582653002101595653001501616653002101631653000901652100001701661700002001678856007401698 2000 eng d a0962-845200aAcoustic preference functions and song variability in the Hawaiian cricket Laupala cerasina0 aAcoustic preference functions and song variability in the Hawaii cOct-03-2001 a577 - 5840 v2673 a

Female preference functions for di¡erent sexual traits can di¡er signi¢cantly, from `unimodal’ to `open ended’. Through the study of acoustic communication in anurans, several studies have reported an association between static (stereotyped) traits versus dynamic (variable) traits and preference function shape (unimodal versus open ended, respectively). Observing a similar pattern in a phylogenetically independent group would suggest that deterministic forces have caused a relationship between signal variability and preference function shape in acoustic signalling systems. We examined this phenomenon in crickets, another animal characterized by intersexual acoustic communication. We measured the within- male variability for three acoustic features of the male calling song in Laupala cerasina and the corresponding shape of the female preference function for each of these features. We o¡er support for the generalization that open-ended preference functions correspond to relatively dynamic courtship traits and unimodal preference functions correspond to relatively static courtship traits. We discuss the evolutionary signi¢cance of these ¢ndings in the context of the natural history of the Laupala species radiation.

10aacoustic communication10acrickets10amate recognition10apreference10asexual selection10asong1 aShaw, K., L.1 aHerlihy, D., P. uhttp://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rspb.2000.1040